
Book 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 




"Sn-graTei "by- J - C . B-ELttce , MT.T: 



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<L 



THE 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY, 



PENJNSYLYANIA. 



BY 



LAUEA G. SANFORD. 




FIRST SEAL OF ERIB COUNTT. 



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AY 0? CO^.>v 



PHILADELPHIA: 

J. B. LIPPING OTT & 0. 

1862. 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1861, by 

J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO., 

In the Office of the Clerlv of the District Cowrt of the United States in and 

for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 



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erhiOtin 1753. 
Toses, erected in, 113S, 
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'', ihrec Cmn boats . 
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MAP OF 

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of Bayi^itinrbor of 

FRESQl'lLE, 



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Relerences. 

/ Fai-rPreiqn'ilf.Tniiltin 17S3 

2. Thrtf Blockltmses, erecte,1 m I'.IS. 
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3. The Bntis Imrnuc ,(■ .\iii<;(r;vi 
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4. Ol'/.ViiryVttrd.tlir.r Onnhont.s 
hiiilt III hV3 

J Bliuklwiise ISIS. 



MAP OF 

("OrXTY 

PKXXSYLVAXIA 




PEEFACE. 



If in every State we had those who were unpi'ejudiced 
and truth-loving to examine and test the supposed history 
of their respective localities, and to record the testimony of 
the aged "before they go hence and be no more," truth 
would be vindicated, much that is interesting rescued from 
oblivion, and a correct and minute history of our country 
secured. 

For the encouragement of those attempting this duty, 
Sallust says: "Among the different ways of employing 
one's abilities, that of writing history is of eminent use; 
but I shall say nothing of its excellence, because many have 
already shown it, and lest I should be charged with vanity 
for extolling what I am myself engaged in." 

Grateful acknowledgments are due to the many friends 
who have contributed to the History of Erie County by the 
use of their libraries; by the loan of valuable unedited 
manuscripts, and by their pertinent suggestions. Of these 
are Dr. U. Parsons, of Providence, Rhode Island ; Madams 
William A. Brown, Chas. Pollock, J. C. Reid, J. H. Bliss, 
H. Russel, J. Dickson, and Miss I. Williams; General C. 
M. Reed, Captain W. W. Dobbins, William Nicholson, G. 
J. Ball, J. Sill, J B. Johnson, B. B. Vincent, J. C. Spen- 
cer, T. G. Colt, A. H. Caughey, and G. W. Starr, Esqs.; 

Rev. Wm. M. Blackburn, and Rev. I. St. John, of Erie; 

(iii) 



IV PREFACE. 

Rev. S. M. Eaton, Franklin; Mr. I. Eaton, Fairview; Miss 
H. R. Cutler and Mr. Barnett, Girard ; Miss Sarah Yincent 
and Mrs. McGill, Waterford ; Rev. A. H. Carrier and Wm. 
E. Marvin, Esq., Northeast; and Mrs. M. Courtright, New 
York. 

The Editors of the county a;re entitled to many thanks 
for their files, and for favorable mention of the work. 



CATALOGUE OF SOME OP THE WORKS WHICH HAVE BEEN 
CONSULTED. 



American State Papers ; American Archives ; Frond's His- 
tory of Pennsylvania; Colonial History of New York; Docu- 
mentary History of New York ; Peimsylvania Colonial Records ; 
Pennsylvania Archives ; Western Annals ; History of Western 
Pennsylvania ; Thatcher's Lives of the Indians ; Naval Monu- 
ment ; Hennepin's Discoveries in America ; Historical Collec- 
tions of Pennsylvania; Shea's Discovery of the Mississippi; 
Shea's Jesuit Missions ; Annals of America, by Dr. Holmes ; 
Schoolcraft's Indian Tribes ; Conspiracy of Pontiac ; Niles's 
Register ; Burgess's Account of Perry's Yictory ; McKenzie's 
Life of Perry; Dawson's American Battles; Dr. Parson's Dis- 
course ; Calvert's Oration ; Battle of Lake Erie Monumental 
Association ; Bancroft's United States ; Irving's Life of Wash- 
ington; Stone's Life of Brandt; Elements of History, by J. E. 
Worcester ; Historical Account of Erie County, by Dr. W. M. 
Wood ; Dwight's Travels ; Goodrich's History of the United 
States ; Smith's Laws of Pennsylvania ; Howe's Historical Col- 
lections of the West ; State Geologist's Report ; Poor's History 
of Railroads ; Files of the Mirror, Erie ; Erie Gazette ; Erie Ob- 
server ; Girard Republican ; Encyclopedia Americana ; Alle- 
gheny Magazine ; Pennsylvania Gazetteer, by Thos. F. Gordon ; 
Pennsylvania State Book, by Burrows ; Old Fort Le Bceuf, by a 
Waterfordian ; Inauguration of the Perry Statue, Cleveland. 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER I. 

An Account of the Eries — Traditions concerning them — Their 
Destruction — Symbols found on Kelly's or Cunningham's 
Island — Indian Remains 9 

CHAPTER II. 

La Salle — The Griffin — Eelics — Governor Shirley's Proposition 
— Bradilock's Advice — Governor Delancy's Plan — Estimating 
Presqu'ile — Hudson's Bay Company ; 19 

CHAPTER III. 

The English and French Claims — Construction of Forts Presqu'- 
ile (Erie) and Le Bceuf (Waterford) — Washington's Visit — ■ 
Condition of these Forts in 1756, '57, "58, and '59 — Their 
Desertion after the taking of Fort Niagara — Tradition in 
Erie — Major Rogers takes Possession f>r the English in 
1760 25 

CHAPTER lY. 

Pontiac — Destruction of Forts Presqu'ile and Le Poeuf, as de- 
scribed by Bancroft, Parkraan, and Harvey — Colonel Brad- 
street at Presqu'ile, in 1764 — Colonel Bouquet's Treaty — A 
Detachment of British Soldiers and Indians embark at Chau- 
tauqua Lake— Hannastown burnt — Mr. Adams's Suggestion... 46 

CHAPTER Y. 

Penn's Charter — Boundaries of Pennsylvania — Mason and 
Dixon's Line — Review of said Line by Colonel Graham — 
Western Boundary of Pennsylvania fixed in 1786 — Boundary 
between New York and Pennsjdvania coniirmed by Act of 
Assembly in 1789— Purchase of Triangle, 1791 — Anecdote of 
Mr. William Miles 54 

CHAPTER YI. 

Arrangements for the Settlement of the Triangle — Pennsylvania 
Population Company — Act to lay out a Town at Presqu'ile; 

(V) 



VI CONTENTS, 

afterward repealed — Block-house at Le Boeuf — Indian Mur- 
ders — Governor Mifflin to the President — -Attorney-General 
Bradford's Opinion — Ransom's Deposition — Letters of Cap- 
tain Denny — Andrew EUicot and General Chapin — Joseph 
Brandt — Cornplanter — A Present of Land — Treaty of Peace 
at Canandaigua 61 

CHAPTER YIL 

An Act to lay out the Towns of Erie, Waterford, Franklin, and 
Warren — To protract the Enlistment of Troops at Le Bceuf — 
Deposition of Tho. Rees, Esq. — Actual Settlers — Memorial to 
the Population Company — Deacon Chamberlain's Story — Cap- 
tain Martin Strong to Wm. Nicholson, Esq. — Louis Philippe 
at Mr. Rees's— Murder of Rutledge and Son — Mr. Augustus 
Porter's Visit — Mr. Judah Colt's MSS. Autobiography — Num- 
ber of White Settlers on the Lakes west of Genesee River — 
General Wayne's Death at Presqu'ile, 1796 77 

CHAPTER VIII. 

Erie County from 1785 — Organization in 1803 — Its Geography, 
etc. — Original Townships — Changes — Extent of Townsliips 
and Population — Population decennially from 1800 — Census 
Items— Vote of 1808 and 18(i0 — Receipts and Expenditures 
do — Extract from Auditor-General's Report — Post-oflfices in 
1830, 1856, 1860 — List of Judges — Members of Congress — 
State Senate — Representatives — Prothonotaries — Registers 
and Recorders — Sheriffs — Coroners — First Section incorpor- 
ated — Court-houses — Act for Public Landing — Borough Char- 
ter altered in 1833 — Canal Basin — Peninsula — Poor-house — 
Several Acts — Government of Erie changed to that of a City 
— Present Population and Business — List of Burgesses and 
Mayors — Collectors of Customs — Postmasters in Erie 93 

CHAPTER IX. 

First Road — Population Company Roads — Erie and Waterford 
Turnpike — Salt Trade — General O'Hara's Contract — Road to , 
Buffalo —First Coaches— Erie Canal — Railroads — Erie or 
Wattsburg Railroad— Sunbury and Erie — Erie and Northeast 
— Frankliu Canal Company — Pittsburg and Erie Railroad — 
Plank-roads HI 

CHAPTER X. 

Shipping — The Washington, the First Vessel built on the South 
Shore of the Lake — Hudson's Bay Company — British Govern- 
ment Vessels — American Government Vessels — The Salina — 
Valuable Cargoes — Walk-in the-Water — First Lighthouse — 
William Penn — First Steamer at Chicago — Cholera — Tonnage 
and Number of Vessels in 1810-20-31-36-47-60— Lake Dis- 
asters — Commerce of Port of Presqu'ile — Vessels and Ton- 
nage registered at Presqu'ile in 1860 — United States Steamer 
Michigan- Revenue Cutters 129 



CONTENTS. VU 



CHAPTER XI. 

Banks — Gas Company — -Insurance — Fire Companies — Volunteer 
Military — Agriculture — Mutual Aid — Cemeteries — Moral, Be- 
nevolent, and Literary Societies 139 

CHAPTER XII. 

Newspapers — Common Schools — Academies — Normal School — - 
Sabbath School — First Protestant Missionaries West of Utica 
— Moravians in Venango County, 1767 — First Religious Serv- 
ice in Erie County — First Church Edifice — A Religious Expe- 
rience — Presbytery of Erie — Revs. Patterson and Eaton — 
Extract from P>ev. A. H. Carrier's Historical Sermon— Rev. 
R. Reid — Churches of different Denominations in Erie — Re- 
vivals 156 

CHAPTER XIII. 

Waterford — Edinboro — Northeast — Wattsburg — Girard — Union 
Mills — Albion — Cherry Hill — Wellsburg — Cranesville — Lock- 
port — Pageville — Lexington — Fairview — Manchester — Mc- 
Kean Corners — Wesleyville — West Springfield — Springfield — 
Beaverdam — Concord Station 189 

CHAPTER XIY. 

Biographical Sketches of Colonel Seth Reed — Rufus Seth Reed — 
Judah Colt— Dr. U. Parsons— Dr. John C. Wallace— Rev. Rob- 
ert Reid— Thos. Wilson — P. S. V. Hamot— Captain D. Dob- 
bins— T. H. Sill— G. Sanford— Judge J. Galbraith 208 

CHAPTER XY. 

War declared — Commodore Perry — Captain Dobbins's Corre- 
spondence — Commodore Chauncey, Mr. Henry Eckford, and 
Noah Brown — Difficulties in fitting out the Fleet — General 
Mead — Captain Perry at Fort George — Five Vessels brought 
from Buffalo — Provincial Marine Corps — Difficulties in pro- 
curing men — Letters to Commodore Chauncey and the Secre- 
tary of the Navy — A Providence recognized in the War — 
Getting the Vessels over the bar — Commodore Barclay at Port 
Dover — Seven of the Vessels make a Cruise — Officers and Men 
from Lake Ontario — August 12th, Perry sails for Sandusky — 
Interview with General Harrison — They proceed to Maiden — 
Kentucky Militia — Sickness — Letters from the Secretary — 
Ohio dispatched to Erie — Strength of the British Force — The 
American Force — Americans look in at Maiden — Corrected In- 
structions for the Battle.... 235 

CHAPTER XVI. 

British Vessels appear — Commodore Perry remodels his Line, 
and other Preparations — A brief Description of the Battle of 



VIU CONTENTS. 

September 10th by Dr. Parsons — The Vessels return to Erie 
with the Wounded and Prisoners — Captain Perry promoted — 
His Reception at Erie — A Remark of McKenzie — President 
Madison — Congress — Prizes 264 

CHAPTER XVII. 

Block-bouses built in 1813-14 — State of Society — -Buffalo burned 
— Alarms at Erie — Captain Sinclair arrives — Bird, Rankin, 
and Davis executed — Disposition made of Government Vessels 
— List of Commanding Oflicers at Erie from 1813 to 1825 — 
Topography of Presqu'ile Bay and the Peninsula — Misery 
Bay — General Bernard and Major Totten's Survey — Appro- 
priations made by the State and the United States — Changes 
since 1813 — Rise and fall of Water in Lake Erie — A singular 
Phenomenon — Lake Survey 273 

CHAPTER XYIII. 

Geology from Professor Rogers — Character of the Soil — Calca- 
reous Marl — Bog Ore — Petroleum — Mineral Waters — -Descrip- 
tion of the Sink-hole by Mr. R. Andrews — The Devil's Back- 
bone and Nose — Botanizing 284 

CHAPTER XIX. 

Miscellaneous Items, among which are: A Tradition — General 
Wayne — An Anecdote — Price of Provisions — Wm. W. Reed, 
Esq. — First National Celebration — Churches — The Garrison 
— A Relic — Saturday Afternoon — Game — Mi's. P.'s Reminis- 
cences — H. Russel's Journal — An Early Settler in Fairview^ 
La Fayetle's Visit in Erie — Cholera — Perry Monument — An 
Informal Meeting — Speculation — Fires — Sad Accidents — Ex- 
President Adams — Patriot War — Old Court-house Bell — Pion- 
eers — Perry — Lieutenant Yarnall — Survivors of the Battle of 
Lake Erie — ^Perry Monument at Cleveland — Inventions — Mo- 
ravian Lands — Omissions — Bankers and Exchange Brokers... 300 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 



CHAPTER I. 

An Account of the Ei'ies — Traditions concerning Them — Their Destruc- 
tion — Symbols found on Kelly's or Cunningham's Island — Indian 
Remains. 

" A noble race! but tliey are gone, 

With their old forests wide and deep, 
And we have built our homes upon 
Fields where their generations sleep." — Bryant. 

At the beginning of the seventeenth century the fierce 
and powerful Indian tribe calM Erigas, Eries, Erie-honows, 
Mad Spirits or Cat tribe, occupied the southern borders of 
the lake now bearing their name. The same tribe was known 
to the French as the Neutral nation or Chats, and to the 
Dutch as Shaonons or Satanas. Champlain, in his first map, 
made no mention of them, locating other tribes in their ter- 
ritory ; subsequently he heard of them when in the Huron 
country. The territory they occupied, according to Charle- 
roix, was the celebrated valley of the Niagara River. On 
its northern margin they were found spreading both east 
and west on the shores of Lake Erie and Ontario, but not 
to any great distance. Shea describes the localities of the 
tribes thus : " The Wyandots, traders of the West, lay in 
their densely-peopled villages, well fortified by ditch and 
palisade, on a small peninsula in Lake Huron ; southwest 
lay their allies, the Tionontates, whose luxuriant fields of 
tobacco won for them and their fertile hills the name of 
Petuns ; and south and east of these, stretching beyond the 
Niagara and its marvelous cataract, lay the many clans of the 

2 (9) 



10 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

Atiwandaronk, friends to the Huron and Algonquin, friends, 
too, to the Iroquois, and called by the French the Neutral 
nation ; east of these, in 'New York, stretching from the 
Genesee to the moutji. of the Mohawk, lay the five clans of 
the Hohnnonchiendi, whose name remains in the natural 
features of 'New York, and who are now known collectively 
by the French name Iroquois ; west of these, on the southern 
shore of Lake Erie, lay the far-famed archers, the Fries or 
Cat tribe, who have melted away like a dream; on the Sus- 
quehanna were the Andastes or Conastagues, friends of the 
Huron and Swede, few but brave." The Fries at this time 
numbered 28 villages, and 12 large towns or forts; these 
contained 12,000 souls, 4000 of whom were fighting men. 

In 1653, Le Moyne, an adopted Indian and priest, took 
his departure from Quebec, and landing at Oswego pro- 
ceeded to the town of Onondaga. Here he was received 
with pomp, and after offering the authorities presents from 
the French governor, he commended to them peace and the 
faith of which he was the minister. Captive Hurons, of 
whom there were no less than a thousand in their midst, had 
prepared the way for the missionary by their instructions, 
causing the adults and children to desire baptism at his 
hands. Among others, a chief setting out against the Fries, 
on the eve of his departure begged for baptism. The pru- 
dent missionary counseled him to defer the rite to a future 
time, when he would visit them again. 'Ah, brother !" ex- 
claimed the chief, " if I have the faith can I not be a Chris- 
tian to-day ? Art thou master of death, to prevent its 
striking me without thy order ? Will the shafts of the foe 
be blunted for me ? Must I, at every step in battle, dread 
hell rather than death ? Unless thou baptize me I shall not 
dare to meet the blows. Baptize me, for I will obey thee, 
and give thee my word to live and die a Christian." Such 
entreaties could not be resisted, and Le Moyne being per- 
suaded of the chieftain's fitness, baptized him by the name 
of John Baptist, and the next day each set out on his dif- 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 11 

ferent career. The baptized warrior was successfal. In- 
spired by his zeal, the braves, when surrounded by the Eries, 
invoked the God of the Christian, and vowed to embrace 
the faith if victory were granted. The tide of battle was 
changed, and the thousand braves of Onondaga drove an 
Erie force, which quadrupled theirs, from a strong post and 
won the day. Thus does even a corrupt Christianity in- 
spire its possessors, and thus may paganism ever fall before 
the gospel.* 

A semi-educated Tuscarora, David Cusic, published a 
.pamphlet of Indian traditions, in Western New York, in 
1825. This writing, though crude, ill digested, and gener- 
ally obscure, throws much light on the history of the Eries. 
In 1626, among the first efforts made by New France to 
civilize the Indians, the Eries were visited; and the peculi- 
arity for which they are most celebrated was first brought 
into notice, that of neutrality among fierce and powerful 
tribes. Hence they are called by the French the Neutral 
nation. 

They were under the government of a queen, called Ya- 
gowanea, or as called by the French and Senecas, Gegosasa. 
According to Cusic, she was a second Zenobia. The settle- 
ment of Canada by the French produced a division in the 
great Iroquois family — the Wyandots adhering to the Gallic 
side, and the Five Nations to the Dutch and English. In 
this feud of the Iroquois, the Algonquins or Adirondacks, 
who were at war with them formerly, were glad to make 
allies of the French and Wyandots. Between these the 
Eries occupied a geographical position on the banks of the 
Niagara, and had already become closely allied to the Wy- 
andots and Five Nations. Neutrality was their only salva- 

* The name of Le Moyne is again found as a leader when Schenec- 
tady, in 1690, was destroyed, and the most inhuman cruelties were 
perpetrated by a party of Canadian French Indians, being one 
of the three parties fitted out by Count Frontenac to distress the 
British Colonies. 



12 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

tion — they were in a delicate position, and great wisdom was 
indispensable to its preservation. Gegosasa was called the 
mother of nations, and her wampum and peace-pipe were 
held sacred. Protected by the sanctity of Gegosasa's char- 
acter and office as keeper of the symbolic house of peace, 
she received messengers and ambassadors from the Five 
Nations, Wyandots, Mississaques, and others. Her author- 
ity extended much farther than her territory, but one incon- 
siderate act brought destruction to her nation after long and 
bloody wars. Two Canandalgua warriors (Senecas) were 
announced at her lodge, and began to smoke the pipe of 
peace, when a deputation from the Mississaques was also 
announced. The object of their visit was soon made known, 
and their request, which was to demand vengeance for the 
murder of their chief's son, was immediately granted. In- 
telligence of this violation of neutrality on the part of Gego- 
sasa spread in every direction. The queen dispatched mes- 
sengers to explain her position to Ragnatha, (Buffalo,) where 
the principal commander of the Eries resided. She even 
undertook herself to execute the commission; but a meddling 
woman also stepped off quietly, taking a canoe along the 
shore of Lake Ontario, and communicated the death of the 
Canandaigua chief. Spies were sent by the Senecas to 
ascertain the truth of the rumors, who, without exciting sus- 
picion, learned the facts from some boys found hunting squir- 
rels, and an army was raised in hot haste. As a decoy, a 
man was dressed in bear-skin and directed to sit in the path, 
and when pursued to lead the way into ambush. The plan 
succeeded, and the Eries were brought into the midst of 
crouching Senecas, who sounded the war-hoop most terrific- 
ally, but themselves, after a severe contest, were forced to 
flee. Afterward they rallied and fought with great desper- 
ation, and the Eries were compelled to yield, leaving 600 
slain warriors on the battle-field. 

In this first war of the Eries, which occurred in 1634, they 
proved themselves no despicable enemy. In 1653 they 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 13 

again engaged iu war with the Iroquois. In this contest 
"Greek met Greek," and the event, otherwise doubtful, 
was decided by a pestilence which prevailed and swept off 
greater numbers even than the club and arrow. After their 
defeat, according to Seneca tradition, they fled down the 
Ohio, and the once sacred peace-lodge of Yagowanea was 
demolished. They were compelled to leave the land where 
Niagara pours its echoes and animates to heroic deeds. 
The Iroquois they found the worst of conquerors — inordi- 
nate pride, thirst of blood and dominion were the main- 
spring of their warfare, and their victories were stained with 
every excess of passion. When their vengeance was glutted 
by the sacrifice of a sufficient number of captives, they 
adopted the survivors as members of their confederate 
tribes, separating wives from husbands and children from 
parents, and distributing them among different villages, in 
order that old ties and associations might be more completely 
broken. This policy, as Schoolcraft informs us, was desig- 
nated among them by a name which signified "flesh cut into 
pieces and scattered among the tribes." Jefferson says of 
them : " They fled to distant regions of the West and South, 
and wherever they fled they were followed by the undying 
hatred of the Iroquois. In accordance with the threat of 
the Onondagas, their council fire was put out, and their name 
and lineage as a tribe lost. " 

When the Jesuits visited the Onondagas, a Neuter was 
the first adult baptized. They were living then among them 
as helots, and bore their chains impatiently. They panted 
for freedom, their numbers giving them confidence. At one 
time they formed a plot to cut off their oppressors, but when 
aid was refused them by the French missionaries to whom 
they applied, they ceased to hope for deliverance. In 1674 
the Eries are mentioned as constituting a part of the Chris- 
tian village just then formed at La Prairie. 

The various nations have long since fused into one, losing 
all distinctive trace of origin, and no clue of names can ena- 

9* 



14 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

ble US to distinguish the Neutral element in the present Iro- 
quois race. In the history of tlie Jesuit missions we find 
several of that order penetrated the country of the Eries or 
Neuters from the year 1626 to the year 1640. Among them 
are the names of Father Joseph De la Roche, D'Allyon, 
Braboeuf, Noue, Chaumount, and Sayard. They were re- 
ceived with coldness and distrust, in spite of which they 
remained some months preaching in ten of their villages and 
endeavoring to enter and obtain a knowledge of the country. 

The efforts of De la Roche (who at first was quite a favor- 
ite) to find the mouth of the Niagara, excited their jealousy, 
and after they had robbed and beaten him severely, he was 
forced to depart. 

The missionaries described the country as being finer than 
Canada, and producing an abundance of tobacco and grain. 
Braboeuf and Chaumount, by the aid of a charitable and intel- 
ligent native woman, compared the Huron and Neuter dia- 
lects. The result is lost, but Chaumount, in his manuscript, 
makes the Neuters, Hurons, and Iroquois use parts of the 
same language. They dressed in the most primitive style. 
In their manners they resembled the Hurons, but did not, 
like them, engage in commerce. 

Braboeuf foresaw that the French must have a post among 
them in order to extend commerce and Christianity, but 
their jealousy prevented his taking out his astrolabe to find 
the latitude of the Niagara River, and he had to content 
himself with roughly estimating it at 42 degrees. The mis- 
sionary Sayard suffered at the stake, and the cognizance of 
the Jesuits was from that time withdrawn from the Eries. 
When the valley was finally opened it was in possession of 
the Senecas, and a tradition was rife corresponding with 
that of Cusic, that the Eries had been expelled in a bloody 
war and exterminated. 

And these traditions extend down almost to our own day. 
David Eddy, a resident of Hamburg, near Buffalo, and who 
settled there in 1804, relates that in early times there was 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 15 

an Indian living upon the reservation who probably was 
115 years of age. He was a Christian, and had been a 
peace-maker through life, and related to Mr. Eddy the fol- 
lowing : That a nation called the Eries once inhabited all 
that region — that they were a powerful, warlike people, 
dreaded and feared by all other tribes, but were finally 
warred upon and their country conquered by the Senecas. 

Fortifications and mounds in Western New York indicate 
a race more skillful and persevering than the Senecas or the 
Ifidians known to the first white travelers. In many cases 
the mounds have trees growing upon them, the circles of 
which date them back a period of 300 years. Symbols of 
this extinct race have been found on Cunningham's or Kelly's 
Island, near Sandusky, Ohio. This island is about three 
miles long and two broad, and in consequence of the fine 
air, and its facilities for fishing and bathing, is a favorite 
summer resort. It is now, also, highly cultivated, and noted 
for producing an abundance of the finest grapes. The island 
is described as having a horizontal limestone basis like the 
main land, and rises fifteen feet above the water level. 
Where the rock is exposed, it appears to have been polished 
by diluvial or glacial action. The Indian remains discov- 
ered there consist of pictographic characters on the rocks, 
and earth-work embankments. 

A drawing of these was made upon strong paper in 1851, 
and transmitted to Mr. George Johnston, of Sault St. Marie, 
a gentleman well versed in Indian languages, and by him 
was submitted to the examination of Shingowank, or Little 
Pine. The result of his inquiries was, that the island was 
the stronghold of the Eries during their fierce and unsuc- 
cessful contest with the Iroquois. On the south side of the 
island there is a crest-shaped and irregular earth-work, 
which has the general appearance of an embankment or cir- 
cumvaliation intended to inclose and defend a village. The 
embankment is 1246 feet around the crest-shaped part, and 
about 400 feet on the rock brink of the island. Another 



16 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

embankment on the western side is 614 feet front and 1243 
feet around. Within these have been found stone axes, 
pipes, perforations, bone fish-hooks, fragments of pottery, 
arrow-heads, net-sinkers, and fragments of human bones. 
The arrow-heads were found in a fissure of the rock in large 
quantities, were evidently new, and had been concealed in 
this kind of rude armory ; with them was found the largest 
species of axe figured, which had been apparently used. 
Five small mounds or burrows were also found on the south- 
ern and western parts of the island. On the north shore, 
on a bay, there is a brief pictographic inscription on a boul- 
der, which has been reversed by the force of the waters in 
a tempest. 

The interest of this, however, is inferior to that excited by 
a sculptured rock 32 feet by 21, lying on the south shore of 
the island, about 200 feet from the west angle of the inclos- 
ure. The surface is smoothly polished, as well as the deeply- 
cut inscription, apparently by glacial attrition. According 
to Schoolcraft "it is the most extensive, and well-sculptured, 
and well-preserved inscription of the kind ever found in 
America." Its leading symbols are readily interpreted, 
and tell a thrilling story, in which the European acts a 
part. There are many subordinate figures which require 
study. In some, the atmosphere and lake action have de- 
stroyed the connection, and others are of an anomalous char- 
acter. The whole inscription is manifestly connected with the 
occupation of the basin of the lake by the Eries, the coming 
of the Wyandots, and of the final flight of the people which 
have left their name upon the lake. There is an attempt to 
denote the position of T;ake Erie ; pictures of two brothers 
surveying a scene of carnage — a pipe reversed, which indi- 
cates that they are despairing and agonized. They are wild 
forest Indians, being drawn without hats. The date of 
these inscriptions is placed at 1625. 

The Eries were known to be in "the plenitude of their 
power and barbaric boast of strength and influence" at the 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. IT 

period of the first discoveries of the French in the begin- 
ning of the seventeenth century. From the French they 
learned the use of fire-arms, and the Iroquois from the 
Dutch about the same time. 

About five miles south of Franklin, Yenango County, or 
nine by the river, on the left bank of the Allegheny, is a 
large rock covered with symbols or hieroglyphics, known by 
the present inhabitants as the "Indian God." Among the 
figures may be distinguished a turtle, a snake, an eye, an 
arrow, a sun, etc., symbols which undoubtedly record the 
exploits and illustrious actions of departed and forgotten 
nations. They have never been examined, that we are aware 
of, by any one capable of deciphering them. Many Indian 
graves are in the vicinity. 

The only traces of an Indian village in Erie County are 
near Waterford, where there is a burying-ground, plum 
orchard, and other evidences of the Indians having chosen 
the bills around Lake Le Boeuf, and the beautifal creeks 
which flow into and from it, for their homes and hunting- 
grounds. The Six I^ations were found in this region by 
the first white travelers, (in fact, it was purchased from 
them,) and yet comparatively few Indian remains are dis- 
covered. On the ridge a mile south and east of Erie, in 
making excavations, perhaps twenty years ago, a great 
number of human bones were found and graves opened, so 
that Mr. Colt, the owner of the land, considered it almost 
desecration to disturb them, and ordered the workmen to 
desist, feeling that it would be more appropriate to place a 
monument there. 

An Indian mound was opened near the mouth of Walnut 
Creek, (in which vicinity many relics are found,) and some 
fragments of decomposed human skeletons were all that could 
be discovered. Two miles west of this mound is an embank- 
ment covered with the ordinary forest growth, which is known 
as the Old Indian Fort. A small stream near by is called 
Fort Run. 



18 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

There are also remains of an Indian fort between Grirard 
and Springfield. From a grave in this vicinity, some years 
ago, a thigh-bone was exhumed which measured four inches 
longer than that of a man with which it was compared, who 
was six feet and two inches in height. About a mile south of 
Girard arrow-heads, pipes, pestles for poundiug corn, etc., 
have been found. Near Mr. Gould's, in Springfield, four or 
five years since, more than fifty arrows, axes, etc. were found 
in one collection, just below the surface in the public road. 

An ancient double fortification, inclosing about two acres, 
upon the Pomeroy farm, a mile or two northwest of Cranes- 
ville, has been pretty much farmed over. On the top of the 
bank, in 1830, oak trees four or five feet in diameter were 
growing. Skinuing-stones, arrow-heads, an enormous skele- 
ton, and many other relics were found within the fort. A 
bed of coals a foot and a half below the surface appeared 
to be the remains of the fire of the occupants. 

About one hundred yards above, on the opposite bank of 
the creek, was another fort, similar in appearance, and con- 
taining about the same quantity of ground. They are sup- 
posed to have been the encampments of two opposing armies. 

In Scouler's woods, east of Erie, is an Indian burying- 
ground. Mr. Zimmerman described a very large skeleton 
which was found there ; with it were two copper bowls per- 
forated at the edges and laced together with a buckskin 
thong, which fell to dust soon after being exposed to the air. 
The bowls, which would contain about a pint each, were 
found filled with beads. 

A year or two since, on the farm of Judge Sterrett, four 
or five miles east of Erie, several skeletons were found in a 
sitting posture, facing the east, with drinking vessels near 
them. The same posture has been observed in other In- 
dian graves in this vicinity. We are not aware that any 
antiquarian has particularly examined these relics, or whether 
they resemble in their general features those of New York 
and Ohio, which are said to give evidence of a race more 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 19 

skillfal and persevering than the Iroquois. There is a tra- 
dition, as we have seen, that the Eries 200 years ago pos- 
sessed our soil; and still another, that the Massassagues 
had their hunting-grounds and lighted their council fires 
near the head v?aters of the Allegheny. It is difficult to 
realize that our fair lands v^ere so recently under the domin- 
ion of the hideous, painted savages, and that but little more 
than two generations have passed since heathenish rites and 
ceremonies prevailed, and the bow and arrow gave place to 
the peaceful arts of civilized life. 



CHAPTER II. 



La Salle — The Griffin — Eelics — Governor Shirley's Proposition — Brad- 
dock's Advice — Governor Delancy's Plan — Estimating Presqu'ile — 
Hudson's Bay Company. 

Among the adventurers who sought fame and fortune in 
the American wilderness, stood conspicuously Robert Cava- 
lier, Sieur de la Salle, a young man of eminence and learn- 
ing. He had received from Louis XIV. the rank of noble- 
man, a large domain, and an exclusive trading privilege with 
the Five Nations, but his ambition was far from being satis- 
fied with these. To extend the bounds of New France and 
to open commerce with Europe seemed to be his great object, 
and to this end he proposed a plan which was carried out 
many years after, — that of establishing military posts on the 
waters of the Mississippi. 

August 1th, 1619, he launched the first wooden vessel 
that ever floated upon Lake Erie and called it " The Griffin," 
in allusion to the arms of Count Frontenac, Governor-Gen- 
eral of Canada, and who had honored La Salle with his 
friendship.* The Griffin was of sixty tons burden, and built 

* There have been a diversity of opinions as to the locality of the 
Griffin ship-yard. Schoolcraft says near Buffalo ; General Cass, at 



20 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

at Cayuga Creek, six miles above the falls, on the American 
side. The Iroquois had gone to war beyond the lake while 
the Griffin was building; the few that remained manifested 
their dissatisfaction, and one, affecting to be drunk, attempted 
to kill a blacksmith. They were advised that some Senecas 
intended setting fire to the vessel while on the stocks, but a 
very strict watch was kept constantly. The Senecas refused 
to sell them Indian-corn, and they had many fears of a fail- 
ure of provisions, but Sunday exhortations kept up the cour- 
age of the workmen. Two savages of the Wolf tribe were 
engaged to hunt the roebuck, and other species of deer, for 
their use. The workmen were stimulated by the impression 
that the enterprise had sole reference to the glory of God, 
and the welfare of the Christian colonies. When the vessel 
was launched, it was blessed according to the Church of 
Rome. It was a moving fort, causing the savages to tremble 
wherever it was known. The Griffin passed the violent rapids 
of Lake Erie almost by miracle, the pilot himself having 
fears. They spread all sail, the wind being stormy, and in 
the most difficult places the sailors threw out lines which 
were drawn by ten or twelve men on the shore. After hav- 
ing chanted Te Deum, they fired all their cannon or arbesques 
in the presence of the Iroquois warriors and the captives 
they had brought from Tin-ton-ha, or people of the prairie. 
It was freighted with provisions, merchandise, and seven 
small cannon, and had on board thirty-two passengers, being 
mostly fur traders and priests. In twenty days this perilous 
voyage was accomplished, and the pioneer vessel cast anchor 
in Green Bay. On the passage they encountered a severe 

Erie ; Bancroft, at the mouth of Tonawanta Creek ; Sparks, on the 
Canadian side of the Niagara. Those who have carefully examined 
the subject, and have had the best opportunity for judging, are firm 
in the belief that the keel was laid at the mouth of Cayuga Creek, 
on the American side of the Niagara, about six miles above the 
Great Falls. In the vicinity, it has long been known by the name 
of the "Old Ship-yard." 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 21 

storm. Among other tarryings, they gathered fruits, and 
made wine of the wild grapes of Michigan, discussed the 
question of planting a colony at Detroit, and established a 
trading-house at Mackinaw. At Green Bay the vessel was 
loaded with the finest furs, and again set sail for Niagara, 
but was never afterward heard from with certainty. Hen- 
nepin says: "It came to anchor at the mouth of the Lake 
Illinois, where it was seen by some savages, who told us that 
they advised our men to sail along the coast, and not toward 
the middle of the lake, because of the sands that make the 
lake dangerous when there are high winds. Our pilot, as I 
said before, was dissatisfied, and would steer as he pleased, 
without hearing to the advice of the savages, who, generally 
speaking, have more sense than the Europeans think at first. 
But the ship was hardly a league from the coast when it was 
tossed up by a violent storm in such a manner that our men 
were never heard from since ; and it is supposed that the 
ship struck upon a sand, and was there buried. This was a 
great loss, for the ship and cargo cost 60,000 livres. The 
rigging, anchors, and goods were brought by canoes from 
Quebec and Fort Froutinac, which is such a vast charge that 
the carriage of every hundredweight cost 11 livres." Another 
author says the Griffin was lost a few days after leaving the 
Bay of Fetid. This and other misfortunes completely dis- 
heartened the daring traveler, as evinced by the name " Cre- 
vecoeur," which he gave his fort built the same winter. After 
seven years of wanderings and adverse fortune, La Salle was 
basely robbed and murdered by one of his own men, and 
left without sepulture on the prairie, to be devoured by the 
wild beasts. 

Parkman says of La Salle : " Ten years of his early life 
had passed in connection with the Jesuits, and his strong 
mind had hardened to iron under the discipline of that re- 
lentless school. To a sound judgment and penetrating 
sagacity, he joined a boundless enterprise and an adamant- 

3 



22 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

ine constancy of purpose. But his nature was stern and 
austere — lie was prone to rule by fear rather than love — he 
took counsel of no man, and chilled ail who approached him 
by his cold reserve." 

There was a tradition among the Jesuits that the Griffin 
was driven ashore in a gale, the crew murdered, and the 
vessel plundered. Judging from relics found at different 
times, this may have occurred near Buffalo. In the Buffalo 
Commei^cial Advertiser of January 26th, 1848, a communi- 
cation appears from James W. Peters, of East Evans, Erie 
County: "Some thirty-five or forty years ago, on the Inger- 
spU farm, in Hamburg, below the Eighteen-mile Creek, and 
on a high bank in the woods, was found by Mr. Ingersoll a 
large quantity of wrought-iron, supposed to be 100 or 800 
weight. It was evidently taken off a vessel, was of superior 
quality, much eaten by rust, and sunken deep in the soil. A 
large tree had fallen across it which was rotted and mixed 
with the earth. There were trees growing over the iron 
from six to twelve inches in diameter, which had to be 
grubbed up before all the iron could be reached. About 
twenty-seven years since, a man by the name of Walker, 
after a heavy blow on the lake, found on the beach, near 
where the irons vi'ere found, a cannon, and immediately under 
it a second one. I was there not forty-eight hours after they 
were found ; they were much defaced by age and rust, and 
filled up with sand. I cleared off enough from one to lay a 
number of letters bare. The words were French, and so 
declared at the time. The horns or trunnions were knocked 
off." 

The venerable D. Eddy, of Hamburg, says: "In 1805 
there was found upon the lake shore, where a large body of 
sand and gravel had been removed during a violent gale, a 
beautiful anchor. It was taken to Bufialo and Black Rock, 
and excited a good deal of curiosity ; but no one could de- 
termine to what vessel it belonged." A record of the loss 
of a vessel at a later period than that of La Salle would in 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 23 

all probability have been preserved, and we may reasonably 
conclude that the iron, cannons, and anchor were those of 
the Griffin. 

In the Maryland Gazette, August 23d, 1159, we find the 
following: "By a letter from Niagara, of the 21st ult., we 
learn that by the assistance and influence of Sir William 
Johnson there were upwards of eleven hundred Indians 
.convened there, who by their good behavior have justly 
gained the esteem of the whole army ; that Sir William 
being informed that the enemy had buried a quantity of 
goods on an island about twenty miles from the post, sent a 
number of Indians to search for them, who found to the 
value of eight thousand pounds, and were in hopes of find- 
ing more ; and that a French vessel, entirely laden with beaver, 
had foundered on the lake, where her crew, consisting of 
forty-one men, were all lost." This vessel, lost eighty years 
after the Griffin, we have no account of elsewhere. The 
relics found at Hamburg were but forty- six years after this 
time — not a sufficient period to cause the appearance those 
relics presented, the anchor deeply imbedded in sand and 
gravel, the timber growth, etc. 

About 1150, Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, in writ- 
ing to Secretary Robinson, proposed the plan of building 
one or two vessels on each of the lakes — Erie and Ontario — 
with which, and a few small, fortified places of shelter upon 
the Ohio, he expected to curb the French, who were at this 
time the frequent occasion of difficulties and murders. Two 
years after. General Braddock named Presqu'ile as a suit- 
able place to build vessels for securing the navigation of 
Lake Erie, which, he says, "together with those designed for 
Lake Ontario, would make the English masters of the great 
lakes and the Ohio country, until the French can get a force 
upon those lakes, which it seems very difficult if not impos- 
sible for them to do when our vessels are cruising upon them." 
General Braddock also requested that a magazine of pro- 
visions in the back of Pennsylvania be established, from 



24 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

whence to supply himself by a road throngh the mountains 
to the waters of the Ohio — "the road to extend to Venango 
and Niagara, which would be of infinite use in subsisting 
the troops, as that region abounds more with provisions 
than any other colony in North America." 

The estimation in which Presqu'ile was held one hun- 
dred years ago will be seen in a letter dated August Yth, 
1755, from Lieutenant-Governor De Laney to Secretary 
Robinson: "The third method of distressing the French is 
by way of Oswego ; to go thither we pass, as I observed 
before, through the country of our Indian friends — by water 
it is a much less expensive carriage than by land — from Os- 
wego we may go westward by water through Lake Ontario 
to Niagara. If we become masters of this pass, the French 
cannot go to reinforce or victual their garrisons at Presqu'- 
ile, Beeve River, or on the Ohio but with great difficulty 
and expense, and by a tedious, long passage. From the fort 
at Niagara there is a land carriage of about three leagues 
to the waters above the falls ; thence we go to Lake Erie, 
and so to the Fort Presqu'ile ; and if we take that, the 
French can carry no supplies of provisions, nor send men to 
the head of Beeve River, (Le Boeuf,) or to the Fort Du 
Quesne on the Ohio, and of course those forts will be aban- 
doned. The same batteaux which carry the train, provisions, 
etc., for the army to Oswego may carry them to Niagara, 
and being transported above the Falls, the same may carry 
them to Presqu'ile, the fort on the south side of Lake 
Erie, so that it will be practicable to bring the expense of 
such an expedition into a moderate compass — far less than 
the expense of wagons, horses, etc., which are necessary in 
an expedition by land from Virginia to Ohio ; besides that, 
proceeding from Virginia to Fort Du Quesne, if it be taken, 
it is only cutting off a toe, but taking Presqu'ile you lop 
off a limb from the French and greatly disable them." 

Relating to the commerce of Lake Erie, we find that as 
early as 1669 the Hudson's Bay Company was incorporated, 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 26 

and transported its goods, provisions, and peltries in bat- 
teaux for many years after. 

In 1189 the British had vessels on Lake Erie for the trans- 
portation of his Majesty's troops and effects. The subject 
of commerce and shipping on Lake Erie is continued in 
Chapter XI. 



CHAPTER TIL 

The Englisli and French Claims — Construction of Forts Presqii'ile 
(Erie) and Le Boeuf (Waterford) — Washington's Visit — Condition of 
these Forts in 1756, '57, '58, and '59 — Their Desertion after the taking 
of Fort Niagara — Tradition in Erie — Major Rogers takes Possession 
for the English in 1760. 

The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, of 1148, which closed the 
war in Europe, left the boundaries of the French and Eng- 
lish possessions in America undefined. In the opinion of 
the French, the discovery of the mouth of the St. Lawrence 
and of the Mississippi entitled their sovereign to the terri- 
tory watered by those streams. The abstract of Sieur de 
Champlain, 1612, claims for them the possession of all 
the countries from Florida to Cape Breton prior to any 
other Christian nation. Afterward this was renewed by 
Sieur de la Salle, with thirty Frenchmen, among whom were 
Mons. Jolliet, priest and superior of the seminary at Mon- 
treal, and Father Marquette, who made a tour of Lake Erie 
and took possession of the circumjacent lands. Celeron de 
Bienville, with a company of three hundred men, was sent 
out by the Governor of Canada in 1149, to make peace 
among the tribes, and to renew the French possession of 
the country. He dispensed presents to the Indians, reminded 
them of their former friendships, and warned them not to 
trade with the English. He also nailed leaden plates to the 
trees, and buried them in the earth at the confluence of the 
Ohio and its tributaries. One of these plates was found a 

3* 



26 HISTORY -OF ERIE COUNTY. 

few years since at the junction of the Great Kanhawa and 
Ohio, dated January 18th; another at Muslvingum the 16th 
of August; and a third at Yenango, (Franklin.) The fol- 
lowing is a literal translation of the one last named : " In 
the year 1749, in the reign of Louis XV., King of France, 
we, Celeron, commandant of a detachment by Monsieur the 
Marquis of Galissoniere, commander-in-chief of New France, 
to establish tranquillity in certain villages of these cantons, 
have buried this plate at the confluence of Toradakoin, this 
29th of July, near the River Ohio, otherwise beautiful river, 
as a monument of renewal of possession which we have 
taken of the said river, inasmuch as the preceding kings of 
France have enjoyed this possession and maintained it by 
their arms and by treaties, especially by those of Ryswick, 
Utrecht, and Aix-la-Chapelle." 

The Indians regarded these plates with suspicion, and 
said, "they mean to steal our country from us;" and these 
suspicions were not groundless, for in a few years the French 
unceremoniously possessed themselves of their best tracts 
for trading-houses and fortifications- 
June 30th, 1*749, a letter was received by express from 
General Clinton, purporting that two New England men, on 
their return from Canada, where they had been to solicit the 
release of some prisoners, reported that they saw an array 
of 1000 French ready to go on some expedition, and they 
were informed it was to prevent any settlements being made 
by the English on Belle Riviere ; whereupon it was determ- 
ined to dispatch a messenger to Mr. George Croghan, with 
a request that he would go immediately to Allegheny, and 
on his arrival send away a trader, or some person he could 
confide in, to the lakes or to the eastward, to discover 
whether any French were coming in those parts, and if any, 
in what number, and what appearance they made, that the 
Indians might be apprised and put upon their guard. 

January, 1750. — The Governor informed the council that 
three several letters, of an extraordinary nature, in French, 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 21 

signed " Celeron," were delivered to him by the French 
traders who came from Allegheny, informing him that this 
Captain Celeron was a French officer, and had the command 
of three hundred French and some Indians sent this summer 
to Ohio and the Wabash from Canada, to reprove the In- 
dians for their friendship to the English, and for suffering 
the English to trade with them. The Governor sent one of 
the letters to the proprietaries in London, and another to 
the Governor of New York, that the same might be laid 
before the ministry. 

A letter from George Croghan, dated Logstown, in Ohio, 
December 16th, IISO, contains the intelligence that he ar- 
rived the 15th, and was told by Indians that they saw Jean 
Coeur one hundred and fifty miles up the river, where he 
intended building a fort. The Indians he had seen were of 
opinion that the English should have a fort or forts on this 
river to secure the trade. They expected a war with the 
French the next spring. 

February 6th. — In a letter of Governor Clinton, dated 
Fort George, January 29th, 1150, is the following: '"I send 
you a copy of an inscription on a leaden plate stolen from 
Jean Coeur, in the Senecas' country, as he was going to the 
Ohio." 

The claim of England to this region was founded on a 
grant of King James the First, dated 1606, and confirmed 
in 1620, to divers of his subjects, of all the countries be- 
tween north latitude 48° and 34°, and westward from the 
Atlantic Ocean to the South Sea — not a right only to the 
sea-coast, but to all the inland country from sea to sea. 
England had, also, through commissioners from Maryland, 
Virginia, and Pennsylvania, purchased western lands from 
the Six Nations. This treaty was held at Lancaster in 1144, 
between two hundred and fifty-two Indians, with Conrad 
Weiser as friend and interpreter, and the Governor of Penn- 
sylvania, with Colonel Thomas Lee and Colonel William 
Beverly, of Virginia. The commissioners of Maryland paid 



28 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

for their purchase £220 in goods; Virginia, £220 in gold 
and the same amount in goods, with promises that more 
should be paid as settlements increased. The chief subse- 
quently disputed the sale of any lands west of the Warrior's 
Road, which was at the foot of the Allegheny ridge. In 
reality the Indians were intoxicated through the whole con- 
ference, and it was only through much ingenuity and persua- 
sion that they were induced to sign a deed confirming the 
Lancaster treaty in its full extent, which was effected at 
Logstown, seventeen miles below Pittsburg, in 1T52. 

The year before, in 1151, it was rumored that the French 
were aware of the difficulties they would have to encounter 
in maintaining their position in New France, and were tak- 
ing measures to meet them. Captain Lindsay wrote Colonel 
Johnson, to whom all such affairs were referred, "that Bunt 
and Black Prince's son with their fighters had come in, and 
that the French had built two forts, one at Niagara carrying 
place, and the other on the Ohio River by Joncaire ; that 
they had heard a bird sing that a great many Indians from 
his castle, and others from the Five Nations, were gone to 
Swegage;" in fine, that the English would lose all the In- 
dians if they did not bestir themselves. 

Early in 1753 the French sent out a detachment from 
Montreal to erect other fortifications, to make good their 
claim by force of arms if they met with opposition, and to 
oblige all English subjects to evacuate. Oswego they were 
instructed not to molest in consideration of Cape Breton — 
any other post the English had settled near or claimed was 
to be reduced if not quitted immediately. A narrative of 
this expedition from Montreal, and the building of Forts 
Presqu'ile and Le Boeuf, is to be found in the following 
deposition of Stephen Coffin, which was made to Colonel 
Johnson, of New York, January 10th, 1154. Coffin was a 
New Englander who had been taken prisoner by the French 
and Indians of Canada, at Menis, in 1741. He had served 
them in different capacities until 1*752, when, being detected 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 29 

in efforts to escape to his own country, he was conBned in 
jail in Quebec ; on his release he applied to Governor Da 
Quesne to be sent with the forces to Ohio, which was refused. 
In his own words — "The deponent then applied to Mayor 
Ramsey for liberty to go with the army to Ohio, who told 
him he would ask the Lieut, de Ruoy, who agreed to it; upon 
which he was equipped as a soldier and sent with a detach- 
ment of three hundred men to Montreal under the command 
of Mons. Babeer, who set off immediately with said command 
by land and ice for Lake Erie. They in their way stopped 
to refresh themselves a couple of days at Cadaraqui Fort, 
also at Taranto on the north side of Lake Ontario, then at 
Niagara Fort fifteen days from thence. 

" They set off by water, being April, and arrived at Cha- 
dakoin, (Chataqua,) on Lake Erie, where they were ordered 
to fell timber and prepare it for building a fort there, ac- 
cording to the Governor's instructions ; but Mr. Morang com- 
ing up with five hundred men and twenty Indians, put a stop 
to the erecting a fort at that place, by reason of his not liking 
the situation, and the River Chadakoin being too shallow to 
carry out any craft with provisions, etc. to Belle Riviere.* 
The deponent says there arose a warm debate between Mes- 
sieurs Babeer and Morang thereon, the first insisting on 
building a fort there, agreeable to instructions, otherwise, 
on Morang giving him an instrument in writing to satisfy 
the Governor on that point, which Morang did, and then 
ordered Mons. Mercie, who was both commissary and en- 

* Lieutenant Holland of the English fort at Oswego observed Mo- 
rain or Morang with his fleet pass that point on the fourteenth of 
May, and dispatched letters immediately to Colonel Johnson and 
Governor Clinton. He stated to the latter that there were "thirty 
odd French canoes," and that common report in Canada made the 
French army to consist of 6000 men and 500 Indians of the Coyhna- 
wagas, Scenondidies, Onogonguas, Oroondoks, and Chenundies tribes, 
who would not engage to go to war with the English, but would hunt 
at so much per month for the army. 



30 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

gineer, to go along said lake and look for a situation ; which 
he found, and returned in three days, it being fifteen leagues 
to the southwest of Chadakoin. They were then ordered to 
repair thither ; when they arrived, there were about twenty 
Indians fishing in the lake, who immediately quit on seeing 
the French. They fell to work and built a square fort of 
chestnut logs, squared and lapped over each other to the 
height of fifteen feet. It is about one hundred and twenty 
feet square, a log-house in each square, a gate to the south- 
ward, another to the northward, not one port-hole cut in any 
part of it. When finished, they called it Fort Presqu'ile. 
The Indians who came from Canada with them returned 
very much out of temper, owing, it was said among the army, 
to Morang's dogged behavior and ill usage of them; but 
they (the Indians) said at Oswego it was owing to the French 
misleading them, by telling them falsehoods, which they 
said they now found out, and left them. As soon as the fort 
was finished, they marched southward, cutting a wagon road 
through a fine level country twenty-one miles to the river — 
(leaving Captain Derpontency with one hundred men to gar- 
rison the Fort Presqu'ile.) They fell to work cutting tim- 
ber boards, etc. for another fort, while Mr. Morang ordered 
Mons. Bite with fifty men to a place called by the Indians 
Ganagarahare, on the banks of Belle Kiviere, where the 
River Aux Boeufs empties into it. In the mean time, Mo- 
rang had ninety large boats made to carry down the bag- 
gage, provisions, etc. to said place. Mons, Bite, on coming 
to said Indian place, was asked what he wanted or intended. 
He upon answering, said, 'it was their father, the Grovernor 
of Canada's intention to build a trading house for them and 
all their brethren's conveniency;' he was told by the Indians 
that the lands were theirs, and that they would not have 
them build upon it. The said Bite reported to Morang the 
situation was good, but the water in the River Aux Boeufs 
too low at that time to carry any craft with provisions, etc. 
"A few days after, the deponent says that about one hun- 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 31 

(; fed Indians, called by the French the Loos, came to the Fort 
La Riviere Aux Bceufs to see what the French were doing; 
that Morang treated them very kindly, and then asked them 
to carry down some stone, etc. to the Belle Riviere, on horse- 
back, for payment, which he immediately advanced them on 
their undertaking to do it. They set off with full loads, but 
never delivered them to the French, which incensed them 
very much, being not only a loss, but a great disappointment. 
Morang, a man of very peevish, choleric disposition, meet- 
ing with those and other crosses, and finding the season of 
the year too far advanced to build the third fort, called all 
his officers together, and told them that, as he had engaged and 
firmly promised the Governor to finish these forts that sea- 
son, and not being able to fulfill the same, he was both afraid 
and ashamed to return to Canada, being sensible he had now 
forfeited the Governor's favor forever. Wherefore, rather 
than live in disgrace, he begged they would take him (as he 
then sat in a carriage made for him, being very sick some- 
times,) and seat him in the middle of the fort, and then set 
fire to it and let him perish in the fiames, which was rejected 
by the officers, who had not the least regard for him, as he 
had behaved very ill to them all in general. The deponent 
further saith, that about eight days before he left the Fort 
Presqu'ile, Chevalier Le Crake arrived express from Canada 
in a birch canoe worked by ten men, with orders (as the de- 
ponent afterward heard) from the Governor Le Cain (Du- 
quesne) to Morang to make all the preparation possible 
against the spring of the year to build them two forts at 
Chadakoin, one of them by Lake Erie, the other at the end 
of the carrying place at Lake Chadakoin, which carrying 
place is fifteen miles from one lake to the other. The said 
Chevalier brought for M. Morang a cross of St. Louis, 
which the rest of the ofiicers would not allow him to take 
until the Governor was acquainted with his conduct and be- 
havior. The Chevalier returned immediately to Canada. 
"After which, the deponent saith, when the Fort La Riviere 



32 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

Aux Boeufs was finished, (which is built of wood stockaded 
triangularwise, and has two log-honses on the inside,) M. 
Morang ordered all the party to return to Canada for the 
winter season, except three hundred men, which he kept to 
garrison both forts and prepare materials against the spring 
for the building of other forts. He also sent Jean Coeur, an 
officer and interpreter, to stay the winter among the Indians 
on the Ohio, in order to prevail with them not only to allow 
the building forts over there, but also to persuade them, if 
possible, to join the French interests against the English, 
The deponent further says that on the 28th of October last, 
he set off for Canada under the command of Captain De- 
man, who had the command of twenty-two batteaux with 
twenty men in each batteau, the remainder being seven 
hundred ; and sixty men followed in a few days. The 30th 
arrived at Chadakoin where they stayed four days, during 
which time M. Peon, with two hundred men, cut a wagon road 
over the carrying place from Lake Erie to Lake Chadakoin, 
being fifteen miles, viewed the situation, which proved to 
their liking, and so set off November the third for Niagara, 
where we arrived the sixth. It is a very poor, rotten, old 
wooden fort with twenty-five men in it. They talk of re- 
building it next summer. We left fifty men there to build 
batteaux for the army against the spring, also a storehouse 
for provisions, stores, etc. Stayed here two days, then set off 
for Canada. All hands, being fatigued with rowing all night, 
ordered to put ashore to breakfast within a mile of Oswego 
garrison ; at which time the deponent saith that he, with a 
Frenchman, slipped off and got to the fort, where they were 
concealed until the enemy passed. From thence he came 
here. The deponent further saith, that beside the three hun- 
dred men with which he went up first under the command of 
M. Babeer, and the five hundred Morang brought up after- 
ward, there came at different times, with stores, etc., one 
hundred men, which made in all fifteen hundred men, three 
hundred of which remained to garrison the two forts, fifty 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 33 

at Niagara ; the rest all returned to Canada, and talked of 
going up again this winter, so as to be there the beginning 
of April. They had two six-pounders and seven four- 
pounders, which they intended to have planted in the fort at 
Ganagarahhare, (Franklin,) which was to have been called 
the Governor's Fort ; but as that was not built, they left the 
guns in the Fort La Riviere Aux Boeufs, where Morang 
• commands. Further the deponent saith not." 

The Indians of New York and the Allegheny country, 
as we have seen, were allied to Great Britain. A depu- 
tation of seven French Indians had been sent to Onondaga, 
the headquarters of the Six Nations, to conciliate them 
and to prepare the way for this expedition from Canada. 
Although many of the Indians favored the French, yet 
the deputation were informed promptly that they would not 
be allowed to settle upon their lands. Andrew Montour, 
an Indian interpreter who was present at the conference, 
having some commission from the Governor of Tirginia, on 
his return conveyed the intelligence to him, and also to Gov- 
ernor Hamilton, of Pennsylvania. The latter addressed the 
Colonial Assembly on the subject, urging the necessity of 
protection for the friendly Indians, and suggesting the 
discomfort of having French forts within the limits of the 
province, together with the probability of the Indians 
deserting them for a power willing to afford them protec- 
tion. 

The same year (1*149) Celeron, in the name of Louis, took 
possession of the Ohio valley, an association was formed by 
twelve Virginians, among whom were found the names of 
r^^'^jGtecuig.e and Augusttfs'Washington, called the Ohio Com- 
pany, which petitioned the king for a grant of land beyond 
the mountains. Their object was not so much to cultivate 
the soil or promote settlement, as to monopolize the Indian 
trade, to purchase and export furs, to sell goods, and erect 
trading houses and stores. Government readily assented to 
the project, as it promised quiet and prompt possession of 

4 



34 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY.' 

the Ohio valley, in opposition to the advances of the French, 
and granted them 500,000 acres of land west of the Alle- 
gheuies. Of this land, two-fifths was to be selected immedi- 
ately, the whole was to be free from quit rent ten years, one 
hundred families were to settle upon it, and a garrison was 
to be maintained at the expense of the company as a defense 
against the Indians. 

Christopher Gist was sent out to explore and report to 
the corporation, and in lt52 he, with eleven other fami- 
lies, made the first settlement west of the mountains. This 
was upon land presumed to belong to the company, and is 
now called Mount Braddock, being in Fayette County. 

The news of the encroachments of the French having ob- 
tained, and the Ohio Company feeling aggrieved, applied for 
aid to Governor Dinwiddle, who claimed the country as a 
part of Virginia, and was also interested as a stockholder of 
the company. In General Washington, then but a youth, 
Governor Dinwiddle saw one fitted to lead in this difficult 
expedition. 

On the 30th of October, 1153, accompanied by Gist, the 
pioneer, Van Braem, a retired soldier, who had a knowledge 
of French, and John Davison, Indian interpreter, he set out 
for the wilderness. 

The instructions given Washington were to communicate 
at Logstown with the friendly Indians, and to request of 
them an escort to the headquarters of the French, to deliver 
his letter and credentials to the commander, and demand of 
him an answer in the name of the British sovereign, and an 
escort to protect him on his return. He was to acquaint 
himself with the strength of the French forces, the number 
of their forts, and their object in advancing to those parts, 
and also to make such other observations as his opportuni- 
ties would allow. 

The Indians were not well satisfied as to the rights of 
either the French or English. An old Delaware sachem ex- 
claimed, "The French claim all the lands on one side of the 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 35 

Ohio, and the Engh'sh on the other side; now where does 
the Indian's land lie?" "Poor savages! between their 
father the French, and their brothers the English, they were 
in a fair way of being lovingly shared out of the whole coun- 
try." Three of the sachems, Tanacharison, or Half- King, 
from his being subject to another tribe, Jeskakake, and White 
Thunder, accompanied Major Washington from Logstown, 
as they had been directed by Governor Dinwiddle, as well as 
for the purpose of returning to the French commander the 
wai^ belts they had received from them. This implied that 
they wished to dissolve all friendly relations with their gov- 
ernment. These Ohio tribes had been offended at the en- 
croachments of the French, and had a short time previously 
sent deputations to the commander at Lake Erie, to remon- 
strate. Half- King, as chief of the Western tribes, had made 
his complaints in person, and been answered with contempt. 
"The Indians," said the commander, "are hke flies and mos- 
quitoes, and the numbers of the French as the sands of the 
sea-shore. Here is your wampum, I fling it at you." As 
no reconciliation had been ofl'ered for this offense, aid was 
readily granted by them to the English in their mission. 

From Washington's journal we get the following particu- 
lars : On their arrival at Yenango* (Franklin) they found 
the French colors hoisted at a house from which they had 

* "The original drawing of Fort Venango by the French engineers 
is still in existence, being in the possession of William Reynolds, 
Esq., Meadville. In the vicinity of the fort several choice species of 
grapes are still growing, a line of them extending from its center to 
the base of the hill. They have been bearing so long that the minds 
of men 'runneth not to the contrary.' No doubt the original shoots 
were brought from 'La Belle France.'" 

The draft, it is said, was made in 1758 or 1759, and exhibited the 
stockade on the embankment, the bastions and gates of the fort, to- 
gether with the very strong block-house in the center, which had no 
less than sixteen chimneys. Below the southeast corner of the fort 
stood a saw-mill, erected on the little stream that passes it. The 
draft has no notes or explanations annexed. 



36 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

driven John Frasier, an English subject. There they inquired 
for the residence of the commander. Three officers were 
present, and one Captain Jean Coeur informed tliem that he 
had the command of the Ohio, but advised them to apply for 
an answer at the near fort, where there was a general officer. 
He then invited them to sup with them, and treated the com- 
pany with the greatest complaisance. At the same time they 
dosed themselves plentifully with wine, and soon forgot the 
restraint which at first appeared in their conversation. In 
this half-intoxicated state they confessed that their deg^ign 
was to take possession of the Ohio, although the English 
could command for that service two men to their one. Still 
their motions were slow and dilatory. They maintained that 
the right of the French was undoubted from La Salle's dis- 
covery sixty years before, and that their object now was to 
prevent the settlement of the English upon the river or its 
waters, notwithstanding several families they had heard were 
moving out for that purpose. 

Fifteen hundred men had been engaged in the expedition 
west of Lake Ontario, but upon the death of the general, 
which had occurred but a short time before, all were recalled 
excepting six or seven hundred, who now garrisoned four forts, 
being one hundred and fifty men to a fort. The first of the 
forts was on French Creek, (Waterford,) near a small lake, 
about sixty miles from Venango north-northwest ; the next 
on Lake Erie, (Presqu'ile,) where the greater part of their 
stores were kept, about fifteen miles from the other; from 
this, one hundred and twenty miles to the carrying place, at 
the Falls of Niagara, (probably Schlosser,) is a small fort, 
where they lodge their goods in bringing them from Mon- 
treal, from whence all their stores are brought ; the next fort 
lay about twenty miles farther, on Lake Ontario, (Fort 
Niagara.) 

The second day at Franklin it rained excessively, and the 
party were prevented from prosecuting their journey. In 
the mean time. Captain Jean Coeur sent for Half-King, and 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. , SI 

professed great joy at seeing him and his companions, and 
affected much concern that they had not made free to bring 
them in before. To this Washington replied that he had 
heard him say a great deal in dispraise of Indians generally. 
His real motive was to keep them from Jean Coeur, he being 
an interpreter and a person of great influence among the 
Indians, and having used all possible means to draw them 
over to the French interests. When the Indians came in, the 
intriguer expressed the greatest pleasure at seeing them, was 
surprised that they could be so near without coming to see 
him, and after making them trifling presents, urged upon them 
intoxicating drinks until they were unfitted for business. 
The third day Washington's party were equally unsuccessful 
in their efforts to keep the Indians apart from Jean Coeur, 
or to prosecute their journey. On the fourth day they set 
out, but not without an escort planned to annoy them, in 
Monsieur La Force and three Indians. Finally, after four 
days of travel through mire and swamps, with the most un- 
propitious weather, they succeeded in reaching Le Boeuf. 

Washington immediately presented himself, and offered 
his commission and letters to the commanding officer, but 
was requested to retain both until Mons. Reparti should 
arrive, who was the commander at the next fort, and who 
was expected every hour. The commander at Le Boeuf, 
Legardeur de St. Pierre, was an elderly gentleman with the 
air of a soldier, and a knight of the military order of St. 
Louis. He had been in command but a week at Le Boeuf, 
having been sent over on the death of the late general. 

In a few hours Captain Reparti arrived from Presqu'ile, 
the letter was again offered, and after a satisfactory transla- 
tion a council of war was held, which gave Major Wash- 
ington and his men an opportunity of taking the dimensions 
of the fort and making other observations. According to 
their estimate, the fort had one hundred men, exclusive of a 
large number of officers, fifty birch canoes and seventy pine 
ones, and many in an unfinished state. 

4* 



38 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

The instructions he had received from Governor Din- 
widdie allowed him to remain but seven days for an ansv^^er; 
and as the horses were daily becoming weaker, and the snow 
fast increasing, they were sent back to Yenango, and still 
further to Shannopin's town, provided the river was open 
and in a navigable condition. In the mean time Commis- 
sary La Force was full of flatteries and fair promises to the 
Sachems, still hoping to retain them as friends. From day 
to day the party were detained at Yenango, — sometimes by 
the power of liquor, the promise of presents, and various 
other pretexts, and the acceptance of the wampum had been 
thus far successfully evaded. 

To the question of Major Washington, "by what author- 
ity several English subjects had been made prisoners ?" 
Captain Reparti replied, "that they had orders to make 
prisoners of any who attempted to trade upon those waters." 
The two who had been taken, and of whom they inquired par- 
ticularly, John Trotter and James McClochlan, they were 
informed had been sent to Canada, but were now returned 
home. They confessed, too, that a boy had been carried 
past by the Indians, who had besides two or three white 
men's scalps. 

On the 15th, the commandant ordered a plentiful store of 
liquors and provisions to be put on board the canoes, and 
appeared extremely complaisant, while he was really study- 
ing to annoy them, and to keep the Indians until after their 
departure. 

Washington, in his journal, remarks : "I cannot say that 
ever in my life I suffered so much anxiety as I did in this 
affair. I saw that every stratagem which the most fruitful brain 
could invent was practiced to win the Half-King to their 
interests, and that leaving him there was giving them the 
opportunity they aimed at. I went to the Half- King and 
pressed him in the strongest terms. He told me that the 
commandant would not discharge him until the morning. I 
then went to the commandant, and desired him to do their 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 39 

business, and complained of ill treatment ; for keeping tbem, 
as they were part of my company, was detaining me. This 
he promised not to do, but to forward my journey as much 
as possible. He protested that he did not keep them, but was 
ignorant of the cause of their stay ; though I soon found it 
out : he promised them a present of guns, etc., if they would 
wait until morning." Their journey to Franklin was tedious 
and very fatiguing. At one place the ice had lodged so 
their canoes could not pass, and they were obliged to carry 
them a quarter of a mile. One of the chiefs, White Thunder, 
became disabled, and they were compelled to leave him with 
Half-King, who promised that no fine speeches or scheming 
of Jean Coeur should win him back to the French. In this 
he was sincere, as his conduct afterward proved. As their 
horses were now weak and feeble, and there was no proba- 
bility of the journey being accomplished in reasonable time, 
Washington gave them, with the baggage, in charge of Mr. 
Yan Braem, his faithful companion, tied himself up in his 
watch-coat, with a pack on his back containing his papers, 
some provisions, and his gun, and, with Mr. Gist fitted out 
in the same manner, took the shortest route across the 
country for Shannopin's town. 

On the day following, they fell in with a party of French 
Indians, who laid in wait for them at a place called Murder- 
ing town, now in Butler County. One of the party fired upon 
them ; but, by constant travel, they escaped their company, 
and arrived within two miles of Shannopin's town, where 
trials in another form awaited them. They were obliged to 
construct a raft, in order to cross the river; and when this was 
accomplished, by the use of but one poor hatchet, and they 
were launched, by some accident Washington was precipi- 
tated into the river and narrowly escaped being drowned. 
Besides this, the cold was so intense that Mr. Gist had his 
fingers and toes frozen. At Mr. Frasier's, (Turtle Creek,) 
they met twenty warriors going southward to battle, and at 
the Monongahela, seventeen horses, loaded with materials 



40 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

and stores for a fort at the forks of the Ohio, and a few- 
families going out to settle. On the 16th of February, 
Washington arrived at Williamsburg, and waited upon 
Governor Dinwiddle with the letter he had brought from 
the French commandant, and offered him a narrative of the 
most remarkable occurrences of his journey. 

The reply of Chevalier de St. Pierre was found to be 
courteous and well guarded. " He should transmit," he 
said, " the letter of Governor Dinwiddle to his general, the 
Marquis Du Quesne, to whom it better belongs than to me 
to set forth the evidence and reality of the rights of the king 
ray master upon the lands situated along the Ohio, and to 
contest the pretensions of the king of Great Britain thereto. 
His answer shall be a law to me. * * * As to the sum- 
mons to retire you send me, I do not think myself obliged to 
obey it. Whatever may be your instructions, I am here by 
virtue of the orders of my general, and I entreat you, sir, 
not to doubt one moment but that I am determined to eon- 
form myself to them with all the exactness and resolution 
which can be expected from the best officer. * * * j 
made it my particular care to receive Mr. Washington with 
a distinction suitable to your dignity, as well as his own 
quality and merit. I flatter myself that he will do me this 
justice before you, sir, and that he will signify to you, in the 
manner I do myself, the profound respect with which I am, 
sir, etc." 

Governor Dinwiddle and his council understood this eva- 
sive answer as a ruse to gain time, in order that they might 
in the spring descend the Ohio and take military possession 
of the whole country. 

This expedition may be considered the foundation of 
Washington's fortunes. " From that moment he was the 
rising hope of the country. His tact with the Indians and 
crafty whites, his endurance of cold and fatigue, his pru- 
dence, firmness, and self-devotion, all were indications of the 
future man." 



HISTORY or ERIE COU>iTY. 41 

Relating to the French forts, April, 1*751, we have the 
following : " Colonel Johnson, British Indian agent, residing 
at Tribeshill, 'New York, received intelligence through sav- 
ages, that a strong detachment were ascending the St. Law- 
rence and entering Lake Ontario, and supposing it concerned 
the Mohawk country, he assembled his militia and marched 
to Palatine, where another company of eleven or twelve 
hundred men joined him, sent out by the commandant at 
Oswego. He intrenched himself and remained in camp 
fifteen days, when he received intelligence that the French 
detachment had passed by to reinforce Belle Biviere. " 

A year before, in 1*156, a prisoner among the Indians, who 
had made his escape, gave the following particulars : " Buffa- 
loes Fort, or Le Boeuf, is garrisoned with one hundred and 
fifty men and a few straggling Indians. Presqu'ile is built of 
square logs filled up with earth ; the barracks are within the 
fort, and garrisoned with one hundred and fifty men, sup- 
ported chiefly from a French settlement begun near it. The 
settlement consists, as the prisoner was informed, of about 
one hundred families." [This French settlement is not 
spoken of by any other person. M. Chauvignerie, as will 
be seen, states that there were no settlements or improve- 
ments near the forts Presqu'ile or Le Boeuf] " The Indian 
families about the settlement are pretty numerous ; they 
have a priest and schoolmaster, and some grist-mills and 
stills in the settlement." 

In 115T, M. Chauvignerie, Jr., aged seventeen, a French 
prisoner, testified before a justice of the peace to this effect : 
" His father was a lieutenant of marines and commandant of 
Fort Machault, built lately at Yenango." [On the author- 
ity of an old map at Quebec, Fort Machault was the oppo- 
site side of the river from Fort Yenango.] "At the fort 
they have fifty regulars and forty laborers, and soon expect 
a reinforcement from Montreal, and they drop almost daily 
some of the detachments, as they pass from Montreal to 
Fort du Quesne. Fort Le Breuf is commanded by my 



42 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

uncle, Monsieur de Verge, an ensign of foot. There is no cap- 
tain or other officer there, above an ensign ; and the reason 
of this is, that the commandants of those forts purchase a 
commission for it, and have the benefit of transporting the 
provisions and other necessaries. The provisions are chiefly 
sent from Niagara to Presqu'ile, and so from thence down the 
Ohio to Fort du Quesne. Sometimes, however, they are 
brought in large quantities from southward of Fort du 
Quesne. There are from eight hundred to nine hundred, 
and sometimes one thousand men between Forts Presqu'ile 
and Le Boeuf. One hundred and fifty of these are regulars, 
and the rest Canadian laborers, who work at the forts and 
build boats. There are no settlements or improvements near 
the forts. The French plant corn about them for the In- 
dians, whose wives and children come to the fort for it, and 
get furnished also with clothes at the king's expense. 
Traders reside in the forts, that purchase of them peltries. 
Several houses are outside of the forts, but people do not 
care to occupy them, for fear of being scalped. One of their 
batteaux usually carries sixty bags of flour and three or four 
men. When unloaded, they will carry twelve men." 

Frederick Post's journal, dated Pittsburg, November, 
1158, says: "Just as the council broke up, an Indian ar- 
rived from Fort Presqu'ile, and gave the following descrip- 
tion of the three upper forts. Presqu'ile has been a strong 
stockaded fort, but is so much out of repair that a strong 
man might pull up any log out of the earth. There are 
two ofiBcers and thirty-five men in garrison there, and not 
above ten Indians, which they keep constantly hunting, for 
the support of the garrison. The fort in Le Bceuf River is 
much in the same condition, with an officer and thirty men, 
and a few hunting Indians, who said they would leave them 
in a few days. The fort at Venango is the smallest, and 
has but one officer and twenty-five men, and, like the two 
upper forts, they are much distressed for want of pro- 
visions." 



HISTORY or ERIE COUNTY. 43 

On the ITth of March, 1759, Thomas Bull, an Indian 
employed as a spy at the Lakes, arrived at Pittsburg. At 
Presqu'ile, he stated that the garrison consisted of two officers, 
two merchants, a clerk, priest, and one hundred and three 
soldiers. The commandant's name was Burinol, with whom 
Thomas was formerly acquainted, and who did not suspect 
him. He treated him with great openness, and told him 
thirty towns had engaged to join the French and come to 
war. He saw fifteen hundred billets ready prepared for 
their equipment. He likewise understood that they were 
just ready to set out, and were stopped by belts and speeches 
sent among them by the English, but would decide when a 
body of over-lake Indians would arrive at Kaskaskie. Bur- 
niol described a conversation he had had with the Mingoes ; 
that he had told them he was sorry one-half of them had broken 
away to the English. They replied that they had buried the 
tomahawk with the French ; that they would do the same 
with the English ; and wished that both would fight as they 
had done over the great waters, without disturbing their 
country; that they wished to live in peace with both, and 
that the English should return home. Burniol replied, that 
he would go home as soon as the English would move off. 
Thomas Bull described Fort Presqu'ile "as square, with four 
bastions. They have no platform raised yet ; so they are 
useless, excepting in each bastion there is a place for a sen- 
tinel. There are no guns upon the walks, but four four- 
pounders in one of the bastions, not mounted on carriages. 
The wall is only of single logs, with no bank within, a ditch 
without. There are two gates, of equal size, being about 
ten feet wide : one fronts the lake, about three hundred yards 
distant, the other the road to Le Bceuf. The magazine is 
a stone house covered with shingles, and not sunk in the 
ground, standing in the right bastion, next the lake, going 
from Presqu'ile to Le Bceuf. The other hoases are of square 
logs. They have in store a considerable quantity of Indian 
goods, and but little flour. Twelve batteaux they were 



44 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

daily expecting from Niagara, with provisions. IS'o French 
were expected from Niagara, but about five hundred from a 
fort on the north side of the lake, in the Waweailunes coun- 
try, which is built of cedar stockades. The French were to 
come with the Indians before mentioned. There were four 
batteaux at Presqu'ile, and no works carrying on, but one 
small house in the fort. Some of the works are on the 
decay, and some appear to have been lately built." The 
officers made Thomas a present of a pair of stockings, and 
he went on to Le Boeuf, telling them that he was going to 
Wyoming to see his father. 

Le Boeuf he describes " as of the same plan with 
Presqu'ile, but very small ; the logs mostly rotten. Plat- 
forms are erected in the bastion, and loopholes properly 
cut ; one gun is mounted on a bastion and looks down 
the river. It has only one gate, and that faces the side 
opposite the creek. The magazine is on the right of the 
gate, going in, partly sunk in the ground, and above 
are some casks of powder, to serve the Indians. Here are 
two officers, a storekeeper, clerk, priest, and one hundred 
and fifty soldiers, and, as at Presqu'ile, the men are not em- 
ployed. They have twenty-four batteaux, and a larger 
stock of provisions than at Presqu'ile. One Le Sambrow 
is the commandant. The Ohio is clear of ice at Venango, 
and French Creek at Le Boeuf The road from Venango to 
Le Boeuf is well trodden ; and from thence to Presqu'de is 
one-half day's journey, being very low and swampy, and 
bridged most of the way." 

A few months after this time, twelve hundred regular 
troops were collected from Presqu'ile, Detroit, and Venango, 
for the defense of Fort Niagara, which had been besieged 
by the English under General Prideaux. Four days before 
the conquest, the general was killed by the bursting of a 
cannon, and the command devolved on Sir William Johnson, 
who carried out the plan with judgment and vigor, and the 
enemy were completely routed. The utmost confusion pre- 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 45 

vailed at Forts Yenango, Presqu'ile, and Le Boeuf after the 
victory, particularly as Sir William sent letters by some of 
the Indians to the commander at Presqu'ile, notifying him 
that the other posts must be given up in a few days. 

August 13th, we find that the French at Presqu'ile had 
sent away all their stores, and were waiting for the French 
at Yenango and Le Bceuf to join them, when they would all 
set out in batteaux for Detroit; that in an Indian path 
leading to Presqu'ile from a Delaware town, a Frenchman- 
and some Indians had been met, with the word that the 
French had left Yenango six days before. 

About the same time, three Indians arrived at Fort du 
Quesne from Yenango, who reported that the Indians over 
the lake were much displeased with the Six Nations, as they 
had been the means of a number of their people being killed 
at Niagara ; that the French had burned their forts at Ye- 
nango, Le Bceuf, and Presqu'ile, and gone over the lakes. 
At Yenango, before leaving, they had made large presents 
to the Indians of laced coats, hats, etc., and had told them, 
with true French bravado, that they were obliged to run 
away at this time, but would certainly be in possession of 
the river before the next spring. They were obliged to burn 
everything and destroy their batteaux, as the water was so 
low they could not get up the creek with them. The report 
was probably unfounded, of the burning of the forts, unless 
they were very soon rebuilt, of which we have no account. 

A tradition has prevailed in Erie, that at this time treas- 
ures were buried, either on the site of the fort or on the line 
of the old French road. From the above account, we learn 
that their hasty departure was made by water, and the proba- 
bility is that the company returned before winter. Spanish 
silver coins were found twenty years ago, to the value of sixty 
dollars, while plowing the old site for the purpose of making 
brick ; but, from appearances, they had been secreted there 
within the present century. The wells have been re-exca- 
vated time and again, but with no extraordinary results. 

5 



46 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

Pottery of a singular kind has been found, and knives, bul- 
lets, and human bones confirm the statements of history. 

In 1760, Major Rodgers was sent out by government to 
take formal possession for the English of the forts upon the 
lake, though it was not until 1763 that a definite treaty of 
peace was signed and ratified at Paris. 



CHAPTER IV. 

Pontiac — Destruction of Forts Presqu'ile and Le Boeuf, as described by 
Bancroft, Parkman, and Harvey — Colonel Bradstreet at Presqu'ile, in 
1764 — Colonel Bouquet's Treaty — A Detachment of British Soldiers 
and Indians embark at Chautauqua Lake — Ilannastown burnt — Mr. 
Adams's Suggestion. 

At Detroit Major Rodgers first met with the Ottawa 
chief Pontiac, who had the largest empire and the greatest 
authority of any chief that had yet appeared on our conti- 
nent. The chief treated him with distant ceremony, and 
intimated that, though the French had been conquered by 
the English, he had not ; but, at the close of the interview, 
they smoked the pipe of peace, and afterward he rendered 
the English good service in protecting their stores when 
passing through savage tribes. How he became inimical to 
the English is not certainly known. He may have feared 
their power, and also felt with sadness the absence of French 
courtesy. Prejudice arose, too, from the ill behavior and 
offensive conduct of Irish and other convicts, who had been 
transported for their crimes, and been bought and employed 
in carrying goods up among the Indians. " When the 
French first arrived," said a Chippewa chief, "they came 
and kissed us; they called us children, and we found them 
fathers. We lived like children with them in the same 
lodge." * * * "If the English did us no harm, they also 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 4T 

manifested no interest in our affairs. They gave us no mis- 
sionaries, made us no presents ; they even would not con- 
sent to trade; and further, they were unjust to our friends, 
the French." 

Mr. Henry, an English traveler, who passed through 
Canada and the Indian territories, about 1760, was com- 
pelled to disguise himself as a Canadian. At one time, 
when surrounded by Indians, he was coolly addressed by a 
chief in something like this strain : " The English are brave 
men, and not afraid of death, since they dare to come thus 
fearlessly among their enemies. You know that the French 
king is our father. You are his enemy ; and how, then, can 
you have the boldness to venture among us his children ? 
You know that his friends are our friends." They delighted 
to extol the power of the French, and to compare the king 
to an old man asleep, who would shortly arouse himself and 
execute vengeance upon his enemies. They also charged 
upon the English that, when fighting for them, their young 
men had been slain, and that the spirits of the slain had not 
been satisfied. This, according to their custom, could only 
be effected in one of two ways, — by pouring out the blood 
of the nation by which they fell, or by covering the bodies 
of the dead, and allaying the resentment of the relations by 
presents. The English had never offered them presents or 
treaty, and they must therefore be considered still at war 
with them. But their hearts seemed to soften toward Mr. 
Henry, who came among them unarmed, and they even of- 
fered him a pipe, as a token of their friendship. 

When PoQtiac had formed his plan for restoring to his 
people their homes and hunting-grounds, and " had mused 
until the fire burned," he determined to call around him his 
own tribe, the Ottawas, and disclose to them his determina- 
tion to banish forever the proud, unconciliating Englishman. 
He appealed with eloquence and art to their fears, ambition, 
patriotism, and cupidity, — the love and gratitude they owed 
to the French, and their hatred of the English. He next 



48 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

convened a grand council of the neighboring tribes at the 
Kiver Aux Ecores, and invited them to action, by assuming 
that the Great Spirit had recently made a revelation to a 
Delaware Indian as to the conduct he wished his red children 
to pursue. He had directed them to abstain from ardent 
spirits, and to cast from them the manufactures of the white 
man — to resume their bows and arrows, and skins of animals 
for clothing. "Why," said the Great Spirit indignantly to 
the Delaware, "do you suffer these dogs in red clothing to 
enter your country and take the land I gave you ? Drive 
them from it, and when you are in distress I will help you." 
A plan of campaign was concerted on the spot, and belts 
and speeches sent to secure the co-operation of the Indians 
along the whole line of the frontier. The Ottawas, Chip- 
pewas, and Pottawatamies were the most active of the 
tribes ; the Miamies, Sac and Foxes, Monononomies, Wy- 
andots, Mississagues, Shawnees, Pennsylvania and Ohio 
Delawares, and the Six Nations, participated, and all the 
British posts, from Niagara to Green Bay and the Potomac, 
were comprehended in the attack. So well arranged iind 
executed were their plans, that nine out of eleven of the 
forts were captured. 

Bancroft, in his history of the United States, gives the 
following account of the destruction of Port Presqu'ile : 
" The fort at Presqu'ile, now Erie, was the point of com- 
munication between Pittsburg and Niagara and Detroit. It 
was in itself one of the most tenable, and had a garrison of 
four and twenty men, and could most easily be relieved. On 
the 22d of June, after a two days' defense, the commander, 
out of his senses with terror, capitulated, giving up the sole 
chance of saving his men from the scalping-knife. He him- 
self, with a few others, were carried in triumph by the 
Indians to Detroit." 

A more detailed account is found in the " Conspiracy of 
Pontiac," by Parkman. He says : " There had been hot 
fighting before Presqu'ile was taken. Could courage have 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 49 

saved it, it never would have fallen. The fort stood near 
the present site of Erie, on the southern shore of the lalve 
vphich bears the same name. At one of its angles w^as a 
large block-house, a species of structure much used in the 
petty forest warfare of the day. It was two stories in 
height, and solidly built of massive timber; the diameter of 
the upper story exceeding that of the lower by several feet, 
so that, through the openings in the projecting floor of the 
former, the defenders could shoot down upon the heads of 
an enemy assailing the outer wall below. The roof being 
covered with shingles, might easily be set on fire ; but, to 
guard against this, there was an opening, through which the 
garrison, partially protected by a covering of plank, might 
pour down the water upon the flames. This block-house 
stood upon a projecting point of land, between the lake and 
a small brook which entered it nearly at right angles. And 
now the defenders could see the Indians throwing up earth 
and stones behind one of the breastworks ; their implacable 
foes were laboring to undermine the block-house, a sure and 
insidious expedient, against which there was no defense. 
There was little leisure to reflect on this new peril, for an- 
other, more imminent and horrible, soon threatened them. 
The barrels of water, always kept in the block-house, were 
nearly emptied in extinguishing the frequent fires ; and 
though there was a well in the parade-ground, yet to ap- 
proach it would be certain death. The only resource was 
to dig one in the block-house itself. The floor was torn up, 
and while some of the men fired their heated muskets from 
the loopholes to keep the enemy in check, the rest labored 
with desperate energy at this toilsome and cheerless task. 
Before it was half completed, the cry of fire was again 
raised, and, at the imminent risk of life, they tore off the 
blazing shingles and averted the danger. By this time it 
was evening. The little garrison had fought from earliest 
daybreak without a moment's rest. Nor did darkness bring 
relief, for the Indian guns flashed all night long from the 

5* 



50 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

intrencbments. They seemed determined to wear out the ob- 
stinate defenders by fatigue. While some slept, others in their 
turn continued the assault, and morning brought fresh dan- 
gers. The block-house was fired several times through the 
day, but they kept up their forlorn and desperate defense. 
The house of the commanding officer sank into glowing em- 
bers. The fire on both sides did not cease till midnight, at 
which hour a voice was heard in French, calling out that fur- 
ther defense was useless, since preparations were made to 
burn above and below at once. Christie demanded if any one 
spoke English ; upon which a man in Indian dress came 
forward. He had been made a prisoner in the French war, 
and was now fighting against his own countrymen. He 
said, if they yielded, they would be saved alive ; if not, they 
would be burned, Christie resolved to hold out as long as 
a shadow of hope remained, and while some of the garrison 
slept, the rest watched. They told them to wait until morn- 
ing. They assented, and suspended their fire. When morn- 
ing came, they sent out two persons, on pretense of treating, 
but in reality to learn the truth of the preparations to burn 
the block-house, whose sides were pierced with bullets and 
scorched with fire. In spite of the capitulations, they were 
surrounded and seized, and, having been detained for some 
time in the neighborhood, were sent as prisoners to Detroit, 
where Ensign Christie soon after made his escape, and 
gained the fort in safety." 

Mr. H. L. Harvey, formerly editor of the Erie Observer, 
a gentleman of research and integrity, in a lecture delivered 
in Erie, introduced the following account of the same event, 
differing, as will be seen, from both the above-named ac- 
credited historians. He says : " The troops retired to their 
quarters to procure their morning repast ; some had already 
finished, and were sauntering about the fortress or upon the 
shore of the lake. All were joyous in holiday attire, and 
dreaming of naught but the pleasure of the occasion. A 
knock was heard at the gate, and three Indians were an- 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 51 

nonnced in hunting garb, desii'ing an interview with the 
commander. Their tale was soon told. They said they 
belonged to a hunting party, who had started for Niagara 
with a lot of furs ; that their canoes were bad, and they 
would prefer disposing of them here, if they could do so to 
advantage, and return, rather than go farther ; that their 
party were encamped by a small stream west of the fort 
about a mile, where they had landed the previous night, and 
where they wished the commander to go and examine their 
peltries, as it was difficult to bring them, and they wished to 
embark where they were, if they did not trade. The com- 
mander, accompanied by a clerk, left the fort with the In- 
dians, charging his lieutenant that none should leave the 
fort, and none be admitted, until his return. Well would it 
probably have been had this order been obeyed. After 
the lapse of sufficient time for the captain to visit the 
encampment of the Indians and return, a party of the latter, 
variously estimated — probably one hundred and fifty — ad- 
vanced toward the fort, bearing upon their backs what 
appeared to be large packs of furs, which they informed 
the lieutenant the captain had purchased and ordered to be 
deposited in the fort. The stratagem succeeded ; when the 
party were all within the fort, it was the work of an instant 
to throw off their packs and the short cloaks which covered 
their weapons, the whole being fastened by one loop and 
button at the neck. Resistance at this time was useless, 
and the work of death was as rapid as savage strength 
and weapons could make it. Tlie shortened rifles, which 
had been sawed off for the purpose of concealing them 
under their cloaks and in the packs of furs, were at once 
discharged, and the tomahawk and knife completed their 
work. The history of savage warfare presents not a scene 
of more heartless and blood-thirsty vengeance than was ex- 
hibited on this occasion. The few who were taken prisoners 
in the fort were doomed to the various tortures devised by 
savage ingenuity, and all but two, who awoke to celebrate 



52 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

that day, had passed to the eternal world. Of these, one 
was a soldier who had gone into the woods near the fort, 
and on his return observing a party of Indians dragging 
away some prisoners, escaped, and immediately proceeded 
to Niagara ; the other was a soldier's wife, who had taken 
shelter in a small stone house, at the mouth of the creek, 
used as a wash-house. Here she remained unobserved until 
near night of the fatal day, when she was made their pris- 
oner, but was ultimately ransomed and restored to civilized 
life. She was afterward married, and settled in Canada, 
where she was living at the commencement of the present 
century. Captain D. Dobbins, of the revenue service, has 
frequently talked with the woman, who was redeemed by a 
Mr. Douglass, living opposite Black E-ock, in Canada. 
From what she witnessed, and heard from the Indians 
during her captivity, as well as from information derived 
from other sources, this statement is made." 

About the same time the fort at Le Boeuf was furiously 
attacked by a large body of Indians, and the block-house 
fired at night. While the enemy believed them consumed, 
the ensign and his seven remaining men effected their escape, 
by means of a secret underground passage, having its outlet 
in the direction of the swamp adjoining Le BcBuf Lake. 
Tradition says that only one of these reached a civilized 
settlement. At Venango, a party of Senecas gained en- 
trance by stratagem, and massacred the garrison, after 
having tortured Lieutenant Gordon, the commander, for 
several nights over a slow fire. Afterward they fired and 
consumed the fort. 

It was not the stockaded garrison alone, at this trying 
period, that suffered from the fury of the savages. Through 
the whole West the tomahawk and scalping-knife made fear- 
ful havoc. More than one hundred traders were struck down 
in the woods — the husbandman in the field and the child in 
the cradle shared the same unhappy fate. Emigrants were 
compelled to leave their homes and planted fields, and by 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 63 

toilsome journeys seek protection and shelter in distant set- 
tlements. Nearly five hundred families from the frontiers of 
Maryland and Virginia fled thus to Winchester, being desti- 
tute of every comfort. The regions of New York were 
happily exempted from similar outrages, through the in- 
fluence of Sir William Johnson. 

On the 12th of August, 1764, Colonel Bradstreet and his 
• array landed at Presqu'ile, and there met a band of Shaw- 
nees and Delawares, who feigned to have come to treat for 
peace. Colonel Bradstreet was deceived by them, (although 
his ofiicers were not,) and marched to Detroit to relieve that 
garrison. He found Pontiac gone, but made peace with the 
Northwestern Indians, in which they pledged themselves to 
give up their prisoners ; to relinquish their title to the English 
posts and the territory around for the distance of a cannon 
shot ; to give up all the murderers of white men, to be tried 
by English law ; and to acknowledge the sovereignty of the 
English government. Soon he discovered, as the war still 
raged, that he had been duped. He received orders to 
attack their towns ; but, mortified and exasperated, his 
troops destitute of provisions and every way dissatisfied, he 
broke up his camp and returned to Niagara. Colonel Bo- 
quet afterward met the same deceptive Shawnees, Dela- 
wares, and Senecas, and succeeded in bringing them to 
terms ; so that in twelve days they brought in two hundred 
and six prisoners, and promised all that could be found, — 
leaving six hostages as security. The next year one hun- 
dred more prisoners were brought in, between whom and 
the Indians, in many cases, a strong attachment had sprung 
up, they accompanying the captives, with presents, even to 
the villages. 

The region west of the Ohio and Allegheny Rivers, prior 
to the year 1795, was only known as the Indian country. 
On the Canada side of Lake Erie there were a few white 
settlements. On the American side Cherry Yalley, New 
York, was the most western settlement, and Pittsburg 
the nearest settlement on the south. 



54 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

In the year 1782, a detachment, consisting of three hun- 
dred British soldiers and five hundred Indians, was sent 
from Canada to Fort Pitt. They had embarlied in canoes 
at Chautanque Lake, when information, through their spies, 
caused their project to be abandoned. Parties of Indians 
harassed the settlements on the borders, and under Guyasu- 
tha, a Seneca chief, attacked and burned the seat of justice 
for Westmoreland County, Hannastown, and murdered 
several of the inhabitants. 

In 1785, Mr. Adams, Minister at London, writes to Lord 
Carmarthan, English Secretary of State: "Although a 
period of three years has elapsed since the signature of the 
preliminary treaty, and more than two years since the defin- 
itive treaty, the posts of Oswegatchy, Oswego, Niagara, 
Presqu'ile, Sandusky, Detroit, Mackinaw, with others not 
necessary particularly to enumerate, and a considerable ter- 
ritory around each of them, all within the incontestible limits 
of the United States, are still held by British garrisons to 
the loss and injury of the United States," etc. As we do 
not hear from any other source of the rebuilding of the fort 
at Presqu'ile or of a garrison there, the pi'obability is that 
Mr. Adams only had reference to Presqu'ile as an important 
location. 



CHAPTER Y. 

Penn's Charter — Boundaries of Pennsylvania — Mason and Dixon's Line 
— Review of said Line by Colonel Graham — Western Boundary of Penn- 
sylvania fixed in 1786 — Boundary between New York and Pennsyl- 
vania confirmed by Act of Assembly in 1789 — Purchase of Triangle, 
1791— Anecdote of Mr. William Miles. 

In the charter of Charles II. to William Penn, 1681, the 
first section describes the boundary of his grant as "east by 
Delaware River from 12 miles distance northward of New- 
castle town, unto the three-and-fortieth degree of north lati- 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 55 

tnde, if the said river doth extend so far northward ; but if the 
said river doth not extend so far northward, then by the said 
river so far as it doth extend ; and from the head of the said 
river the eastern bounds are to be determined by a meridian 
line, to be drawn from the head of said river unto the said 
43d degree. The said land to extend westward 5 degrees in 
longitude, to be computed from the said eastern bounds ; and 
the said lands to be bounded on the north by the beginning 
of the three-and-fortieth degree of north latitude, and on the 
south by a circle drawn at 12 miles distance from New Castle 
northward and westward unto the beginning of the fortieth 
degree of north latitude, and then by a straight line westward 
to the limits of longitude above mentioned." Explicit as 
this description appears, Maryland and Virginia disputed 
for many years, each claiming to itself the whole space or 
extent of the land south of the fortieth degree of latitude. 
The controversy was at length settled in 1732, chiefly in 
favor of Maryland, which rendered the real extent of Penn- 
sylvania one hundred and fifiy-five miles instead of two hun- 
dred and eight, and the square miles forty-one thousand, 
exclusive of the Triangle. 

Lord Baltimore had, in 1683, petitioned King Charles 
II. that no fresh grants of land in the territories of Penn- 
sylvania might pass in favor of William Penn until the 
said lord was heard in his pretension of right thereto. 
This petition was referred to the committee of trade 
and plantation, which, after many attendances and divers 
hearings of both parties, made their report to King James 
II., who in 1685 determined the affair between them, by 
ordering a division of the tract of land between Dela- 
ware and Chesapeake Bays, from the latitude of Cape Hen- 
lopen to the south boundary of Pennsylvania, in two equal 
parts, of which the side of Delaware was assigned to the 
king and Pennsylvania, and the Chesapeake side to Balti- 
more. In 1732, commissioners were appointed both from 
Pennsylvania and Maryland for the actual running, marking, 



56 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

and laying out the boundary lines between both the province 
and territories of Pennsylvania and Maryland, according to 
articles of agreement concluded between Charles, Lord Bal- 
timore, the proprietary of Maryland, and John, Thomas, and 
Richard Penn, proprietaries of Pennsylvania. The bounda- 
ries between Pennsylvania and Baltimore were as follows : 
That a due east and west line shall be drawn from the ocean, 
beginning at Cape Henlopen, which lies south of Cape Cor- 
nelius, upon the eastern side of the peninsula, and thence 
to the western side of the peninsula, which lies upon Chesa- 
peake Bay, and as far westward as the exact middle of that 
part of the peninsula where the said line is run. That from 
the western end of the said east and west line in the middle 
of the peninsula, a straight line shall run northward up 
the said peninsula till it touch the western part of the peri- 
phery or arc of a circle, drawn twelve English statute miles 
distant from New Castle, westward toward Maryland, so as 
to make a tangent thereto, and there the said straight line 
shall end. That from the western end of the last-mentioned 
straight line drawn northward, a line shall be continued due 
north, as far as to that parallel of latitude which is fifteen 
English statute miles due south of the most southern part 
of Philadelphia, and from the north end of the last-men- 
tioned north and south line, a line shall be run due west, 
across the Susquehanna River to the western boundary of 
Pennsylvania. Notwithstanding this agreement, the per- 
formance was long delayed by disputes of the parties about 
the mode of doing it, said to have been occasioned mostly 
by the proprietary of Maryland, in consequence of which 
the inhabitants on the Pennsylvania side, near where the 
boundary line ought long before to have been ascertained and 
marked out, were sometimes exposed to unreasonable de- 
mands from Maryland claims. It was not finally executed 
until the year 1762, when these families or proprietaries 
agreed to employ two ingenious English mathematicians, 
Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, after their return from 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 51 

the Cape of Good Hope, where they had been to observe 
the transit of Yenus, in the year 1*761, finally to settle and 
mark out the same, which was accordingly performed by 
them.* 

At the end of every fifth mile they placed a stone graven 
with the arms of the Penns on one side, and of the Balti- 
more family on the other, marking the intermediate miles 
with smaller stones having " P" on one side and " M " on the 
other. The stones with the arras were all sent from Eng- 
land. This was done on the parallel of latitude as far as 
Sideling Hill ; but here all wheel transportation ceasing, in 
1*766 the further marking of the lines was the vista of eight 
yards wide, with piles of stones on the crests of all the 
mountain ranges, built some eight feet high, as far as the 
summit of the Allegheny, beyond which the line was marked 
by posts, around which stones and earth were thrown the 
better to preserve them. Of these stones, the one which 
marked the northeast corner of Maryland became in the 
course of time undermined by a brook, and was removed 
and used in a farm-house chimney. After this occurrence 
the Legislatures of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia 
appointed a joint commission for a new survey, and ap- 
pointed Colonel Graham of the TJnited States Topograph- 
ical Engineers to superintend the work, and review the line 
of Mason.and Dixon as far as might be judged necessary. 
Though their work was corroborated in the main, better 

* After they had surveyed the distance of 23 miles, 18 chains, 
and 21 links from the place of beginning, and were at the bottom of 
a valley on Dunkard's Creek, a branch of the Monongahela, an In- 
dian path crossed their route, and their aboriginal escort informed 
them that it -was "the will of the Sioux nation that the surveys 
cease;" and they terminated accordingly, leaving 36 miles, 6 chains, 
and 50 links as the exact distance remaining to be run west to the 
southwest angle of Pennsylvania. 

6 



58 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

instruments and a more accurate knowledge of the art 
enabled their successors to detect some errors. By their 
corrections Maryland gained about two acres, and a gentle- 
man who had served as a member of the Delaware Legis- 
lature found his residence located full half a mile within the 
State of Pennsylvania. Thus was established and perfected 
the line, "having no breadth or thickness, but length only," 
which threatens to make "enemies of nations which had else, 
like kindred drops, been mingled into one." 

It is said the survey of Mason and Dixon cost the Penn 
family nearly $100,000; and that an arc of the meridian 
measured by them at that time is cited in works of astron- 
omy, having been one of the measurements by which the 
figure of the earth was ascertained. Of these two mathe- 
maticians, to whom political disputes have given a notoriety 
as lasting as the history of our country, Dixon, it is said, 
was born in a coal mine, and returned to his own coun- 
try, Durham, where he died in 1711. Ten years later Mason 
died in Pennsylvania. 

It was not until 1186, after many difficulties between the 
States of Pennsylvania and Virginia, that the western 
boundary of the former was surveyed by extending Mason 
and Dixon's line five degrees west from the Delaware River, 
and a meridian drawn from the western extremity to the 
northern limit. 

In 1185 commissioners w^ere appointed, on the part of 
Pennsylvania and New York, to ascertain the northern 
boundary of the former from the River Delaware westward 
to the northwest corner. The commissioners first appointed 
were David Rittenhouse on the part of Pennsylvania, and 
Samuel Holland, on the part of New York. They pro- 
ceeded to act in pursuance of that appointment, and in De- 
cember, 1186, ascertained and fixed the beginning of the 
forty-third degree of north latitude, erected suitable monu- 
ments there at and near the River Delaware, but were pre- 
vented by the inclemency of the weather from proceeding 



HISTORY or ERIE COUNTY. 59 

further ia the survey. The next year Andrew Ellicot was 
appointed a commissioner for the above purpose, on the part 
of Pennsylvania, and James Clinton and Simeon Dewit on 
the part of New York. In 1787 they completed the run- 
ning and mai'king of this northern boundary 259 miles and 
88 perches from its commencement at the Delaware River, to 
its termination in Lake Erie, five or six miles east of the 
Ohio State line, and marked the whole distance throughout 
by mile-stones, each one indicating the number of miles from 
the Delaware River. In addition to these stones there are 
also mile-trees marked in the same manner. In 1789 an 
Act of Assembly confirmed the acts of the commissioners, 
and established the line run by them as the boundary be- 
tween New York and Pennsylvania. 

The Indians being recognized as owners of the soil, the 
whole was purchased from them by different treaties : one 
at Fort Stanwix, now Rome, extinguished their title to the 
lands of Western Pennsylvania and New York, excepting the 
Triangle or Presqu'ile lands, which were accidentally left 
out of Pennsylvania, New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, 
and Virginia, and were supposed at different times to belong 
to each. General Irvine discovered, while surveying the 
donation lands, that Pennsylvania had but a few miles of lake 
coast, and not any harbor, and in consequence of his repre- 
sentations, the State of Pennsylvania made propositions for 
its purchase to Phelps and Gorham, the reputed owners, in the 
year 1788. At their request the United States government 
sent out the Surveyor-General, Andrew Ellicot, for the pur- 
pose of running and establishing lines. Mr. Frederick Saxton, 
on behalf of Phelps and Gorham, accompanied Mr. Ellicot. 
As the line was to commence at the west end of Lake Ontario, 
there was some hesitation whether the western extremity of 
Burlington Bay or the peninsula separating the bay from the 
lake was intended. It was finally fixed at the peninsula, 
and by first running south, and then offsetting around the 
east end of Lake Erie, the line was found to pass twenty 



60 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

miles east of Presqu'ile. This line, as it was found to com- 
ply with the New York charter, being twenty miles west of 
the most westerly bend of the Niagara River, became the 
western boundary of the State of New York between Lake 
Erie and the old north line of Pennsylvania, and the east 
line of the tract known as the Presqu'ile Triangle, which was 
afterward purchased by Pennsylvania of the United States. 
The Massachusetts charter, in 1785, comprehended the same 
release that New York had given, and that of Connecticut 
which retained a reservation of one hundred and twenty 
miles lying west of Pennsylvania's western boundary. On 
the 6th of June, 1788, the board of treasury was induced to 
make a contract for the sale of this tract described as bounded 
" on the east by New York, on the south by Pennsylvania, 
and on the north and west by Lake Erie." On the fourth 
of September, it was resolved by Congress "that the United 
States do relinquish and transfer to Pennsylvania all their 
right, title, and claim to the government and jurisdiction of 
said land forever, and it is declared and made known that 
the laws and public acts of Pennsylvania shall extend over 
every part of said tract, as if the said tract had originally 
been within the charter bounds of said State." By an act 
of the 2d of October, 1788, the sum of £1200 was appro- 
priated to purchase the Indian title to the tract, in fulfill- 
ment of the contract to sell it to Pennsylvania. At the 
treaty of Port Harmer, on the 9th of January, 1789, 
Cornplanter and other chiefs of the Six Nations signed a 
deed, in consideration of the sum of £1200, ceding the 
Presqu'ile lands of the United States to be vested in the 
State of Pennsylvania, and on the 13th of April, 1791, the 
Governor was authorized to complete the purchase from the 
United States, which, according to a communication from 
him to the Legislature, was accomplished in March, 1792; 
and the consideration — amounting to $151,640 25 — paid in 
continental certificates of various descriptions. A draft 
annexed to the deed of the Triangle shows it to contain two 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 61 

hundred and two thousand one hundred and eighty-seven 
acres. 

An amusing anecdote, relating to the period of these sur- 
veys, is mentioned in "Pennsylvania Historical Collections :" 
" When Mr. William Miles set off with a corps of surveyors 
for laying out the donation lands, the baggage, instruments, 
etc. were placed in two canoes. Fifteen miles above Pitts- 
burg, at the last white man's cabin on the river, the party 
stopped to refresh themselves, leaving the canoes in the care 
of the Indians. On returning to the river, all was gone, — 
canoes and Indians had all disappeared. Mr. Miles asked 
if any one had a map of the river. One was fortunately 
found, and by it they discovered the river had a great bend 
just where they were. Their compass was gone, but, by 
means of Indian signs, mosses on trees, etc., they found 
their way out above the bend, secreted themselves in the 
bushes, and waited for the canoes to come up, which hap- 
pened very soon. When the old chief found he had been 
detected, he coolly feigned ignorance and innocence, and, 
stepping out of the canoe with a smile, greeted the surveyors 
with 'How do?' 'How do?'" 



CHAPTER YI. 

Arrangements for the Settlement of the Triangle — Pennsylvania Popula- 
tion Company — Act to lay out a Town at Presqu'ile; afterward re- 
pealed— Block-house at Le Boeuf — Indian Murders — Governor Mifflin 
to the President — Attorney-General Bradford's Opinion — Ransom's 
Deposition — Letters of Captain Denny — Andrew Ellicot and General 
Chapin — Joseph Brandt — Corni^lanter — A Present of Land — Treaty of 
Peace at Canandaigua. 

Pennsylvania formed and adopted her Constitution 
September 2d, 1790. The State had adopted the Consti- 
tution of the United States and become a member of the 

6* 



G2 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

Union December 12tli, ItST. In 1790, a committee, com- 
posed of Timothy Matlack, Samuel McClay, and John 
Adlura, Esqs., was appointed by Governor Mifflin to exam- 
ine the western rivers of the State ; to proceed up the 
western branch to Cinnamahoniug, and thence to any creelc 
that might discharge itself into the Allegheny nearest the 
mouth of French Creek, and thence examine French Creek 
up to Le Boeuf, and the portage to Presqu'ile. They were 
also to examine and explore any nearer and more convenient 
communication which might be effected, by land or water, 
with Lake Erie, and to return down the Allegheny and exam- 
ine the same from the mouth of French Creek to the Kiskimin- 
etas. * * As a result of this examination, in 1791, even before 
the completion of the purchase of the huge cantle, or Trian- 
gle, an act passed the Legislature of Pennsylvania to open 
and improve navigable waters and roads, and included an 
expenditure of £100 for French Creek from its mouth on the 
Allegheny up to the road leading therefrom to Presqu'ile. 

In 1793, on the 8th of March, the Pennsylvania Popula- 
tion Company was formed for purposes set forth in their 
articles. The managers were John Nicholson, John Field, 
Theophilus Casenove, and Aaron Burr, Esqs. The follow- 
ing provisional plan of settlement was agreed upon : — 

"Whereas the said company have purchased considerable 
bodies of land in Pennsylvania, on the waters of Beaver 
Creek and Lake Erie ; and whereas there is some prospect 
of a speedy termination of the Indian war, and the company 
are desirous of encouraging the settlement of these lands, as 
well for their own interests as for the following considera- 
tions, viz. : — 

" 1st. For promoting the interests of the State, by increas- 
ing the population thereof 

"2d. For establishing a barrier along the extremity, so 
that all the other unsettled parts of Pennsylvania, being 
within the same, may be settled with greater rapidity, etc. 

"3d. To encourage the industrious inhabitants, who may 



IIISTOUY OF ERIE COUNTY. 63 

encounter the difficulties always attending first settlements, 
by liberal grants of land. 

"Under the influence of these motives, the society afore- 
said, by their president and managers, offer as follows, viz. : 

" 1st. To the first ten families who may settle on their 
lands on the waters of Beaver Creek, one hundred and fifty 
acres each. 

"2d. To the first twenty families on the waters of French 
Creek, one hundred and fifty acres each. 

" 3d. To the first twenty familes on Lake Erie territory, 
one hundred and fifty acres each. 

" 4th. To the next twenty families (after the first ten) who 
shall so settle on the waters of Beaver Creek, one hundred 
acres each. 

" 5th. To the next forty families (after the first twenty) 
who shall so settle on the waters of French Creek, one hun- 
dred acres each. 

" 6th. To the next forty families (after the first twenty) 
who shall so settle on the lands of the company in the Lake 
Erie territory, one hundred acres each. 

" 7th. That such settlement be made on such parts of the 
lands of the company as settlers may choose. The parties 
respectively so settling shall have their several deeds for the 
land after two years' residence thereon, and having also 
cleared at least ten acres thereof, and erected a comfortable 
dwelling-house; in case they, or any of them, should be 
driven off by the Indians, no part of the aforesaid two years 
shall be deemed to run during the time they shall be so ex- 
pelled; and in case of their leaving the lands before they 
receive their deeds, no title shall vest in them, their heirs 
and assignees, unless they procure the residence of their as- 
signs in like manner as required of themselves, and in case 
of death, their successors to reside in like manner. 

" 8th. That the company will sell thirty thousand acres of 
land to actual settlers, not exceeding three hundred acres 
each, and those only at one dollar, paid at the choice of the 



64 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

purchaser, payable one-third in two years without interest, 
and one-third the next year, with one year's interest, and 
the residuary third in the succeeding year, with two year's 
interest. 

" 9th. That the surveys be made under the direction of 
the company, the expense of the surveys to be paid by the 
grantee or purchaser. 

" By order of the Board. 

"J. W. NICHOLSON." 

A month after the formation of this company, an act 
passed the Legislature for laying out a town at Presqu'ile, 
" in order to facilitate and promote the progress of settle- 
ment within the commonwealth, and to afford additional 
security to the frontiers thereof." 

Governor Mifflin transmitted to the President of the 
United States a copy of this act, apprehending the diffi- 
culties which soon manifested themselves. Prior to this he 
had sent to Captain Denny a commission, appointing him 
captain of the Allegheny company, and instructing him to 
engage four sergeants, four corporals, one drummer and 
fifer, two buglers, and sixty-five rank and file, or privates, 
and to stipulate with the men to remain longer than the 
appointed eight months, should the state of the war require 
it. Early in the month of May, Messrs. Irvine, EUicot, 
and Gallatin were to engage in laying out the town, with 
Captain Denny's company to protect and defend them. 
For the same object, a post had been established at Le 
Bceuf, two miles below the site of the old fort, and all per- 
sons employed by government were particularly cautioned 
against giving offence to the English or British garrisons 
in that quarter. A letter from General Wilkins, at Fort 
Franklin, to Clement Biddle, quartermaster-general of Penn- 
sylvania, informs us of his arrival, with forty of Captain 
Denny's men and thirty volunteers from the county of Alle- 
gheny, and that the news was not favorable toward an 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. G5 

establishment at Presqu'ile. Those most conversant with 
the Indians were of the opinion that they were irritated by 
the British, and meditated an opposition to the government, 
and that the question of peace or war depended upon a 
council then convened at Buffalo Creek. To this council 
Cornplanter, and other Indians on the Allegheny River, 
had been invited ; and as the English had summoned it, the 
prospect was not favorable for peace. He also adds that 
it is his intention to proceed to Cassawago, and should a 
serious opposition seem to be meditated by the Indians, he 
would proceed no farther with the stores, until reinforced by 
more men and enabled to establish himself at Le Boeuf. 
He also mentions the very low water as a serious impedi- 
ment. In a letter addressed to A. J. Dallas, he says : 
" The English are fixed in their opposition to the opening 
of the road to Presqu'ile, and are determined to send a 
number of English and Indians to cut them off. The chief 
Cornplanter communicated the same thing to the command- 
ing officer at Franklin. To heighten the excitement, a 
friendly Indian was murdered by a dissolute man, named 
Robertson. The Indians were very much incensed that the 
murderer was not given up to them, and fears were enter- 
tained that some innocent person would be made to suffer in 
his place. 'The English,' said they, 'always promise to 
punish crimes, but have never done it.' The father of 
Robertson sent for John Nicholson to endeavor to appease 
the Indians, which he effected by calling a council, and offer- 
ing one hundred dollars, to replace in an Indian way, the 
man that was dead." 

May 24th, Governor Mifflin applied to the President to 
order one thousand militia from the western brigades, for 
the purpose of supporting the commissioners, who were 
authorized to lay out the town. The brigade inspectors 
of Westmoreland, Washington, Allegheny, and Fayette 
accordingly made a draft for that number, to co-operate 
with Captain Denny's detachment, under the command of 



66 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

General Wilkins. The citizens of northwestern Penn- 
sylvania urged on improvements, and the President, fear- 
ful of giving offense to the Indians, advised to a tempo- 
rary cessation. Governor Mifflin, in writing to the Secre- 
tary of War, says : " Some old grievances, alleged to have 
been suffered from the Union, the inflammatory speech of 
Lord Dorchester, the constant machinations of British 
agents, and the corruption of the British tribes, had, in 
truth, previously excited that hostile disposition, which you 
seem to consider the effect of the measures pursued by Penn- 
sylvania for establishing a town at Presqu'ile. * * * * 
I desire to be clearly understood, that, on my part, no 
assent is given to any proposition that shall bring in doubt 
or controversy the rights of the States. * * * At the 
same time I am anxious to promote the views of the general 
government, and to avoid increasing the dissatisfaction of the 
Six Nations, or in any manner extending the sphere of In- 
dian hostilities." The bounty offered to settlers by the 
Population Company was limited to those who should ac- 
tually inhabit and reside in the town before the first of Jan- 
uary, 1T94 ; the time was consequently extended to May 1st, 
1*795, by an act of the Legislature. Captain Denny also 
had orders to proceed no farther with his detachment than 
Le Bceuf, where, under the direction of Brigadier-General 
Wilkins, two small block-houses had been erected for the 
protection of the commissioners. 

Attorney-General Bradford having been written to by 
the Secretary of War as to the constitutionality of rais- 
ing four companies of troops " for the port of Philadel- 
phia and the defense of the frontiers," replied as follows : 
" There is nothing in the Constitution, I apprehend, which 
prohibits the several States from keeping troops in time 
of war. If peace shall be made with the Indians, and 
the United States be engaged in no other war, these 
troops cannot be constitutionally kept up in Pennsylvania, 
although the war should continue to rage in Europe." 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 6T 

Some particulars of interest relating to the Indian diffi- 
culties in this region will be found in the following deposi- 
tion and letters : — 

Deposition of D. Ransom. 

Allegheny County, ss. 

" Personally appeared before me, John Gibson, one of the 
Associate Judges of the above county, Daniel Ransom, who, 
being duly sworn, deposeth and saith, that he, this deponent, 
hath for some time past traded at Fort Franklin with the 
Senecas and other Indians, and that a chief of the Senecas, 
named Tiawoncas, or Broken Twig, came there and informed 
him the time would soon be bad, and advised him to move off 
his family and effects. On this he, this deponent, asked him 
how he knew the time would soon be bad. The Indians 
then informed him that the British and Indians had sent a 
belt of wampum to him, inviting him to council at Buffalo 
Creek ; that he had declined going, and that the messengers 
then informed him of the intended plans of the Indians; 
they said that the Cornplanter had been bought by the 
British, and had joined them ; that he (the Cornplanter) 
intended soon to come to Fort Franklin, on pretense of 
holding a council respecting the Indian who was killed by 
Robertson ; that then the British and Indians were to land 
at Presqu'ile, and there form a junction with Cornplanter on 
French Creek, and were then to clear it, by killing all the 
people and taking all the posts on it ; that he was so much 
affected as to shed tears, and said, 'What shall I do ? I 
have been at war against the Western Indians, in company 
with Captain Jeffers, and killed and scalped one of them. 
If I now go back to the Indians, after having discovered 
this, they will kill me.' lie also informed this deponent that 
a number of cannon had been purchased by the British, and 
collected at Jurisadagoe, the town where Cornplanter lives, 
for the purpose of conveying the Indians down the river. 



68 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

"He, this deponent, further saith, that the Standing Stone, 
a chief of the Onondagoes, also informed him, at Fort Frank- 
lin, that he thought the4imes would soon be bad, and pressed 
him very much to leave Fort Franklin, and assisted him in 
packing up his goods, etc.; that from what he had heard 
and seen, from other Indians, he has every reason to believe 
the above account to be true ; that seven white men came 
down the Allegheny, a few days ago, to Fort Franklin, who 
informed him, they saw the above-mentioned cannon at 
Jurisadagoe; and the Indians appeared very surly, and had 
not planted any corn on the river, at their towns. 

"Sworn and subscribed at Pittsburg, this 11th June, 
1794." 

A letter from Captain Denny, dated Fort Franklin, June 
14th, IT 94, says :— 

"Sir: — I have the honor of acknowledging your two 
letters, dated the 9th and 11th inst. After receiving the 
first, we concluded it would be best to proceed upon our 
march. We arrived here the day before yesterday, all well. 
The account of Ransom's people being killed was too true, 
but by what nation of Indians is doubtful. Mr. Ellicot and 
Mr. Wilkins have written, and sent two runners from Corn- 
planter, and they have requested me to wait the return of 
the express. When they arrive you shall be informed of 
the success of the message. I am suspicious the old fellow 
will not show himself. The fact is, that the Indians about 
here, from twenty downward, have been exceedingly inso- 
lent, treated the officers, the fort, and every person about it, 
with the utmost contempt ; but since our arrival they have 
altered their tune. So says Lieutenant Polhemus and Dr, 
McCray. We have written to Le Boeuf and given the 
officers there a caution. The day after to-morrow the 
runner is to be back. Van Horn and Bales, the two men 
who brought your last letter, saw one Indian on the plain, 
about twenty miles this side of Pittsburg, and the trace of 
si.x or seven." 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 69 

A second letter, dated June 16th, says: — 
" Yours, inclosing a copy of Polhemus, came yesterday. 
The Cornplanter's nephew arrived from the town about the 
same time. He delivered a long speech from his uncle to 
Lieutenant Polhemus. Upon summing up the whole, we 
have not a shadow of doubt but that a plan was formed to 
destroy all the posts and settlements in this quarter. It was 
all done upon the strength of the prospect of a war between 

the British and . That subsiding, the other, I am in 

hopes, has also done so. There is no doubt but the English 
will urge them to join the Western Indians, and have done 
everything possible, and perhaps a few may ; but I rather 
think that, unless we have a war with them, we'll have 
none with the Six Nations generally. The Cornplanter has 
gone to another council at Buffalo ; he set out at the same 
time the nephew started for this place, and will return in 
about ten days. He says he is very sorry for the mischief 
done lately, and is extremely concerned at the account given 
of their going to take up the hatchet. Says they were bad 
men that reported it ; that it's a lie ; and insists upon 
knowing whom the information came from, as it is evident 
that a stroke was meditated, but now perhaps dropped. 
Every apology which he can possibly make won't be sufficient 
to clear him of the imputation of a traitor. Some of the 
nation say the English have bought O'Beil. We shall spend 
two days to come in helping Mr. Polhemus to put his garri- 
son in some state of defense ; for should anything happen it, 
we should fare the worse above." 

ANDREW ELLICOT TO GOVERNOR MIFFLIN. 

"June 29th, Fort Le Bcetjf. 
"Dear Sir: — In my last letter to you from Pittsburg I 
mentioned that you might expect to hear from me, both from 
Fort Franklin and Le Boeuf ; but from a variety of circum- 
stances no opportunity occurred of writing at first. On my 
arrival there, the place appeared to be in so defenseless a 

1 



to HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

situation that, with the concurrence of Captain Denny and 
the olScer commanding at the fort, we remained there some 
time, and employed the troops in rendering it more tenable. 
It may now be considered as defensible, provided the, number 
of men is increased. The garrison at present consists of 
twenty-five men, one-half of whom are unfit for duty, and it 
is my opinion that double that number would not be more 
than sufficient, considering the importance of the safety of 
the settlement on French Creek. At Fort Franklin, General 
Wilkins and myself wrote to Coruplanter to attend there, 
that we might have an opportunity of explaining to him the 
nature of our business, and of obviating any difficulties that 
might arise in our proceedings. However, he did not come 
as we expected, having gone some days before to a council 
of the Six Nations at Buffalo. With this letter you will re- 
ceive a copy of their message, presented by General Chapin 
and Mr. Johnson to Captain Denny and myself, with our 
reply to the same. I leave to yourself to consider the pro- 
priety of a British agent attending a considerable number of 
Indians, with a superintendent of Indian affairs of the Uni- 
ted States to order the people of Pennsylvania to remove 
from those lands which have been ceded to them by treaty, 
by the King of Great Britain, and since that time regularly 
purchased from the Six Nations, and punctually paid for. 
After repairing Fort Franklin, we proceeded to this place, 
and are now beginning to strengthen the works here, so as 
to render it a safe deposit for military and other stores ; and 
in doing which, agreeable to instructions, economy shall be 
strictly attended to. The line described by the Indians on 
the map will take from the State of Pennsylvania the Cas- 
sawago settlement, (Meadville,) being part of the purchase 
of 1784, and the whole of the purchase of 1788. But 
with respect to this claim they can be serious only so far 
as encouraged by the British agents and the countenance 
shown them by the late interference of the United States. 
The objection made by Mr. Brandt to General Chapin, 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY, 71 

that the establishment at Presqu'ile would cut off the cora- 
municatioti between the Six Nations and the Western hos- 
tile Indians, and thereby diminish their joint strength, is 
the strongest argument that can be urged in favor of that 
establishment. General Chapin and myself are of the 
opinion that all differences between the State of Pennsylva- 
nia and the Six Nations might be accommodated by treaty, 
•which treaty ought not to be held in the -neighborhood of 
any British post, the United States, and this State at pres- 
ent, and that Presqu'ile is the most eligible place for such a 
treaty. General Chapin, I presume, has communicated his 
sentiments to General Knox on this subject. Standing 
Stone, a chief resident at Conyat, has informed us, since we 
arrived at this place, that the late mischief on the Allegheny 
River and "Venango path was done by a party of eight war- 
riors from Huron River, which falls into Lake Erie about 
twenty-six miles above Cuyhoga. One of his brothers saw 
them on their way to commit these depredations. Those In- 
dians are only to be chastised by way of the lakes, but it is 
neither the interest of the British, Brandt, nor the other 
agents to have them punished — it is the interest of the Uni- 
ted States ; and yet the United States, by directing a sus- 
pension of the business at Presqu'ile, have taken effectual 
measures for the security of this nest of murderers, whose 
cruelties have for some years past been severely felt by the 
citizens of this State. You must recollect that I always 
had my doubts respecting the fulfillment of the contract for 
opening the navigation of French Creek, and a road from 
Le Bceuf to Presqu'ile, and agreeable to my expectations, 
have hitherto not been able to discover anything done in that 
business. For the further security of the frontiers of this 
State, it would be necessary to erect two block-houses on the 
Venango path, between Fort Pitt and Venango, and a third 
between Venango and this place. At present, Meade's set- 
tlement appears to me the most proper situation. 

" 1 am, with great respect, your real friend, 

"ANDREW ELLICOT." 



Tia HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

GENERAL CIIAPIN'S LETTER TO THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 

"Fort Le Bceuf, June 26th, 1794. 
"I left Caiiandaigua on the thirteenth of this month, in 
order to attend a council at Buffalo Creek. I waited more 
than a week after ray first notification for my son to return, 
that I might have an answer from you ; but the chief grow- 
ing impatient, kept constantly sending runners, and I was 
obliged to set out at last, to my great disappointment, with- 
out having received any information from you. On my ar- 
rival I found the minds of the Indians much agitated with 
regard to the movements made by the State of Pennsylva- 
nia. On the eighteenth I met the Indians in general coun- 
cil, the proceedings of which you see here inclosed. At this 
council I was requested to go to Presqu'ile, (as you will see 
by their speech,) to desire those people to move off who had 
made encroachments on their lands. I found that no excuse 
could answer, and was finally obliged to comply with their 
request. On the nineteenth I left Buffalo Creek, accom- 
panied by a delegation from the Six Nations, consisting of 
sixteen chiefs and warriors. I arrived at Presqu'ile on the 
twenty-fourth, but finding no person there, proceeded to Le 
Boeuf, where I found Mr. Elh'cot and Captain Denny. After 
informing those gentlemen of the business I came upon, I 
gave them a copy of the speech which had been delivered 
me at Buffalo Creek, The answer which they made I send 
you, inclosed with the other speeches. Although the minds 
of the Six Nations are much disturbed at the injuries which 
they say they have sustained, they are still opposed to war, 
and wish, if possible, to live in peace with the United States. 
They are much opposed to the establishing of garrisons in 
this quarter, as they think it will involve them in war with 
the hostile Indians. They are likewise displeased with hav- 
ing their lands surveyed, which they say were not legally 
purchased. In this critical situation, would it not be best to 
have commissioners appointed to treat with the Six Nations, 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 73 

that all difficulties may be settled which subsist between them 
and the United States, especially those that regard the State 
of Pennsylvania? And it is the wish of the Six Nations 
that this treaty should be held at their council lire at Buffalo 
Creek. I shall return by Buffalo Creek," etc. etc. 

A rumor prevailed that a large body of Indians, assisted 
by the British, had been seen crossing the lake, and others de- 
scending the Allegheny; that their object was to take Fort 
Franklin, destroy the settlement at Cassawago, and make an 
establishment at Presqu'ile. 

Captain Denny removed to Yenango with his men, and 
ordered the brigades to be ready to be called out should the 
reports appear well founded. 

Three men on their way to Pittsburg, of the names of 
Wallace, Power, and Yan Tickler, were overpowered by the 
Indians. A party sent out by Lieutenant Polhemus found 
them shot, scalped, and tomahawked. 

Joseph Brandt, in a letter to the British authorities, dated 
July 19th, 1794, says : " In regard to the Presqu'ile busi- 
ness, should we not get an answer at the time limited, it is 
our business to push those fellows, and therefore it is my in- 
tention to form my camp at Point Appineau, (a few miles 
above Fort Erie ;) and I would esteem it a favor if his Ex- 
cellency the Lieutenant-Governor would lend me four or five 
batteaux. Should it so turn out, and should those fellows not 
go off, and O'Beil (Cornplanter) continue in the same opin- 
ion, an expedition against those Yankees must of consequence 
take place. His Excellency has been so good as to furnish 
us with an hundredweight of powder, and ball in proportion, 
which is now at Fort Erie ; but in the event of an attack 
upon Le Boeuf people, I could wish, if consistent, that his 
Excellency would order a like quantity in addition to be at 
Fort Erie, in order to be in readiness ; likewise I would hope 
for a little assistance in provisions." 

At Buffalo Creek, June eighteenth, at a council of the 
Six Nations, General Chapin was addressed by O'Beil or 



74 HTSTOEY OF ERIE COUiNTY. 

Cornplanter, in substance as follows : "That they depended 
upon the Americans to do all in their power to assist them; 
they wished Colonel Johnson, British agent, (who slyly 
prompted them,) and General Chapin to remove back over 
the line, which they had laid out. This line began at 
O'Beil's town, and in a direct line crossed French Creek, 
just below Meade's, and on the head of the Cuyahoga; from 
thence to the Muskingum, and down the Ohio and to 
its mouth, and up the Mississippi ; leaving a small square 
for a trading house at the mouth of the rivers, and one 
where Clarksville now stands. If this removal was attend- 
ed to immediately, they should consider them friends; if 
not, they must be considered enemies." Mr. Ellicot and 
Captain Denny desired an interval of an hour to prepare an 
answer; at the expiration of which they replied as follows : 
"By the peace of 1182 the King of Great Britain ceded all 
the lands of Pennsylvania which they claim, but from regard 
to justice they desired to fairly purchase it from the Six Na- 
tions — the real owners of the soil. The purchase north of 
the north boundary of Pennsylvania, west of the Conawango 
River, Lake Chatauqua, and the path leading from thence to 
Lake Erie, and south of said lake, was made of your chiefs 
at Fort Harmer, (by Generals Butler and Gibson,) and the 
money and goods punctually paid them. They had also 
sold those lands to such people as chose to settle and work 
them, and it was their duty to protect them from depreda- 
tions. Their military preparations were intended as a de- 
fense from hostile Western Indians, not supposing they 
needed any from the Six Nations, whom they considered 
their friends and allies. They could not consistently with 
their duty remove from the lands they had purchased, unless 
directed to do so by the great council of the people, to 
whom they would immediately send their message. They 
had been ordered by the great council of Pennsylvania to 
their present post, and they could not move from thence 
until orders came for that purpose." 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 15 

At another conference, held at the same place, the Indians 
maintained that "they had decided upon their boundaries, 
and wished for nothing but justice, (forgetting their former 
contract;) they wanted room for their children ; it would be 
hard for them not to have a country to live in when they were 
gone. Congress and their commissioners had often deceived 
them, and if these difficulties were not removed, the conse- 
quences would be bad. A number of their warriors were 
missing, and they supposed they had been killed by the 
Americans. Big Tree was one of the number, and a nephew 
of theirs, (a Delaware;) and it had been customary to make 
satisfaction, (to pay a sum of money,) which had not been 
done. If a garrison were established at Presqu'ile, the 
Southern Indians might do injury, and the Six Nations be 
blamed for it." General Chapin replied that he was bound 
to look to the interests of both the Indians and the United 
States, and would accede to their wish, which was to accom- 
pany ten of their warriors and two chiefs to Presqu'ile, and 
to send their message immediately to the President. 

They made the journey to Presqu'ile by water, and finding 
no one there, (from fear of the Indians,) they proceeded on 
foot to Le Boeuf, where they made known their business, 
which was to see the surveyors and forbid their running 
lines. They were informed that they had shortly before left 
the country by way of the river, and assurances were given 
them that the whole matter should be laid before the Presi- 
dent. On their return to Buffalo Creek another council was 
held, when Cornplanter again insisted that their former re- 
quest should be granted; they were determined the line 
should remain. Captain Brandt, a Seneca, the year before, 
at a council, claimed the same line, the Muskingum. Where 
lands were actually settled and improved they were to be 
circumscribed by a line drawn around them, and no claim 
admitted beyond such line. He added: "They must not 
suspect that any other nation corrupted their minds ; the 
only thing that corrupted their minds was not to grant their 



T6 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

request. There was but one word said that they liked at 
Le Boeuf, that was the gift of some land to O'Beil ; and to 
complete his wishes, he desired they would give all the Six 
Nations land." 

This refers to Mr. Ellicot, relating the particulars con- 
cerning the treaty at Fort Harmer, and informing the 
Indians that the State of Pennsylvania had made these 
grants of laud to Captain O'Beil. This present to Corn- 
planter was at the suggestion of General Richard Butler, 
who had been witness to his usefulness in all the treaties 
since 1184. [He mentions that it would be good policy to 
secure the chief's attachment ; and that his ideas of civiliza- 
tion would make the present grateful — that it could be made 
in such a manner as not to excite the jealousy of his own 
people, and wishes for the quiet and interest of the State, 
as well as the merit of the man, had prompted him in the 
liberty he was assuming.] 

General Chapin replied to Brandt that he hoped the In- 
dians would "sit easy on their seats until they heard General 
Washington's voice," and that he would forward their speech 
to him immediately. 

In reply to this, the President appointed a conference at 
Canandaigua in October, for the purpose of establishing a 
firm and permanent friendship with the Six Nations, and 
appointed Timothy Pickering sole agent for this purpose. 
Corn planter was charged by his people at their council "with 
having been bribed in the sale of Presqu'ile, and that he and 
little Billy received $2000 at Fort Harmer, and a like sum 
at Philadelphia ;" but these and all other difficulties were 
amicably settled. A large tract of land west of the Phelps and 
Gorham purchase in New York was reserved to them, with 
$14,500 in goods; and fifty-nine sachems signed a treaty of 
perpetual peace and friendship with the United States. 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. t7 



CHAPTER VII. 

An Act to lay out the Towns of Erie, "VVaterforcl, Franklin, anil Warren — 
To protract the Enlistment of Troops at Le Boeuf — Deposition of Tho. 
Rees, Esq. — Actual Settlers — Memorial to the Population Company — 
Deacon Chamberlain's Story — Captain Martin Strong to Wm. Nichol- 
son, Esq. — Louis Philippe at Mr. Rees's— Murder of Rutledge and Son 
— Mr. Augustus Porter's Visit — Mr. Judah Colt's MS. Autobiography 
— Number of White Settlers on the Lakes west of Genesee River — 
General Wayne's Death at Presqu'ile, 1796. 

All difficulties being removed, April ISth, 1795, an act 
passed the Legislature to lay out a town at Presqu'ile; at 
the mouth of French Creek; at the mouth of Conewango 
Creek ; and at Le Boeuf — being the towns of Erie, Franklin, 
Warren, and Waterford. 

Two commissioners were appointed by the Governor to 
survey at Presqu'ile sixteen hundred acres for town lots, and 
thirty-four hundred adjoining for out lots, (the three sections 
of about a mile each, only one-half of which is now occu- 
pied,) to be laid out into town lots and out lots ; the streets 
not less than sixty feet in width, nor more than one hundred ; 
no town lots to contain more than one-third of an acre ; no 
out lot more than five acres; and the reservation for public 
uses not to exceed in the whole twenty acres. After the 
commissioners had returned the surveys into the office of the 
Secretary, the Governor was to offer at auction one-third of 
the town lots and one-third of the out lots, upon the follow- 
ing conditions : that within two years one house be built at 
least sixteen feet square, with at least one stone or brick 
chimney. Patents were not to be issued till the same was 
performed, and all payments to be forfeited to the Common- 
wealth in case of failure. (This condition was afterward 
repealed.) Exclusive of the survey of in lots and out lots. 



78 HISTORY 01-' ERIE COUNTY. 

sixty acres were reserved on the southern side of the harbor 
of Presqu'ile for the accommodation of the United States, 
in the erection of necessary forts, magazines, dock-yards, 
etc.; thirty acres to be on the bank, and the remainder below, 
comprehending the point at the entrance of the harbor; and 
upon the peninsula thirty acres at the entrance of the har- 
bor, and one other lot of one hundred acres. The situation 
and forms of these lots were to be fixed by the commissioners 
and an engineer employed by the United States. Andrew 
Ellicot had previously surveyed and laid out Waterford, and 
an act was now passed to survey these five hundred acres for 
out lots, to reserve for public uses not more than ten acres, 
and to give actual settlers the right of pre-emption. 

At this time, also, provision was made to protract the en- 
listment of troops at Le Boeuf, not to exceed one hundred 
and thirty for the term of eight months. These were to 
protect and assist the commissioners, surveyors, etc.; and if 
occurrences should take place which, in the opinion of the 
Governor, should make a greater force requisite than the 
aforesaid, or Indian hostilities continue, and a defense be 
requisite for the western frontier, a complete company of 
expert riflemen might be raised. 

Thomas Rees, Esq., for more than half a century a citi- 
zen of Erie County, made a deposition in 1806, which 
contains much information in a concise form. It is as 
follows: "Thomas Rees, of Harbor Creek Township, in 
Erie County, farmer, being sworn according to law, doth 
depose and say, as follows : I was appointed Deputy Sur- 
veyor of District No. 1, north and west of the Rivers Ohio, 
Allegheny, and Connewango Creek, now Ei'ie County, in 
May, 1792, and opened an office in Northumberland County, 
which was the adjoining. The reason of this was, all ac- 
counts from the country north and west of the Rivers Ohio, 
Allegheny, and Connewango Creek, represented it as danger- 
ous to go into that country. In the latter part of said year 
I received 390 warrants, the property of the Penn. Popula- 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 19 

tion Company, for land situated in the Triangle, and entered 
them the same year in my book of entries. In 1793 I made 
an attempt to go ; went to the mouth of Buffalo Creek to 
inquire of the Indians there whether they would permit me 
to go into my district to make surveys. They refused, and 
added that if I went into the country I would be killed. 
At the same time I received information from different 
quarters which prevented me from going that year. In 
1794 I went into district No. 1, now Erie County, and 
made surveys on the 390 warrants mentioned above, in 
the Triangle, except one or two for which no lands could 
be found. Among the surveys made on the warrants 
above mentioned, was that on the warrant in the name of 
John McCullough. Before I had completed I was fre- 
quently alarmed by hearing of the Indians killing persons 
on the Allegheny River, in consequence of which, as soon 
as the surveys were completed, I removed from the country 
and went to Franklin, where I was informed that there were 
a number of Indians belonging to the Six Nations going to 
Le Boeuf, to order the troops off that ground. I immedi- 
ately returned to Le Boeuf. The Indians had left that place 
one day before I arrived there. I was told by Major Denny, 
then commanding at that place, that the Indians had brought 
General Chapin, the Indian agent, with them to Le Bo3uf ; 
that they were very much displeased, and told him not to 
build a garrison at Presqu'ile. 

" There were no improvements made, nor any persons living 
on any tract of land within my district during the year 1794. 
In the year 1795, I went into the country and took a num- 
ber of men with me. We kept in a body, as there appeared 
to be great danger, and continued so for that season. There 
was no work done of any consequence, nor was any person, 
to my knowledge, residing on any tract within my district. 
In the course of the summer the commissioners came on to 
lay out the town of Erie, with a company of men to guard 
them. There were two persons killed within one mile of 



80 HISTORY or ERIE COUNTY. 

Presqu'ile, and others in different parts of the country; such 
were the fears that though some did occasionally venture 
out to view the lands, many would not. We all laid under 
the protection of the troops. 

"I sold, as agent of the Pennsylvania Population Com- 
pany, during that season, 79,700 acres of land, of which 
7150 acres were a gratuity. The above quantity of land 
was applied for and sold to two hundred persons. That 
fall we left the country. In the spring of 1796 a considera- 
ble number of people came out into the country, and num- 
bers went to the farms that they had purchased from the 
Population Company. The settlements during this year 
were very small. 

" The latter part of this year, the opposition commenced 
against the Population Company on the waters of Elk and 

Couneaut Creeks, by an association under the title of 

, which impeded considerably the progress of the settle- 



ments under the Population Company. In the latter part 
of the month of May or the beginning of June, 1797, a 
second association made its appearance in opposition to the 
title of the Population Company on the waters of French 
Creek, near the New York State line, under the title of 
; and another on the northeast corner of the Tri- 
angle ; and were active in their opposition to the claims of 
the Population Company, and to the exertions of its agents 
for the improvement and settlement of the country. * * 
They took great pains to impress upon the minds of persons 
who came into the country with the intention of settling in 
it, that the Population Company had no title to the lands 
which they claimed, and induced all over whom they could 
gain any influence to settle and claim in opposition to the 
Population Company." 

Compromises were afterward effected with many of the 
actual settlers, and their course was not unjustifiable until 
after the decisions of the courts. To show the ground taken 
by them I have inserted the following article: "Memorial 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 81 

of to the Pennsylvania Population Company, March 

4th, IV 99. Agreeable to the encouragement held out to 
settlers in the western part of the County of Allegheny, I 
moved in the year 1195 within sixteen miles of Presqu'ile, 
on Lake Erie. I entered into an article of agreement with a 
number of persons in Northumberland County, previous to 
my moving to Presqu'ile ; the purport of the article was 
.that I was to go and purchase or improve lands in that 
county, and that they were to share equal with me in all 
purchases or improvements that I should make. 

" One very great encouragement to my going there was that 
the Pennsylvania Population Company published in different 
parts of Pennsylvania, offering, as an encouragement to the 
first settlers that would go, one hundred and fifty acres of 
land, valued at one dollar per acre, to each of the first set- 
tlers, with the remainder to make up a tract of four hundred 
acres; which remaining part was to be bought. And in 
order to give greater encouragement to settlers, the State of 
Pennsylvania offered, in a law passed in the year 1192, land 
at seven pounds ten shillings per one hundred acres, and ten 
years to pay it. Under these prospects I moved to that 
county, being one of the first settlers. The law then exist- 
ing provided that an office would be opened in each district, 
which was not the case when I moved there ; but I went and 
applied to Thomas Rees, who was agent for the Pennsyl- 
vania Population Company, and district surveyor, as I had 
the land improved. Before my applying to Rees, I men- 
tioned if the land belonged to the company I would comply 
with their terms, and if the land belonged to the State of 
Pennsylvania I would comply with the terms the State held 
out to settlers. Finding no surveys made I believed the 
land belonged to the State, and improved upon it with these 
intentions, as being the proper person who should hold it by 
virtue of my improvements. I applied to Mr. Rees, dis- 
trict surveyor, and he entered my name in a book kept for 
that purpose as a claimant for so much land, and gave me a 



82 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

certificate for those lands, and had them surveyed, and I 
paid him iive dollars for each tract, for surveying. 

" After I had lived two years peaceably upon the land, with- 
out meeting with any opposition whatever, the agent for the 
company came out and requested of me to know how I 
wished or intended to hold the land. I answered, that I 
intended holding it upon the same principles that I made 
my applications in 1195. He then asked me for the privi- 
lege of building a vessel and storehouse upon my tract of 
land. I told him that there were more persons concerned 
in this land than myself, and if I granted any privilege of 
that kind, he must consider that I did not intend him to hold 
any right of any kind to the tract of land by making these 
improvements; and upon these conditions I granted him 
liberty to build the vessel and storehouse. Afterward in my 
absence he took possession of a mill-seat upon the same tract, 
and engaged the millwright I had verbally engaged to build 
a mill upon the same seat, and gave them possession. On 
my return, finding he had abused those privileges I had 
granted him, I went and discharged the millwrights and ship 
carpenters." 

Deacon Hinds Chamberlain, of Le Roy, Xew York, in com- 
pany with Jesse Beach and Reuben Heath, journeyed to 
Presqu'ile in 1195. Deacon Chamberlain describes the tour as 
follows : " We saw one white man, named Poudery, at Tona- 
wanta village. At the mouth of Buffalo Creek there was 
but one white man, named Winne, an Indian trader. His 
building stood just as you descend from the high ground 
(near where the Mansion House stands, corner of Main and 
Exchange Streets.) He had rum, whisky, Indian knives, 
trinkets, etc. His house was full of Indians, and they looked 
at us with a good deal of curiosity. We had but a poor 
night's rest — the Indians were in and out all night getting 
liquor. The next day we went up the beach of the lake to 
the mouth of Cattaraugus Creek, where we encamped; a 
wolf came down near our camp, and deer were quite abund- 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY, 83 

ant. In the morning went up to the Indian village ; found 
'Black Joe's' house, but he was absent. He had, however, 
seen our tracks upon the beach of the lake, and hurried 
home to see what white people were traversing the wilder- 
ness. The Indians stared at us ; Joe gave us a room where 
we should not be annoyed by Indian curiosity, and we stayed 
with him over night. All he had to spare us in the way of 
food was some dried venison ; he had liquor, Indian goods, 
and bought furs. Joe treated us with so much civility that 
we remained until near noon. There were at least one 
hundred Indians and squaws gathered to see us. Among 
the rest there were sitting in Joe's house, an old squaw and 
a young, delicate-looking white girl dressed like a squaw. 
I endeavored to find out something about her history, but 
could not. She seemed inclined not to be noticed, and had 
apparently lost the use of our language. With an Indian 
guide provided by Joe we started upon the Indian trail for 
Presqu'ile. 

" Wayne was then fighting the Indians, and our guide often 
pointed to the West, saying, 'bad Indians there.' Between 
Cattaraugus and Erie I shot a black snake, a racer, with a 
white ring around his neck. He was in a tree twelve feet 
from the ground, his body wound around it, and measured 
seven feet and three inches. 

"At Presqu'ile (Erie) we found neither whites nor In- 
dians — all was solitary. There were some old French brick 
buildings, (why did they make bricks, surrounded as they 
were by stone and timber?) wells, block-houses, etc. going to 
decay, and eight or ten acres of cleared land. On the pen- 
insula there was an old brick house forty or fifty feet square. 
The peninsula was covered with cranberries. 

"After staying there one night we went over to Le Bffiuf, 
about sixteen miles distant, pursuing an old French road. 
Trees had grown up in it, but the track was distinct. Near 
Le Boeuf we came upon a company of men who were cutting 
out the road to Presqu'ile — a part of them were soldiers and 



84 IITSTORY OP ERIE COUNTY, 

a part Pennsylvanians. At Le Boeuf there was a garrison 
of soldiers — about one hundred. There were several white 
families there, and a store of goods. Myself and compan- 
ions were in pursuit of land. By a law of Pennsylvania, 
such as built a log-house and cleared a few acres acquired a 
presumptive right — the right to purchase at five dollars per 
hundred acres. We each of us made a location near Presqu'- 
ile. On our return to Presqu'ile from Le Boeuf, we found 
there Colonel Seth Reed and his family. They had just 
arrived. We stopped and helped him build some huts; set 
up crotches, laid poles across, and covered them with the bark 
of the cucumber-tree. At first the Colonel had no floors; 
afterward he indulged in the luxury of floors made by lay- 
ing down strips of bark. James Baggs and Giles Sisson 
came on with Colonel Reed, I remained for a considerable 
time in his employ. It was not long before eight or ten 
other families came in.* 

"On our return we again stayed at Buffalo over night with 
Winne. There was at the time a great gathering of hunting 
parties of Indians there. Winne took from them all their 
knives and tomahawks, and then selling them liquor, they 
had a great carousal." 

Captain Martin Strong, in a letter to William Nicholson, 
Esq., dated Waterford, January 8, 1855, says: "I came to 
Presqu'ile the last of July, 1195. A few days previous to 
this, a company of United States troops had commenced 
felling the timber on Grarrison Hill, for the purpose of ei-ect- 
ing a stockade garrison; also a corps of engineers had 
arrived, headed by General Ellicot, escorted by a company 
of Pennsylvania militia commanded by Captain John Grubb, 
to lay out the town of Erie. 

"We all were in some degree under martial law, the two 
Butleges having been shot a few days before (as was reported 
by the Indians) near the site of the present railroad depot, 

* This is double tlie number given in the article by Captain Strong, 
■whose testimony from the circumstances ought to have the preference. 



HISTORY or ERIE COUNTY. 85 

Thomas Rees, Esq., and Colonel Seth Reed and family (the 
only family in the Triangle) were living in tents and booths 
of bark, with plenty of good refreshment for all itinerants 
that chose to call, many of whom were drawn here from mo- 
tives of curiosity and speculation . Most of the land along the 
lake was sold this summer at one dollar per acre, subject to 
actual settlement. We were then in Allegheny County. * * * 
Le Boeuf had a small stockade garrison of forty men, located 
on the site of the old French fort ; a few remains of the old 
entrenchment were then visible. In 1195 there were but 
four families residing in what is now Erie County. These 
were of the names of Reed, Talmage, Miles, and Baird. 
The first mill built in the Triangle was at the mouth of Wal- 
nut Creek; there were two others built about the same time 
in what is now Erie County: one by William Miles, on the 
north branch of French Creek, now Union ; the other by 
William Culbertson, at the inlet of Conneauttee Lake, near 
Edinboro. 

"Half a century ago the winters were more regular, and 
snows deeper than in late years, and I think are become more 
favorable for vegetation." 

When Mr. Rees was living in his tent on the bank of the 
lake, "with plenty of good refreshment for all itinerants that 
chose to call," he was honored with a royal visitor. Louis 
Philippe, his younger brother, and an attendant spent a day 
or two with him, to refresh and rest themselves in their 
travels. After expressing themselves delighted with the 
lake scenery, they proceeded on their journey, Mr. Rees pro- 
viding them with an Indian guide to Canandaigua. The 
brother, who was delicate and engrossed much of the care of 
the others, was suspected of being the Dauphin, but it 
proved otherwise. 

The two persons spoken of by Esquire Rees and Captain 
Strong, "as having been killed by the Indians, as was 
reported," were a father and son, who were rather prominent 
actual settlers. The site of the City Mills, near the " Lake 

8* 



86 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

Shore Depot," was for a long time known as "Rutlege's 
grave," and the terror of the ignorant and superstitious. 
The elder Rutledge was dead when found, the son scalped 
and also shot, but still alive, and placed against a tree. He 
was attended by Dr. Kennedy, a skillful physician of Mead- 
ville, but survived only a short time. A rumor was current 
at the time that these murders were committed by white men 
in disguise ; but no evidence admissible in a court of justice 
was adduced. Several suits brought by the Population 
Company against the actual settlers turned upon this 
point, namely, that the company had been prevented from 
settling their lands by the enemies of the United States, the 
purchasers considering it unsafe to bring their families out, 
or even themselves to be away from the protection of the 
fort. The murders were certainly fortunate, financially, for 
the Population Company, as under the most favorable cir- 
cumstances they could not have brought out fifty thousand 
families in the two years allotted them. Had it not been 
for these depredations, the company must have forfeited 
their lands. 

The respectability of the managers would not allow us for 
a moment to entertain such thoughts ; and when we consider 
the strong inducements the actual settlers had for ferreting 
out the iniquity, their whole property in many cases being at 
stake, we must conclude that the murderers were what they 
appeared to be — Indians. 

In the " Holland Purchase" we find an account of a visit 
of Augustus Porter, of Niagara Falls, made to Presqu'- 
ile with Judah Colt, in 1195. He says: "At that time, 
all that part of the State lying west of Phelps and Gorhara's 
purchase was occupied by Indians, their title not yet be- 
ing extinguished. There was of course no road leading 
from Buffalo eastward except an Indian trail, and no settle- 
ment whatever on that trail. We traveled on horseback 
from Canawagas (Avon) to Buffalo, and were two days in 
performing the journey. At Buffalo there lived a man of 



HISTORY 01" ERIE COUNTY. 87 

the name of Johnstone, the British Indian interpreter, also a 
Dutchman and his family by the name of Middaugh, and an 
Indian trader by the name of Winne. 

"From Buffalo we proceeded to Chippewa, Upper Canada, 
where we found Captain William Lee with a small row-boat, 
about to start for Presqu'ile, and waiting only for assistance 
to row the boat. Mr. Colt, Mr. Joshua Fairbanks, now of 
Lewiston, and myself joined him. Two days of hard rowing 
brought us to that place, where we found surveyors engaged 
in laying out the village now called Erie. Also a military 
company under the command of General Irvine, ordered 
there by the Governor of the State to protect the surveyors 
against the Indians. Colonel Seth Reed (father of Rufus 
S. Reed) was there with his family, living in a marquee, 
having just arrived. A Mr. Rees was also there, acting as 
agent for the Population Company. We returned in the 
same boat to Chippewa, and from thence on horseback by 
way of Queenston, on the Indian trail through Tonawanda 
Indian village to Canandaigua. 

"During this expedition from Buffalo to Erie, a very 
remarkable circumstance presented itself, the like of which I 
had never before seen, nor have I since witnessed. Before 
starting from Buffalo we had been detained there two days 
by a heavy fall of rain, accompanied by a strong northeast 
gale. When off Cattaragus Creek on our upward passage, 
about one or two miles from land, we discovered, some dis- 
tance ahead, a white strip on the surface of the lake, extend- 
ing out from the shore as far as we could see. On approach- 
ing this white strip, we found it to be some five or six rods 
wide, its whole surface covered with fish of all the varieties 
common to the lake, lying on their sides as if dead. On 
touching them, however, they would dart below the surface, 
but immediately rise again to their former position. We 
commenced taking them by hand, making our selection of 
the best; and finding them perfectly sound, we took in a 
good number. On reaching Erie we had some of them 



88 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

cooked, and found them excellent. The position of these 
fishes on their sides in the water placed their mouths partly 
above and partly below the surface, so that they seemed to 
be inhaling both water and air; for at such effort at inhal- 
ing, bubbles would rise and float on the water. It was these 
bubbles that caused the white appearance on the lake's sur- 
face. I have supposed that these fish had, from some cause 
growing out of the extraordinary agitation of the lake by 
the gale from the eastward, and the sudden reflux of water 
from west to east after it had subsided, been thrown together 
in this way, and from some unknown natural cause had lost 
the power of regulating their specific gravity, which it is said 
they do by means of an air bladder furnished them by nature. 
I leave others, however, to explain this phenomenon." 

Mr. Judah Colt, in a manuscript autobiography, says: 
"In August, 1*795, Augustus Porter and myself set out from 
Canandaigua for Presqu'ile, for the purpose of purchasing 
lands — went on horseback to Niagara, where we left our 
horses and took passage with Captain Wm. Lee in a small 
shallop to Presqu'ile. On our arrival there we found a num- 
ber of men encamped in that quarter. The United States 
troops were erecting a fort. General William Irvine and 
Andrew Ellicot, State Commissioners, were laying out the 
town of Erie, and had in their service about one hundred 
militia troops. We purchased and took certificates of four 
hundred acres of land each — made but a short stay, and 
returned the way we came. The season was extremely dry 
and warm. We suffered much from heat, drought, and mus- 
quitoes. Shortly after my return I was taken sick with bilious 
fever, which reduced me very low." 

The next March, Mr. Colt being in Philadelphia, made 
an offer to the Population Company of one dollar per 
acre for thirty thousand acres of land off the east end of 
the Triangle ; they declined selling in so large a body, 
but contracted with him to be their agent at a salary of 
fifteen hundred dollars per year, and all expenses paid 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 89 

by them. Powers of attorney and letters were made out, 
maps of the country were furnished, and money advanced 
to purchase provisions, hire laborers, etc. In the month of 
April he set out for the Geneseo country; at 'New York 
laid in stores of provisions, sundry kinds of goods, farm- 
ing and cooking utensils such as are generally wanted 
in a new country. They were shipped to Albany, thence 
across the portage in wagons, from thence in batteaux up 
the Mohawk Kiver and through the lakes to Presqu'ile. 
On their arrival at Oswego, they were stopped by the 
British garrison there, and only an empty boat allowed to 
pass to Niagara and obtain of Governor Simcoe permission 
to proceed with their loading. Shortly after this they were 
informed of the treaty being ratified by Congress, which 
w^as made by Mr. Jay with the British Government, and 
which had been for some time under consideration. 

Mr. Colt says : " I arrived myself at the town of Erie on 
the twenty-second of June, and my boats with the provisions 
the first of July following, and shortly after proceeded to 
business. I erected my tent or marquee near the old French 
garrison, and continued to reside there through the summer. 
There was a captain's command stationed at this village, in 
a garrison laid out and builded in the summer of 1795. In 
August rode down to Pittsburg, and attended a vendue for 
the sale of parts of the Erie Reserve ; visited the agent who 
had the superintendence of a portion of the company's lands 
on the waters of the Beaver ; found the country new, with 
but few inhabitants; roads bad, and accommodations poor; 
encamped at night, and tied my horse hand and foot. The 
journey was very fatiguing, owing to the dry and warm sea- 
son. Returned to Erie in safety, and in September went on 
horseback, principally alone, through the wilderness to Can- 
andaigua. After making a short visit to my family, returned 
to Erie, where I continued the business of my agency until 
the first of November. During the season met with consid- 
erable opposition from adverse settlers. After arranging 



90 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

the affairs of the company for the winter, and leaving the 
agency in the care of Elisha and Enoch Marvin, we set out 
again for Philadelphia (by way of Canandaigua) on the 
fourth of November, and after about two weeks of hard 
labor, and running much danger of losing ourselves, we 
arrived with our boat at the mouth of Genesee River," etc. 

It is said all the white inhabitants west of this river, on 
the lakes, were those in the garrison of Niagara; two fami- 
lies at Lewiston ; a British Indian interpreter, two Indian 
traders and one family at Buffalo ; a few settlers and a garri- 
son at Presqu'ile ; a party of New England surveyors with 
two families at Conneaut, Ohio; one family at Cleveland; a 
French trader at Sandusky, and the settlement at Detroit. 

The first settlers in Erie County were mostly, as in the 
case of the Reeds, Colts, Strongs, Judsons, etc., from moral, 
thrifty, intelligent New England ; or, like the Mileses, Vin- 
cents, Kings, Hamiltons, etc., perhaps a more numerous 
class, of the illustrious, historic race of Scotch-Irish — 
"memorable for their devotion to liberty and religion, and 
ever ready to die upon the battle-field in the defense of the 
one, or to burn at the stake as a testimony for the other." 

The following touching story, which we have condensed, 
is found in the Ghardon Gazette. Those who emigrate from 
New England to Ohio in these days, (about 1830,) when 
thirty-five steamboats plow the waters of Lake Erie, and 
hundreds of white sails are spread to the breeze, and pride 
themselves on their enterprise and self-denial, would do well 
to consider a case of real endurance and privation which 
occurred on the Reserve in 1796. 

Between Utica and the French settlement on the River 
Raisin, there were not half a dozen white families, when we 
except a few scattering infant settlements in Western New 
York, and the military post at Presqu'ile. Mr. K., the 
father of one of these families at Conneaut, had important 
business with the Connecticut Land Company, and was 
compelled to make the journey before winter. His family 



HISTOKY or ERIE COUNTY. 91 

had subsisted on provisions brought from New York, with 
fish and game, and it was supposed a sufficiency was in 
store until his return. The oldest male member of the 
family, a boy of fifteen, having been placed in charge, he 
took his departure. On his return to Buffalo the winter 
had fully set in, the snow being two and a half feet deep. 
His absence had already been prolonged — the family might 
be in a starving condition, and there seemed to be no alter- 
native but to venture into the wilderness. Having loaded 
his horse with such necessaries as could be procured for his 
family, he pursued his course on foot, following the beach of 
the lake. At an Indian settlement on the Cattaragus he 
employed a guide, Seneca Billy, as the projecting blufFs pre- 
vented his following longer the shore. After camping out 
several nights on the snow, he reached Presqu'ile and dis- 
missed his guide. Here he purchased a bag of corn, pay- 
ing for it three dollars per bushel, and set out for home on 
the ice. At a fire spring near the mouth of Elk Creek, the 
horse broke through, and was so injured as to be of no fur- 
ther use, and taking his corn upon his back he reached home 
the same day. But it was only to consummate his grief, for 
the family were nearly in a famishing condition. An infant 
being deprived of its natural nourishment by the low diet of 
the mother, slowly expired of starvation. The Connecticut 
Company having a small store of provisions for the surveyors 
at Cleveland, Mr. K. made a journey there on foot, and re- 
turned with a barrel of salt beef. This, with the assistance 
of the man who related the story, he conveyed home on a 
hand-sled. 

A circumstance worthy of note occurred in Erie, Decem- 
ber 15th, 1796, which was the death of General Anthony 
Wayne at the garrison. For six years the Indians north- 
west of the Ohio, consisting of the Delaware, Shawnee, 
Miami, and other tribes had greatly annoyed the United 
States, being instigated by Great Britain. A peace was 
finally negotiated by our Minister, Mr. Jay, and Lord Green- 



92 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

ville, and signed at Greenville in 1795. As the English 
were dispirited by the brilliant achievements of General 
Wayne, and the Indians had lost confidence in them, and 
withdrawn their assistance, the terms of the treaty were 
advantageous to the United States, and the peace estab- 
lished proved permanent. General Wayne, on his return 
home, was everywhere welcomed as the savior of his country ; 
at Philadelphia all business was suspended, the streets fes- 
tooned with evergreens and flowers, and all classes partici- 
pated in the general joy. 

The next year, (1796,) General Wayne received an 
appointment from Government to conclude a treaty with 
the Northwestern Indians, and having accomplished this ardu- 
ous task, embarked at Detroit, in the sloop Detroit, for the 
purpose of returning to his home in Chester County. Soon 
after leaving port he was violently attacked by his old mal- 
ady, the gout, and the usual remedy, brandy, through an 
oversight of the steward, not being at hand, he became very 
much prostrated, and in this condition was landed at Erie. 
As there was no resident physician of any repute. Dr. J. C. 
Wallace, a skillful surgeon of the army, then at Pittsburg, 
was sent for with the greatest dispatch, but on arriving at 
Franklin, met a messenger with the news of his death. 

When General Wayne was brought into the garrison, he 
expressed a wish to be placed in the northwest block-house, 
the attics of the block-houses being comfortably fitted up 
and occupied by the families connected with the garrison. 
Captain Russel Bissell probably had command at the time, 
and it is said the illustrious sufferer met with every possible 
kindness. 

A fit death-bed and silent resting-place for a brave officer 
and patriot was the old military post of Presqu'ile and its 
picturesque bay. He named the spot for his grave at the 
foot of the flagstaff. "A. W." on a single stone was placed 
at the head, and a neat railing inclosed it. 

The remains were removed in 1809 by a son, Colonel 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 93 

Isaac Wayne, of Chester County, and deposited in Radnor 
churchyard, (St. David's Episcopal Church,) which is four- 
teen miles west of Philadelphia. Dr. J. C. Wallace super- 
intended the disinterment of the body, which was found in 
a remarkable state of preservation. 

On a monument erected by the Pennsylvania Society of 
the Cincinnati is found the following: "Major Anthony 
Wayne was born at Waynesboro, in Chester County, Penn- 
sylvania, in 1745. After a life of honor and usefulness, he 
died in December, 1796, at Erie, Pennsylvania, then a mili- 
tary post on Lake Erie, Commander-in-chief of the Array 
of the United States. His military achievements are con- 
secrated in the history of his countrymen. His remains are 
here deposited." 



CHAPTER YIII. 

Erie County from 1785 — Organization in 1803 — Its Geography, etc. — 
Original Townships — Changes — Extent of Townships and Population — 
Population decennially from 1800 — Census Items — Vote of 1808 and 
1860 — Receipts and Expenditures do. — -Extract from Auditor-General's 
Report— Post-offices in 1830, 1856, 1860— List of Judges— Members of 
Congress — State Senate — Representatives — Prothonotary — Register 
and Recorder — Sheriffs — Coroners — First Section incorporated — Court- 
houses — Act for Public Landing — Borough Charter altered in 1833 — ■ 
Canal Basin — Peninsula — Poor-house — Several Acts- — Government 
changed to that of a City — Present Population and Business — List of 
Burgesses and Mayors — Collectors of Customs — Postmasters in Erie. 

We find Erie County, or rather that part south of the 
"Triangle," included in Westmoreland County by act of 
April 8th, 1785. It reads as follows: "That all the land 
within the late purchase from the Indians, not heretofore 
assigned to any other particular county, shall be taken and 
deemed, and they are hereby declared, to be within the limits 
of the Counties of Northumberland and Westmoreland, and 
that from the Kittanning up the Allegheny, to the mouth of 

9 



94 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 



Conewango Creek, and from thence up said creek to the 
northern line of this State, shall be the line between North- 
umberland and Westmoreland Counties in the aforesaid late 
purchase." 

September 24th, 1*788, we find the northwestern part of 
the State, being parts of Westmoreland and Washington 
Counties, constituting the new County of "Allegheny," with 
Pittsburg for the seat of justice. 

March 12th, 1800, Erie County was erected into a separate 
county, and Erie designated as the place of holding courts 
of justice. At the same time, Crawford, Mercer, Venango, 
Warren, and Erie were constituted temporarily one county, 
with all county privileges, called Crawford, Meadville being 
the seat of justice. 

April 2d, 1803, Erie County was organized for all judi- 
cial purposes ; this took place at the house of George 
Buehler, on the corner of Third and French Streets. [This 




M'CONKEY HOUSE IN 1S61. 



house is still standing, though in ruins, and has been known 
for many years as the "McConkey House." In 1813 it was 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 95 

Duncan's and Perry's headquarters ; next the house was kept 
by Thomas Rees, Jr., and lastly by James McConkey.] 

Judge Jesse Moore held the first court. 

Erie County is 36 miles in length and 20 in breadth, with 
an area of 120 square miles, or 460,800 acres; its central 
latitude is 42° north, and longitude 3° west. 

Its principal streams are Four Mile, Six Mile, Twelve 
Mile, Sixteen and Twenty Mile Creeks ; west it has Walnut 
Creek, Trout Run, Elk, Raccoon, and Crooked Creeks. 
Mill Creek empties into the lake within the city limits. 
French and Le Bceuf Creeks empty into the Allegheny 
River. Conneaut Creek flows through the southwestern 
part, and also, for a short distance, Conneauttee. 

These streams afford abundant water power for manufac- 
turing purposes; and while the valleys and rivers are some- 
times wild and picture-like, as at Elk, Walnut, and 20 mile 
Creeks, the broken and unproductive acres in Erie County 
are few indeed. 

It has three small beautiful lakes : Conneauttee, in Wash- 
ington township ; Le Bffiuf, in Waterford ; and Pleasant, in 
Yenango township. 

The dividing ridge which crosses from southwest to north- 
east (particularly described elsewhere) marks a striking dis- 
tinction in the county on each side. The bank of the lake 
at Erie and in the vicinity is about sixty feet in height, and 
the surface rises gently from ten to twelve miles back, which 
is the summit of the level between the waters of the lake 
and the Allegheny River. The southern portion produces 
excellent grass, but is not fertile in grain ; the northern slop- 
ing to the lake is well adapted to wheat. One hundred 
bushels of corn, 30 bushels of wheat, 35 bushels of rye, 60 
bushels of barley, 50 bushels of rape, and 500 bushels of 
potatoes have been raised to the acre. 

The original townships were sixteen in number, namely: 
Mill Creek, Harbor Creek, IS'ortheast, Greenfield, Yenango, 
Brokenstraw, Union, Le Boeuf, Waterford, Conneauttee, 



96 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 



McKean, Beaverdam, Elk Creek, Conneaut, Springfield, 
and Fairview. Brokenstraw, in 1820, was changed to Wayne 
and Concord. Amity was taken from Union in 1826. 
Girard was set off from Springfield and Fairview in 1832, 
and received its name from Stephen Girard, who had large 
tracts of land adjoining. Washington was changed from Cou- 
neautteein 1834; Greene from Beaverdam in 1840; Franklin 
was formed of parts of McKean, Washington, Fairview, and 
Elk Creek in 1844 ; and Summit, of Greene and McKean 
in 1854. The present number of townships is twenty-one. 









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HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 97 

III 1800 the population of Erie County was 1468 ; in 
1810, 3758; in 1820, 8553; in 1830, 17,041; in 1840, 
31,344; in 1850, 38,742 ; and in 1860, 49,697. From 1840 
to 1850 the increase in Erie was nearly 100 per cent., equal 
to that of Harrisburg and Norristown, (comparing it with 
those cities,) and greater than Lancaster. 

In 1850 the cash value of farms was $4,782,858, and of 
farming implements and machinery'', $294,726. The number 
of horses, 7014; of milch cows, 16,575; of sheep, 66,705; 
of swine, 15,417 ; and the value of live stock, $1,070,519. 
The quantity of wheat raised in 1850 was 147,825 bushels; 
of rye, 10,203; of Indian-corn, 433,692; of oats, 433,765; 
of tobacco, 8000 pounds; of wool, 179,103; of peas and 
beans, 3141 bushels; of potatoes, 171,855; of sweet pota- 
toes, 170 bushels; of barley, 42,352; of hay, 69,422 tons; 
clover seed, 1720 bushels; grass, 1253; hops, 1200; flax, 
3729 ; flax seed, 860 ; buckwheat, 27,272 ; orchard pro- 
ducts, 17,327 ; 129 gallons of wine were made, 252,843 
pounds of butter, 754,452 of cheese, 333,748 pounds of 
maple sugar, 1875 gallons of molasses, 23,239 of beeswax 
and honey. The value of home manufactures was estimated 
at $28,581. 

In 1860, the farms in the county numbered 4474; manu- 
facturing establishments, 383; dwellings, 9759. The amount 
of property subject to tax, fixed by revenue commissioners 
in March, 1860, was $4,475,857. 

In 1808, the full vote of the county for Governor was 
589; 345 for Simon Snyder, and 244 for James Ross, Fed- 
eralist. Erie and Mill Creek polled 156 votes, and next in 
the order they are mentioned came Waterford, McKean, 
Springfield, and Fairview. 

In 1860, the vote for Governor was 8082 — for Andrew 
G. Curtin, Republican, 5613; for Henry D. Foster, Dem- 
ocrat, 2469. One month after, the whole vote for President 
was 8798 — 6160 for Lincoln, 2531 fusion, 90 for Bell, and 
17 for Douglas. 

9* 



98 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY, 

In the report of tlie Auditor-General of Pennsylvania 
for the year 1860, ending November 30th, are the following 
items relating to Erie County : — 

Tax on real and personal estate $11,006 91 

Tavern licenses 815 00 

Retailers' licenses 2,090 02 

Crokers' licenses 228 00 

Theater, circus, etc., licenses 76 00 

Distillery and brewery licenses 254 28 

Billiard room, bowling saloon, etc., licenses... 105 00 

Eating-house, beer-house, and rest, licenses.., 671 00 

Patent medicine license 67 00 

Pamphlet laws 19 00 

Militia tax 10 61 

Millers' tax 65 10 

Tax on writs, wills, deeds, etc 513 30 

Tax on foreign insurance agencies 200 00 

Common schools 3,514 44 

Abatement of the State tax 586 84 

Value of real and personal estate 4,475,857 00 

Assessment of tax 11,501 42 

Population 49,697 00 

Taxables 11,835 00 

In 1808 the receipts of the county were $9890 31|; of 
this, $4055 84| was in the treasury, 31st December, 1807. 
The county expenses amounted to $2163 15. The same 
year $1178 47| was expended in building and materials 
for the court-house, and $20 20 appropriated to clear French 
Creek. 

In 1860 the receipts of the county were $58,178 51, and 
the expenditures $50,592 91. 

Post-offices and Postmasters in Erie County in 1830. 

Beaverdam Samuel Smith. 

Elk Creek Joseph Wells. 

Erie James Hughes. 

Fairview W. W. Warner. 

Gray's Settlement Amos Graves, Jr. 

Greenfield Elijah J. Woodruff, 

Harbor Creek Daniel Goodwin. 

Lexington David Sawdy, 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 



99 



Northeast Jas. Smedley. 

Nortliville Orrin Wyllys. 

Phillipsville James Phillips. 

Springfield X Roads J. P. Woodworth. 

Union Mills AVilliam Miles. 

Waterford Joseph Derrickson. 

AVattsburg Levi Wilcox. 

Wesleyville Almond Fuller. 

Fost-offices in Erie County, July 1, 1856, and the revenue in 1855, 
showing the business importance of every town. The figures at the 
right hand show the net revenue of the office to the Department ; left 
hand column the compensation of the postmaster. 



POST-OFFICES. 


POSTMASTERS. 


COMP'N. 


rev'e. 






$164 57 

8 38 
18 79 
26 10 

4 00 

159"40 

42 02 

2000 00 

li 5 11 

10 32 
345 04 

11 93 
78 01 

9 29 
73 58 
86 .38 
33 27 

318 48 

50 51 
113 95 
153 "2 

13 Ot 
11 09 

51 89 
94 81 

372 14 
167 59 
£5 SO 
22 21 
82 36 
82 63 


$1 65 

4" 51 

9 87 
12 64 
2 50 

go'ei 

26 81 

2 59 
63 23 

5 26 
267 00 

7 5S 
36 19 

3 96 
41 86 
32 06 

8 47 
244 46 

21 56 
39 22 
75 22 
7 16 
3 21 

27 05 
S9 48 

234 21 
71 93 
23 65 

9 66 
23 83 
59 OS 


Belle Valley 


Joseph Vance, (estab. in 1^56.).. 
David White 


Carter Hill 


Cheriy Hill 


Cook 
















Elk Creek 


Diniel M.Wood 


Erie, (0. H.) 


B. F. Sloan 
















Wm. P. Barbie 




Le Bceuf 










Titus D. Chillis 














Platea 






Timothy S. Cowles 


Sterrettania 


Elias Brecht 




Robert McCrea, 4th, .„ 


Swan Station 








Waterford 


Henry Colt 




W. B. Williams 








Henry Hill 


Wesleyville 




West Springfield 


Gilbert Hurd 











In 1861 one other office was added, that of Oak Grove. 

The distributing office at Erie was discontinued after 
January 1st, 1838; afterward restored, and again discon- 
tinued in 1858. 



100 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

In order to defray expenses in 1860, the boxes were rented 
at two dollars per annum. 

Courts and Judicial Districts. — Erie being a part of 
Crawford, for all county purposes, from 1800 to 1803, it 
belonged to the fifth judicial district. 

By the judiciary act of February 24th, 1806, Butler, 
Mercer, Venango, Crawford, and Erie composed the sixth 
judicial district. 

In 1818 Erie, Crawford, Mercer, Yenango, and "Warren 
composed the sixth. 

In 1830 Erie, Yenango, Mercer, and Crawford were the 
sixth ; and afterward Erie, Crawford, and Warren became 
the sixth. 

Jasper Yates held a circuit court in Erie on the 15th of 
October, 1806; Judge Breckenridge one in October, 1807. 

In 1839 Crawford, Erie, and Yenango had a district 
court, which was in 18 41 extended also to Mercer County. 
Judge James Thompson presided. The court expired by 
limitation in five years. 

David Derrickson was elected an additional president 
judge, with the same associates, in 1856. 

A session of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court was held 
in Erie in 1854. Judges present: Lewis, (President,) 
Woodward, Lowrie, and Knox. 

President Judges of the Court of Common Pleas and 
Quarter Sessions. — Judge Addison, 1800; Jesse Moore, 
1803; Henry Shippen, 1825; N. B. Eldred, 1839; Gaylord 
Church, 1849; John Galbraith, elected in 1851. Judge 
Galbraith died in 1860, and Rasselas Brown was appointed 
by Gov. Packer to fill the vacancy until the next election. 
S. P. Johnson was elected in 1860. 

Associate Judges. — Myron Hutchinson, John Brawley. 
In 1851 James Miles and J. M. Sterrett were elected; and 
in 1856, Samuel Hutchins and John Grier. 

Erie is annexed to the western district of the Supreme 
Court. 

In 1810 Erie, Beaver, Merce;*, Crawford, Warren, and 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 101 

Venango constituted a congressional district. In 1820 
Beaver was apportioned to another district. 

In 1830 Erie County, with Crawford, Mercer, Warren, 
and Yenango formed the Eighteenth Congressional District. 

In 1843 Erie, Warren, McKean, Potter, Jefferson, and 
Clarion were constituted the Twenty-third Congressional 
District. It was styled the "Grerrymander," from Elbridge 
Gerry, as it was supposed to have been thus divided for po- 
litical purposes. The Whigs, notwithstanding, elected their 
candidate, C. M. Reed, by a majority of forty the same 
year. 

In 1852 Erie, Crawford, and Warren became the Twenty- 
fifth Congressional District. 

3Iembers of Congress. — William Hoge ; Samuel Smith ; 
Robert Moore ; Thomas Wilson ; Abner Lacock ; P. Ear- 
relly, 1820 ; P. Farrelly, 1822, died, and T. H. Sill was 
elected to fill his unexpired term of one year ; Stephen Bar- 
low, 1824; T. II. Sill, 1828; John Banks, 1830; John 
Galbraith, 1832-34; A. Plumer, 1836; John Galbraith, 
1838 ; A. Plumer, 1840 ; Charles M. Reed, 1842 ; J. W. 
Farrelly, 1848; James Thompson, 1845; C. B. Curtis; 
John Dick, 1852-54-5G; Elijah Babbitt, 1858-60. 

In 1801 the State apportionment included twenty-five Sen- 
ators, and Crawford, Yenango, Mercer, Warren, and Erie 
(forming one county under the name of Crawford, for all 
county purposes) elected one member, the returns being 
made at the court-house in Meadville. 

Eighth of March, 1815, the State had thirty-one Senators, 
and Mercer, Erie, Warren, Yenango and Crawford still had 
but one. In 1830 Erie, Crawford, and Mercer constituted the 
Twenty-third Senatorial District. In 1843 Erie and Craw- 
ford became the Twenty-Seventh, and entitled to one 
member. An apportionment in 1856 gave the State thirty- 
three Senators, Erie and Crawford being still entitled to but 
one. In 1836 Erie and Crawford became the Twenty-first 
District. It is at present the Twentieth District. 



102 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

Memhers of State Senate William Mc Arthur, 1801 ; 

William Bell ; Wilson Smith, 1809; Joseph Shannon, 1813; 
Henry Hurst, 1817. 

In 1820 the Twentieth Senatorial District was composed 
of Erie, Crawford, and Warren. Jacob Herrington, 1821- 
22-23; John Leach, 1825 to 1827; Thomas Cunningham, 
1829 to 1836; J. M. Sterret, 1837 to 1839; J. W. Far- 
relly, 1842 ; Elijah Babbitt, 1844 ; James D. Dunlap, 1845 ; 
J. B. Johnson, 1846; J. H. Walker, 1849-51; James 
Skinner, 1852-54; Darwin A. Finney, to 1860. 

House of Representatives. — In 1800 Allegheny, Beaver, 
Butler, Mercer, Crawford, Erie, Warren, and Yenango 
jointly elected two Representatives. 

The House of Representatives in 1801 consisted of eighty- 
six members, the Counties of Crawford, Yenango, Erie, 
Warren, and Mercer being entitled to one member. 

In 1815 it had ninety-seven members, and the representa- 
tion from Erie, Crawford, Yenango, Warren, and Mercer 
was increased to three. 

In 1843 Erie and Crawford were entitled to two members 
in the House. 

In 1856 Erie became entitled to two members. 

Bepresentatives. — Alexander Buchanan, 1801; John 
Lytle, Jr., 1802; Wilson Smith, 1805; John Phillips and 
James Herrington, 1808 ; John Phillips and Roger Alden, 
1809; John Phillips and Patrick Farrelly, 1811; James 
Weston and James Burchfield, 1813; Jacob Herrington, 
James Weston, and Ralph Marlin, 1815; S. Hays, R. Mar- 
lin, and J. Herrington, 1816; S. Hays, Thomas Wilson, 
and R. Marlin, 1817 ; J. Herrington, James Cochran, and 
J. Hackney, 1818 ; W. Smith, James Cochran, and William 
Connelly, 1819. 

From the district composed of Erie, Crawford, Mercer, 
Yenango, and Warren — Wilson Smith, William McConnelly, 
Jacob Herrington, 1820 ; David Brown, James Cochran, 
George Moore, 1821 ; James Weston, 1822 ; T. H. Sill, 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 103 

from Erie and Warren, 1823 ; General John Phillips, 1824 
Stephen Woolverton, 1825-27 ; George Moore, 1828-29 
John Riddel, 1831; J. H. Walker, 1832-35; E. Babbitt 
J. K. Miller, 1836 ; Charles M. Reed, David Sawdy, 1837 
William M. Watts, Samuel Hutchins, 1838; S. Skinner, J 
D. Dunlap, 1840; Stephen Skinner, L. Robinson, 1842 
J. D. Dunlap, David A. Gould, 1843; J. D. Dunlap 
Mark Baldwin, 1844; J. B. Johnson, L. Robinson, 1845 
William Sanborn, D. A. Gould, 1846 ; G. J. Ball, William 
Sanborn, 1847 ; G. J. Ball, T. Ryraan, 1848; J. C. Reid, 
L. Hart, 1849; J. C. Reid, A. W. Blaine, 1851; C. W. 
Kelso, A. W. Blaine, 1851 ; C. W. Kelso, H. A. Hill, 
1852 ; W. Warner, G. J. Ball, 1853 ; G. J. Ball, James 
Thompson, 1854; G. J. Ball, M. Whallon, 1855; J. W. 
Campbell, W. Laird, 1858; J. Gunnison, H. Teller, 1859; 
H. Teller, G. J. Ball, 1860. 

Previous to 1840, the offices of prothonotary, register, and 
recorder were united, and the incumbent appointed by the 
Governor. 

The first appointment was of Callender Irvine, 1808; 
James E. Herron, 1808; John Kelso; Thomas Wilson, 
1820, who died in 1824, and was succeeded by E. J. Kelso ; 
William Kelley, 1836; James C. Marshall, 1839; Wilson 
King, 1842 and 1845 ; James Skinner, 1848 ; Samuel Per- 
ley, 1851 ; Alfred King, 1854 ; James Skinner, 1857 and 
1860. 

In 1839 E. D. Gunnison was appointed first register and 
recorder, and held the office until after the fall election. 
WilliamKelley was elected 1839 and 1841 ; Thos. Moorhead, 
Jr., 1845; R. J. Sibley, 1849; D. McAllaster, 1851 and 
1854; William P. Trimble, 1857 ; Samuel Rea, Jr., 1860. 

Sheriffs. — Samuel Smith, 1804; Jacob Carmack, 1809; 
Jacob Spang, 1812 ; David Wallace, 1813 ; James Weston,* 

* James E. Ilerron received the same number of votes; the Gov- 
ernor being a Democrat, it was decided in favor of J. Weston. 



104 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

1815 ; John C. Wallace, 1818; Stephen Woolverton, 1821 ; 
Thomas Laird, 1824 ; Stephen Woolverton ; A. Thayer, 
1826; A. W. Brewster; William Fleming; Thomas Me- 
haffy, 1835; A. Scott,* 1838; E. M. W. Blaine; William 
E. McNair; M. W. Caughey, 1846; Peter E. Burton, 
1849; Thomas Vincent, 1852; J. Killpatrick, 1855; John 
W. McLane, 1858. 

Coroners. — Abraham Smith, October 26th, 1803 ; John 
Milroy, November 14th, 1806 ; John Gray, November llth, 
180Y; John C. Wallace, November 8th, 1809; John Mc- 
Cord, December 21st, 1813; John Morris, April 23d, 1816; 
Benjamin Kussell, January 8th, 1822 ; Rufus S. Reed, Feb- 
ruary 8th, 1825 ; William Fleming, 1827 ; David Wallace, 
1830; David McNair, 1833; Samuel Keefer, 1886; J. K. 
Caldwell, 1839 ; H. Bates, 1841 ; Thomas Dillon, 1845 ; S. 
L. Forster, 1848; S. Dunn, 1851; D. Burton, 1854; T. 
Dillon, 1857; R. Gaggin, 1860. 

In July, 1805, the first section of the town of Erie was 
erected into a borough, and the May following the first 
borough officers were chosen. 

In 1807 the sum of $2000 was granted by the State to the 
commissioners, to expend in erecting buildings for county 
purposes. This court-house was destroyed by fire in 1824, 
with all the records. Another was immediately erected 
upon the same foundation, and after the same plan, which 
was not superseded until 1853. This second building served 
not only for courts and county purposes for thirty years, but 
for all lectures and public meetings of the citizens. Almost 
every church originated and held its meetings there, until 
otherwise provided. The famous railroad convocations were 

* During Mr. Scott's term of office the sentence of the law was car- 
ried out in the execution of Henry Francisco, whose death warrant 
was issued December 12th, 1^37. 

This is the only instance of capital punishment in the history of 
Erie County, though others have doubtless been guilty of the crime 
of murder. 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 



105 



the last held there, and at that time it had become decidedly 
a gloomy and oat-of-date edifice 




COCRT-HOUSt: BUILT I>' 18l!4. 

In 1852 the corner-stone of the present commodious and 
imposing structure was laid. Judge John Vincent, who was 
present at the ceremony, and had filled the office of associate 
judge since 1805, remarked that he himself had selected and 
purchased the ground for the county commissioners forty- 
eight years before. 

The ground plan of the building is sixtj^-one feet by one 
hundred and thirty-two, and the height from the ground to 
the top of the vane one hundred and twenty-eight feet. It 
is of the Roman- Corinthian order, and was designed by 
Thomas H. Walter. The whole cost of the building was 
between $64,000 and $65,000. 

March 20th, 1811, an act passed the legislature "that the 
beach of the lake from the upper corner of the garrison 
tract, and for twenty perches back from the water's edge, 
down th« lake to the out-lots, and from thence down the 
same, including all the land between the out-lots and the 

10 



106 HISTORY or ERIE COUNTY. 

water's edge to the tract of land No. 38, shall be and remain 
a public lauding for the use of the inhabitants and others." 

In 1833 the inhabitants of the borough petitioned for an 
alteration in the law incorporating the borough, "stating 
that on a fair experiment they have found the existing laws 
insufficient to promote conveniency and good order and pub- 
lic utility." This resulted in the alteration of the whole 
charter, excepting a part of the tenth section. 

In 1833 a fine was imposed, of five hundred dollars or 
imprisonment not exceeding six months, for cutting timber 
on the peninsula, or setting fire to the shrubbery. R. S. 
Reed was appointed superintendent for five years. 

In 1833 the third section, belonging to the common- 
wealth, of in and out lots was granted to the borough of 
Erie to construct a canal basin in the Bay of Presqu'ile op- 
posite the borough of Erie ; provided that one hundred 
acres of the said land be reserved for the use of a county 
poor-house, to be selected by three persons appointed by 
the county commissioners. 

The question of having a poor-house was put to vote soon 
after, and carried by a small majority. Suitable buildings 
were soon after erected. The number of inmates during the 
year 1860 was 107 ; the number of deaths, 4 ; 4 were bound 
out, and 44 discharged. The receipts and cash in the 
treasury, $10,315 94. Expenditures, which include some 
old debts and expenses for a new building, $7629 14. A 
requisition of $8000 annually has been made on the county 
for several years past, for the support of the institution. 

In 1834 the bounds of the borough were extended north- 
wardly 1300 feet into the Bay of Presqu'ile. 

In 1835 a resolution passed to proceed against any who 
might erect any tenement on the peninsula or upon any part 
of the work erected to deepen the entrance to the harbor, or 
to place wood or other materials upon the public works or 
any sand-bar. 

Also, in 1835, Erie was authorized to borrow $50,000 to 



HISTORY OF j:urE COUNTV. lOT 

supply the borougli wiili water. This contemplated improve- 
ment was never carried oat. 

In 1841 Erie was supplied with water by wooden pipes 
communicating with a spring a mile or two distant, the ex- 
penses being paid by the consumers. 

In 1838 a sale of one row of water lots in the second 
section was authorized, to pay the expense of grading and 
improving the streets and grounds of the second section. 

In 1841 an act passed the legislature to prevent the pick- 
ing or gathering of cranberries on the peninsula, between 
July and October, with a fine of not less than ten dollars or 
more than twenty-five against every person so offending.* 

In 1843 an act passed the legislature repealing the Nich- 
olson Court of Pleas, which had been instituted in 1840. 
Without affording time for investigation, this court threatened 
to sell many of the farms in Erie County, as well as in other 
parts of the State, and dispossess those who had resided upon 
them for more than forty years. John Nicholson, President 
of the Population Company, was also State Treasurer and 
a defaulter; hence, a lien was supposed to rest on the lands 
once held by him. In the central part of the State the plea 
was more plausible; most of the lands in Erie County hav- 
ing been purchased after John Nicholson was divested of 
all interest in them. 

In 1851 the government of the borough of Erie was 



'^ Tlie first day of October has been from tliat time denominated 
"cranberry d^iy," and in the popuLir sense has become an "institu- 
tion." Whole families cross, the night before, kindle a fire, and are 
in readiness by the earliest dawn to proceed to the marshes where the 
cranberry abounds. The uninitiated may search and wander the day 
long and scarcely find a handful, while many a thrifty family has 
been provided with comforts for the winter, or even their dwellings 
respectably furnished by this day's profits. The number of boats 
being limited, toward evening an undue eagerness sometimes results 
in the swamping of boats and other accidents, which are often aggra- 
vated by intemperance. 



108 ' HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

changed to that of a city, and divided into the East and 
West Wards. It now has four, bounded as follows : First 
Ward — East of State, and north of Eighth Streets ; Second 
Ward — East of State, and south of Eighth Streets ; Third 
Ward — West of State, and south of Eighth Streets ; Fourth 
Ward — West of State, and north of Eighth Streets. 

Erie, in 1860, had 11,113 inhabitants within Its city limits 
of about four square miles; thirteen churches, (particularly 
described in Chapter XII.;) two fine public school-houses; 
a flourishing academy, and several excellent select schools. 
There are no incorporated banks in the county at present, 
but six private banking-houses. For manufactures in iron 
there are two founderies, and the Eagle Furnace of Atchison 
& Henry, just without the city limits. The "Erie City Iron 
Works" of Liddell & Marsh employs 90 men, and manufac- 
tures steam engines, freight and passenger cars, drilling tools 
and pipe for oil-wells, agricultural implements, mill gearing, 
farm bells, etc. They have also a planing-mill and mould- 
ing-room in connection with the furnace. The "Old Fur- 
nace" of 13arr & Johnson employs 60 men, and manufactures 
stoves, farming implements, and mill, building, and machinery 
castings. 

There are four grist-mills in the city : Fairmount Mills, 
Crouch & Brother, has three runs of stone; Erie City, C. 
McSparren, four runs of stone; Canal Mill, Wm. Kelley, 
three runs of stone ; and Reed's Mill, Mrs. R. S. Reed, two 
runs of stone. Near the city are Elliot's Mill, J. Elliot, 
three runs of stone ; Hopedale Mill, H. Gingrich, two runs 
of stone ; six flour and feed stores, one wholesale. 

There are three planing-mills, two machine shops, two 
sash, etc., two stone potteries, and several petroleum oil 
refineries in different stages of progress. A piano-forte 
manufactory of Wm. Willing sometimes employs twenty 
men ; the instruments are of a fine tone, and in demand. 
The pump manufactory of L. W. Olds supplies the home 
market, and sends a large number West. Besides this there 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 109 

is one brass foundery, five breweries, one gun sliop, five watch 
shops, live saddle and harness shops, three for liats and 
caps, three coffinmakers, five cabinet and furniture stores, 
two soap and candles, four tin shops, four drug stores, two 
book, five hardware, eight millinery, one shirt manuftictory, 
four dentists, three confectionery, two carriage manufactories 
and several small wagon shops, four daguerreian artists, four 
commission merchants on the dock, eleven dry goods stores, 
wholesale and retail, eight shoe stores, five of clothing, five 
wholesale groceries, twenty-one retail groceries, and ten 
dealers in bituminous coal. 

The first borough election was held May 5th, 1806, and 
resulted as follows: John C. Wallace, Burgess ; Judah Colt, 
Rnfus S. Reed, George Beuhler, Robert Hays, George 
Schantz, Town Council; Robert Irwin, High Constable. 

At the first meeting James E. Herron was appointed 
Town Clerk; Thomas Forster, Wm. Wallace, James Baird, 
Street Commissioners; Wm. Bell, Treasurer. Burgesses — 
Thomas Wilson, 1801; George Beuhler, 1808 and 1809; 
John C. Wallace, 1810 and 1811; Samuel Hays, 1812; 
Judah Colt, 1813; George Moore, 1814 and 1815; Thos. 
H. Sill. 1816 and 1817; George Moore, 1818 and 1819; 
Judah Colt, 1820 and 1821; John Morris, 1822, 1823, and 
1824; John C. Wallace, 1825, 1826, and 1827; Tabor 
Beebe, 1828; Thos. H. Sill, 1829; Wm. Johns, 1830; Geo. 
A. Elliot, 1831; Thos. Forster, chosen 1832, Tabor Beebe 
acted instead; Thos. H. Sill, 1833; J. M. Sterrett, 1835; 
J. B. Laughead, 1836 and 1837 ; James L. White, March, 
1838; Wm. Kelley, 1839; Myron Goodwin, 1840; Rufus S. 
Reed, 1841; Thomas Stewart, 1842; Thomas H. Sill, 1843 
and 1844; Charles W. Kelso, 1845; Wm. Kelley, 1846 and 
1847 ; Chas. W. Kelso, 1848 ; A. W. Brewster, 1849 ; B. B. 
Vincent, 1850; Thomas G. Colt, 1851, from May acting 
Mayor; M. Whallon, April, 1852; A. King, March, 1853 
and 1854; W. Laird, 1855 and 1856; Jas. Hoskinson, 
1857; W. Laird, 1858; S. Smith, 1859 and 1860. 

10* 



110 HI -TORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

The first city officers were elected May 15th, 1851. 

Mayor— T. G. Colt. 

High Constable — A. C. Landon. 

Select Council — East Ward : A. W. Brewster, F. Sevin, 
Clark McSparren. West Ward: S. M. Carpenter, John 
Zimraerly, Wm. M. Gallagher. 

Common Council — East Ward: P. Metcalf, L. L. Mo- 
meyer, 0. D. Spafford, J. D. Duulap, A. A. Craig, Josiah 
Kellogg. Westward: James Skinner, Wilson King, Thos. 
Dillon, S. W. Keefer, D. G. Landon, Adam Atchison. 

Collectors of the Customs for the Port of Presqu'ile — 
Thomas Forster, 1801 ; Edwin J. Kelso, 1836; Charles W. 
Kelso, 1845 ; William M. Gallagher, 1849 ; Murray Whallon ; 
James Lytle, 1853 ; John Brawley, 1857 ; Murray Whallon ; 
Charles M. Tibbals, 1859. 

District of Presqu'ile embraces the whole coast line of the 
State of Pennsylvania on Lake Erie; it contains about 
forty miles of shore, and has three shipping points — Erie, 
the port of entry. Northeast, and Elk Creek, the business 
of the two latter being principally the shipment of staves 
and lumber. 

Postmasters in Erie — John Hay; John Gray, 1809; 
Robert Knox, 1811 — resigned after having filled the office 
to general acceptance seventeen years; James Hughes, 
1828; Robert Cochran, 1833; Smith Jackson, 1840; An- 
drew Scott, 1842; Robert Cochran, 1845; T. H. Sill, 
1849; B. F. Sloan, 1853; Jos. M. Sterrett, 1861. 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Ill 



CHAPTER IX. 

First Road — Population Company Roads — Erie and Waterford Turnpike 
— Salt Trade — General O'Hara's Contract — Road to Buffalo — First 
Coaches — Erie Canal — Railroads — Erie or Wattsburg Railroad — Sun- 
bury and Erie — Erie and Northeast — Franklin Canal Company — Pitts- 
burg and Erie Railroad — Plank-roads. 

The opening of the first road in Erie County, as we have 
seen in Chapter III., was by the French, in 1753, from Erie 
to Waterford. This is still a good road, and in use for 
seven miles in a southerly direction from Erie ; it is then 
scarcely traceable, but soon after is merged into the Erie and 
Waterford plank-road, the site of the "new Shun-pike." 
In 1795, when the first settlers came to the Triangle, the 
traveled road was in pretty much the same location, as they 
allude to trees growing up in its path.* 

The Pennsylvania Population Company made many of 
the roads. T. Rees, Esq., their agent, opened one in Har- 
bor Creek in 1797, and Mr. Colt, who succeeded him, says: 
"June 3d, 1797, set a number of men at opening roads lead- 
ing to the intended station, nine and a half miles south of 
the mouth of Sixteen-mile Creek." ,^ 

There was a road to Walnut Creek, Eorster's mill being 
the first erected in the county ; to Conneautte Lake, where 
Alexander Powers was located; to Conneaut Creek, Colonel 



* The first intention seemed to have been to make a militai'y I'oad, 
to level the hills and elevate the valleys; and cavities where the roots 
had been grubbed out, could be discerned for about half the distance 
from Erie. Hence it has been called the grubbed road, not as is 
usually supposed from the families of the name of Grubb on its line. 
Cannon balls, accoutrements, harness, and other implements were 
found along; this route as late as 1825. 



112 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

Punning McNair's station ; and to the head-waters of Beaver 
Creek, where Mr. Jabez Colt was assistant agent.- 

August, 1801. — Mr. Colt says: "General Paine called to 
obtain a subscription in money for the purpose of opening 
a road from the east end of the Triangle to Buffalo Creek, 

and presented a letter from Kirtland, agent of the 

Connecticut Land Company, on the subject." Mr. C. 
waived the matter until he should write to his principals, 
and after dinner General P. was furnished with provisions 
to carry him through the woods to Buffalo. The latter 
part of October the road was completed from Buffalo, eigh- 
teen miles, at the expense of the Connecticut Company. 

In 1805 the first election was held at Waterford for offi- 
cers of the Erie and Waterford Turnpike Company. Colonel 
Thomas Forster was chosen President, and Henry Baldwin, 
John Vincent, Ralph Marlin, James E. Ilerron, John C. 
Wallace, Wm. Miles, James Brotherton, and Joseph Hack- 
ney, Managers; Judah Colt, Treasurer. 

This road was completed in 1^09, and was a desirable 
improvement. Its location was less direct, and on higher 
ground than the French road, for the purpose of accommo- 
dating the farmers who were large shareholders. 

The Waterford Turnpike was a particularly useful im- 
provement, as all the salt for Pittsburg, and even down to 
the Falls of the Ohio, (Louisville,) passed from Erie to Water- 
ford. Besides this, manufactures of iron and glass, whisky 
and flour from the Monongahela, and bacon from Kentucky 
came up the Allegheny to Waterford, and from thence to 
Erie, which was then the depot for the lake country. The 
road was from two to five miles wide, diversified with stumps, 
logs, log-heaps, and very deep mud-holes. With such hin- 
derances by the way, and from four to si.x oxen to guide, it 
was not unusual for a load of salt or provisions to be four 
days crossing the portage of fifteen miles. Often a part of 
the burden had to be abandoned. An instance is handed 



HISTORY OF ERIE OOL'NTY. 113 

down of a barrel of whisky being rolled at least half the 
distance by one of our most persevering and wealthy citizens. 
At the risk of losing "the thread of the discourse," a few 
remarks will be introduced on the subject of the salt trade. 
Vessels leaving Buffalo for the West, from 1805 to 1810, 
were freighted principally with salt. In 1808, 6000 barrels 
were registered at the custom-house at Erie, and it is said 
18,000 were at another season. It was the currency of the 
county. In Mr. H. Kussel's journal we find, "January, 
1808, exchanged a pair of oxen for eight barrels of salt." 
In the Erie Mirror, dated January, 1809, is a well- written 
letter, signed "An Old Salt-hauler." It had been ques- 
tioned whether the salt trade was beneficial to the county : 
that perhaps it interfered with the cultivation of farms. In 
reply, he says the farmers were obliged to haul salt to pro- 
cure the comforts if not necessaries of life, such as sugar, tea, 
coffee, wearing apparel, etc., as salt seemed to be the cur- 
rent specie during the existence of the embargo. Indeed, 
it was the only commodity they had for market or exchange, 
and in proportion to the increase of the traffic the farmers 
of the county progressed in the improvement of the soil. 
Freightage from Buffalo to Erie was 87^ cents per barrel, and 
12|centsfor storage ; 12,000 barrels, in 1809, had been landed, 
according to the collector's books, which would amount to 
$12,000. The price of hauling from Erie to Waterford had 
been hitherto $1 50, amounting, on the same quantity, to 
$18,000. One dollar more was paid to convey it by water 
to Pittsburg. These several items made an aggregate profit 
to the inhabitants of the county of $42,000. The newly- 
finished turnpike diminished the profit of the hauler from 
$1 50 to 50 cents ; but it facilitated the carriage proportion- 
ably, as a team on the road could transport thirty-two bar- 
rels in the same time, and with greater ease than it formerly 
had done six ; so that it was still more lucrative, provided 
there was sufficient salt to employ the usual number of 
teams. Salt was ordinarily from four to six months on the 



114 IIISTOLIY OP KUIE COUNTY. 

road from Salina to Pittsburg, and of one huadred barrels 
leaving the Springs seventy-five were required to pay the 
charges. Boats were built at Waterford expressly to float 
it down the river, and their construction was such as to pre- 
vent their return. This did not, however, add to the ex- 
pense, as families removing still farther down were glad to 
purchase them. 

The opening of the salt wells on the Kanawha and Kis- 
kaminitas, about 1813, by affording a supply to that region, 
after a time materially affected transportation here. 

In Pennsylvania Historical Collections we find the fol- 
lowing : " General James O'Hara at am early day entered into 
a contract to supply Oswego with provisions, which he sup- 
posed could be furnished cheaper than from the settlements 
on the Mohawk. He had obtained correct information in 
relation to the manufacture of salt at Salina, and had in his 
contract an eye to supplying the Western country with salt. 

" This was a project few would have undertaken, and 
fewer still carried out. The means of transportation had 
to be created : boats and teams must be constructed to get 
the salt from the works to Oswego, a vessel built to land it 
below the falls, wagons to carry it to Schlosser, and boats 
provided to carry it to Black Rock ; there another vessel 
was required to convey it to Erie. The road to the head 
of French Creek had to be improved, and the salt carried 
across the portage in wagons; and lastly, boats built to 
float it to Pittsburg. 

"Mr. O'Hara packed his flour and provisions in barrels 
suitable for salt, and these were reserved in his contracts. 
Two vessels were built — one on Lake Erie, and another on 
Lake Ontario. The plan succeeded : salt could be sold of 
a fair quality at four dollars per bushel — half the price ob- 
tained by packing over the mountains. The vocation of 
packers was gone. Soon after, Onondaga salt was sold at 
twelve dollars per barrel of five bushels." 

A duty of four cents per bushel was paid the State of N"ew 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 115 

York, and it was forbidden by law to sell at the works for 
more than sixty cents per bushel. 

The journey to Buffalo by land was much dreaded even to 
the completion of the railroad ; previous to 1815 or 1820 
it was absolutely dangerous. Travelers finding the land 
road through Cattaragus woods almost impassable for wagons, 
would be induced, if the weather was not very boisterous, to 
pass around the point of rock projecting into the lake. 
Many fatal instances are recorded of persons unacquainted 
with the country being overwhelmed by the waves. The 
nature of the soil through the woods would scarcely admit 
of a good road, and a journey once made was scarcely 
forgotten, for passengers felt that then and there, they 
escaped narrowly with their lives. In "December, 1829, the 
road from Buffalo to Fredonia (in some places having been 
turnpiked late in the season) was so bad that two yoke of 
oxen were attached to the stage to draw it through, and all 
the male passengers worked their passage. The mail was 
three hours — more than a mile an hour — coming from 
Buffalo." 

The following advertisement is found in the Erie Gazelle 
for September 15th, 1820:— 

" Proposals will be received at the General Post-office for 
carrying the mail on the following route, until the fourteenth 
day of October next : 

" From Buffalo, by Hamburg, Hanover, Fredonia, Port- 
land, Westfield, Ripley, and northeast to Erie, Pennsylvania, 
once a week, ninety miles, 

" Leave Buffalo every Saturday noon, and arrive at Erie 
the next Monday by six o'clock in the afternoon. Leave 
Erie every Tuesday at six a.m., and arrive at Buffalo the 
next Thursday by noon." 

This was nothing new, though the mail to Pittsburg and 
by Philadelphia was more sure for the East. This, too, came 
in but once a week. The day this was due, people were seen 
standing in the street looking for " McGill," who, at first, with 



116 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

his mail came on horseback ; afterward, the increased weight 
required a horse for the mail alone, which he led by his 
side. On one occasion the eager expectants looked and 
looked in vain ; a bear had crossed the carrier's path, and 
the frightened mail horse fled to the woods, where, after a 
search of two or three days, he was found. 

In the Erie Gazette for December, 1820, we find the fol- 
lowing, being something new : that a stage for the convey- 
ance of passengers as well as the mail would run regularly 
once a week from Erie to Buffalo and back, after the first of 
January. It would leave Erie every Tuesday, and arrive at 
Buffalo on Thursday ; leave Buffalo on Saturday, and arrive 
at Erie on Monday. The proprietors (Messrs. Bird and 
Deming) did not expect to make money in the business; the 
convenience of the public seemed to require the experiment 
to be made, and if it met with support was to be continued 
and enlarged. 

January 8th, 1824, we find a stage had commenced run- 
ning twice a week between Erie and Cleveland. Arrange- 
ments were also making for carrying the mail twice a week. 

February 10th, 1825, the mail-coach commenced running 
through in a day from tiiis place to Buffalo. This may be 
said to terminate the ancient history of highways and con- 
veyances in Erie County. 

In the Erie Gazette, July, 1826, is an article intended to 
arouse Pennsylvanians to the importance of a canal, and it 
is well adapted to our purpose. It speaks of the wondrous 
improvement in this region in the previous thirty years. 
" Then the site of the village was a wilderness, and the path 
of the Indian the only guide for the daring traveler. Now 
it has upwards of a thousand inhabitants, and roads leading 
to Buffalo, Cleveland, and Pittsburg, three great points of 
intercourse equal to any in the Western part of the Union. 
From these three places we have twenty-seven arrivals of 
stages every week, all of which remain here over night. 
From Buffalo there are fourteen arrivals, from Cleveland 



HISTORY OP EUIE COUNTY. 117 

ten, and from Pittsburg three. Three years ago we had 
three arrivals : once a weeli from Cleveland, in a one-horse 
wagon ; once a week from Buffalo, in a two-horse Avagon ; 
and once from Pittsburg, in a hack. Now there is not a 
vehicle enters our village for the conveyance of travelers 
but post-coaches, wiih teams equal if not superior to any in 
Pennsylvania. 

** In addition to this, three steamboats for the conveyance 
of passengers enter and leave our harbor every week, and in 
a few days there will be five. There are also from two to ten 
schooners which enter and clear our harbor each week. 
What an important point this would be to Pennsylvania, if 
she would do her duty ! This unexampled increase of travel 
and business owes its existence entirely to the New York 
canal. * * * Pennsylvania is waiting for experience. 
She will soon have more of it than she wants in contrasting 
Philadelphia with New York." 

There was much delay in prosecuting the Erie extension 
of the Pennsylvania Canal, for the want of decision as to 
the route ; one of the first efforts at settling the question 
was the appointment, in 1823, of Thomas Forster, of Erie, 
Jas. Herrington, of Crawford, and William Marks, Jr., of 
Alleglieny, commissioners to explore the different routes, 
and report to the Governor. 

In 1825 a survey was made by Major Douglass, of the 
army.* In 18.35 an appropriation of $200,000 was made, 

* The latter part of October, 1825, while the surveyors of the 
canal route were engaged in sounding the lake off the mouth of Elk 
Creek, a melancholy accident occurred. The boat, having in it four 
persons, was much dashed by a fresh breeze, and began to fill. Mr. 
Cranch, a son of Judge Cranch, of the District of Columbia, being an 
expert swimmer, for the purpose of lightening the boat deliberately 
plunged into the lake, having first Avith care placed an elegant gold 
watch, which he highly valued, between his teeth, to prevent its 
being injured by the water. He had reached a few perches from the 
shore when he suddenly sunk. He was immediately taken out, but 
could not be resuscitated. 

11 



118 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

and a loan of $150,000 authorized should the appropriation 
be expended before another could be had. In 1837 the 
Governor borrowed $200,000, at an interest of four and a 
half per cent., authorized by the resolution of 1835. In 
1838 two appropriations were made: January ninth, one of 
$100,000, and April fourteenth, one of $300,000. July 4th, 
1838, the breaking of ground for the canal was united with 
the celebration of American independence. A procession was 
formed under the direction of Captain Dobbins, consisting of 
the orator of the day, (J. H. Walker,) the clergy and commit- 
tee of arrangements, forty or fifty of the earliest settlers with 
plows, wheelbarrows, spades, shovels, etc., and a large con- 
course of citizens. The breaking of ground was by one of 
the pioneers, Captain M. Strong, who had resided in Erie 
County since 1Y95, and who detailed some very interesting 
facts and reminiscences. 

In 1838 the route from Conneaut Lake was not deter- 
mined, the commissioners insisting that the legislature 
decide. Shortly after the western one was chosen. 

The Erie Canal Company was incorporated in 1843, and 
accomplished the work which united the Ohio and the lakes, 
and which had been talked of a quarter of a century. The 
State had expended upon it upwards of $4,000,000, and but 
$211,000 was required to complete the one hundred and 
thirty-six miles, which was the shortest connection that 
could be made between the Ohio and the lake, and which 
opened to the market immense fields of coal of a superior 
quality. 

The stockholders elected for managers of the company 
R. S. Reed, {President,) T. G. Colt, William M. Watts, 
B. B. Yincent, J. A. Tracy, Erie ; M. B. Lowry, Craw- 
ford ; Jas. M. Power, Mercer; C. M. Reed, Treasurer; 
and William Kelley, Secretary. 

December 5th, 1844, the first boats came through to Erie. 
First the R. S. Reed, Captain Drum, laden with Mercer 
County coal ; next the packet boat Queen of the West 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 



119 



Captain Armstrong, her deck and spacious apartments liter- 
ally crowded with a dense mass of human beings, each de- 
sirous of being numbered among the first pioneers by the 
canal to the lake. 

When the Queen entered the harbor, the deep-mouthed 
cannon gave out its thunder tones, and a shout, long, loud, 
and hearty, went up from the multitudes. To W. Milnor 
Roberts, chief engineer, special thanks were due for the 
early completion of the work after its abandonment by the 
State. The Wayne Greys paraded the streets during the 
day, and a ball at the Reed House concluded the celebra- 
tion. 

In December, 1840, two tons of stone coal were brought 
from Evansburg, Crawford County, a distance of forty miles, 
partly by canal, and sold at five and a half dollars per ton, 
at which price it was thought cheaper fuel than wood at one 
dollar per cord. The amount of coal received at Erie by 
canal is as follows : — 



n 1845 15,000 tons. 

1846 27,000 " 

1847 51,000 " 

1848 70,000 " 

1849 79,613 " 

1850 57,741 " 

1851 72,943 " 

1852 76,650 " 



In 1853 123,031 tons. 

" 1854 95,611 " 

" 1855 141,184 " 

" 1856 112,811 " 

" 1857 126,159 " 

" 1858 99,924 " 

" 1859 128,856 " 

" 1860 129,807 " 



The officers of the Canal Company, 1860, are C. M. Reed, 
President; J. C. Marshall, A. Scott, P. Metcalf, D. Mc- 
Allister, J. A. Tracy, J. Hearn, Directors; T). McAllister, 
Treasurer; A. H. Caughey, Secretary; William W. Reed, 
Superintendent. 

Tolls for 1858 $52,968 38 

" " 1859 68,574 65 

" " 1860 104,336 12 

Water rents 975 32 

Total receipts for 1860 $105,311 41 



120 HISTORY OF EblE COUNTY. 

Expenditures for repairs and supervision $45,783 70 

Building a new aqueduct over Walnut Creek 17,039 60 

Salaries of secretary, treasurer, superintendent, 

and collectors 6,370 50 

Incidental expenses, including legal services, 

printing, rent, etc 1,185 38 

Expenditures for 1860 $70,379 18 

By a resolution of the directors, $25,000 was appropri- 
ated to the payment of three per cent, interest on the bonds 
and interest certificates of the company for the year ending 
January 1st, 1861. 

Bxilroads. — In 1831 a railroad convention met at Fre- 
donia, for the purpose of making arrangements for the con- 
struction of a railroad from Buffalo to the State line of 
Pennsylvania. Erie sent C. M. Reed, P. S. Y. Hamot, and 
T. H. Sill, a delegation having been invited. The president 
of the convention was Thomas B. Campbell ; secretaries, 
Oliver Lee and Jas. Mullet. It was understood that their 
road should be met on the part of Pennsylvania. 

In 1835 a railroad from Philadelphia to Erie was first 
talked of ; it was to be laid out by way of Harrisburg, West 
Branch, Clarion River, and Franklin, and it was thought to 
possess the great advantage of not requiring one inclined 
plane. 

A Macadamized road was petitioned for about this time, 
to connect Erie with the National road. 

In 1836 books were opened, and the capital stock sub- 
scribed of the Erie Railroad Company. This was to con- 
nect with the Cassadga Road, a branch of the New York 
and Erie, thirty-five miles in length, extending from the 
mouth of the Creek, three miles from Jamestown, to the 
State line, three miles from Wattsburg. The Erie Railroad 
would have been twenty-three miles in length, but the New 
York and Erie was not completed for many years, and con- 
sequently by that means there could be no connection with 



HISTORY OF EPaE COUNTY. 121 

New York. The Erie and Northeast seemed to meet the 
views better of all parties. 

In 1837 the Sunbury and Erie Railroad bill passed, which 
was to ferm the last link in the chain of improvements 
between Lake Erie and Philadelphia. From Harrisburg to 
Philadelphia was completed ; from Harrisburg to Sunbury was 
incorporated. At Erie and Warren the event was the cause 
of rejoicings, and a new era seemed to dawn on Pennsyl- 
vania. The stock necessary to secure the charter was taken 
by the ITnited States Bank. During the years 1838 and 
1839 a corps of engineers, under Edward Miller, explored 
the country between the points mentioned in the charter. 

The whole distance from Sunbury to Erie is 270 miles ; 
from Erie to Warren, 66 miles ; Warren to Lock Haven, 
186 miles; Lock Haven to Williamsport, 28 miles; Williams- 
port to Sunbury, 40 miles. 

This road is ninety miles less, in distance to the sea-board, 
than the New York and Erie, and the local trade of the 
road it is supposed will maintain it. An unsuccessful effort 
was made in 1852 to have the road terminate at Cleveland. 

In 1854 the City of Philadelphia subscribed $1,000,000, 
and shortly after doubled the subscription. The City of 
Erie subscribed $300,000 and 150 acres in water lots, and 
Erie County $200,000. The State of Pennsylvania conveyed 
her canals to the company for $3,500,000 of Sunbury and 
Erie Railroad bonds. 

December, 1854, the completion of the road to Williams- 
port was celebrated by about five hundred citizens of Phila- 
delphia, including the president of the road, Hon. James 
Cooper, the directors, city councils, etc. The party arrived 
at Erie via Elmira and Niagara, and were hospitably enter- 
tained by the citizens. At a ball and supper given them at 
the Reed House, Hon. James Thompson presided. 

The rails used upon this road are from the Montour and 
Rough and Ready Mills at Danville, Pennsylvania, and the 

11* 



122 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 



Lackawanna Mill at Scranton. Lock Haven is the site of the 
company's workshops. 

The company in 1859 had just one-half of the road (135 
miles) ironed: 81 miles being on the eastern, and 54 on the 
western division. More than half the work on the remain- 
ing 135 miles was finished, and 68 miles actually graded and 
ready for the superstructure. Liddell & Marsh, of the Erie 
City Iron Works, constructed twenty-five or thirty cars for 
the western division. 

A celebration, numerously attended, was held at Warren, 
December, 1859, on the opening of the road to that place. 

The earnings of the road have equaled nearly $3000 
weekly, or six per cent, on the cost of construction. 

The discovery of oil in Northwestern Pennsylvania has 
added materially to the receipts of the Sunbury and Erie 
RoHd, which has been a very great convenience in getting 
the commodity to market. 

Receipts of oil at the Erie station for — 



1859. 

November 21 barrels. 

December 304 " 

1860. 

January 63 

February 115 

March 414 

April 980 

May ..1159 

June 772 



July 1432 barrels. 

August 2341 

September 2227 

October 2775 

November 8069 

December 6431 

1861. 

January 15,092 

February 9421 

March 4383 

April 5521 



A bill supplementary to the act incorporating the Sun- 
bury and Erie Railroad Company was passed in the spring 
of 1861. The first section changes the name of the com- 
pany to the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad Company. 

The second section authorizes the company to issue five 
thousand bonds, not exceeding in amount the aggregate sum 
of one million pounds sterling or five millions United States 
currency. The bonds are to draw six per cent, interest 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 123 

per annum, payable semi-annually, the principal to be paid 
in twenty years. Tlie bonds are not subject to taxa- 
tion, and as security for the payment of principal and inter- 
est the company is authorized to execute in trust a mortgage 
of the whole line of its railroad, finished and unfinished, 
from Sunbury to the harbor of Erie, and its appurtenances, 
including all locomotives and cars which may at anytime be 
placed thereon, together with all its real estate, rights, and 
privileges. The mortgage to be delivered to trustees therein 
named, and recorded in the several counties in which the 
property may be situated, and shall remain the first mort- 
gage on all the property therein described until fully satis- 
fied, excepting the road extending from Sunbury to Williams- 
port, on which a mortgage of one million dollars now exists. 

The third section authorizes the company to issue forty 
.bonds for $100,000 each, payable in forty years from the 
date thereof, bearing six per cent, interest from and after 
1st of January, 1872. A second mortgage on the road to 
be executed to secure the payment of said bonds, which 
bonds and mortgage the company are to deliver to the com- 
missioners of the sinking fund, to be retained as collateral 
security for payment of the five per cent, bonds for $3,500,000 
now in the sinking fund. The Treasurer of the Common- 
wealth shall cancel and surrender all the bonds belonging to 
the company and deposited in his office for safe keeping, 
under the provisions of the act for the sale of the State 
canals. 

Section fourth extends the time for the payment of the 
$3,500,000, now in the sinking fund, till the maturity of the 
$4,000,000, which when paid will be in full satisfaction of 
the said $3,500,000 bonds: provided that the whole amount 
of principal and interest so to be paid by the company shall 
not be less than the debt now owing by the company to the 
State with the stipulated interest thereon till the time of 
payment. 

When this and other railroads in progress are completed, 



124 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

it is expected that Erie will assume her true importance, so 
that the census of 18*70 will find it a flourishing, noisy, and 
ambitious city, rivaling in size and trade the two large cities 
of Cleveland and Buffalo, which have hitherto overshad- 
owed it. 

"Pennsylvania is blest in having three border outlets 
through ports on the three great water ways — the Atlantic 
Ocean, the Ohio River, and the great lakes. Philadelphia, 
Pittsburg, and Erie City are the portals of the Common- 
wealth, all other ways of ingress and egress being only as 
windows in the stately edifice. The public men of an ear- 
lier generation purchased and annexed the Triangle which 
made Erie City a harbor in Pennsylvania, and yet, down to 
this day, there is no direct communication between that lake 
port which was acquired, and the sea port where the State 
was cradled, although a route to the lakes was one of the. 
objects of the acquisition." [The Sunbury and Erie was in- 
corporated for this purpose, and in 1846, in the incorpora- 
tion of the Pennsylvania Central, a branch was authorized 
deflecting to Erie.] "Here we have the proof that in the 
minds of men devoted to the consideration of commercial 
subjects, and to carrying lines, the thought was ever pres- 
ent, that the three custom-house cities should have direct 
and unclogged railroad facilities, uniting each with the other, 
and opening from the interior of the State to its border^ 
cities a cheap and convenient transit." In its unfinished \ 
condition the Sunbury and Erie Railroad is a double failure, ; 
for it fails to pay interest on the bonds held by the State, 
and fails to meet public expectations inasmuch as it is not 
all open for traffic . 

The Erie and Northeast Railroad Company was incor- 
porated April 12th, 1842, with a capital of $5,000,000. 
March 11th, 1846, the capital stock was reduced to $600,000. 
Books for subscription were opened October 19th, 1846, atid 
sufficient stock subscribed to secure the charter. Letters- 
patent on the charter were granted 16th December, 1846. 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 125 

The first election was held January 22d, 1847, and resulted 
in the choice of C. M. Reed, President; William Kelley, 
Henry Cadwell, Smith Jackson, A. W. Brewster, M. Court- 
right, James Williams, Directors; and G. Sanford, Treas- 
urer. 

In the spring of 1849 the road was surveyed under the 
direction of M. Courtright; 26th July, 1849, contracts 
were made for the construction of the road. 

By an agreement entered into, 27th of April, 1850, with 
the Dunkirk and State Line Railroad, the Erie and North- 
east agreed to lay a six-foot track, that the cars of the IS'ew 
York and Erie might run directly to Erie, and this city be 
virtually the terminus of that road. Previously the Dun- 
kirk and State Line Road had adopted the Erie and North- 
east to do their business on the same, and by this arrange- 
ment expected to have an advantage over their great rival, 
the New York Central. 

This led to a warm controversy between the two compa- 
nies, and a parallel road was contemplated, which was the 
Sheridan Road, with a six-foot track, to connect with the 
Erie and Northeast via Westfield and Fredonia, and stock 
sufficient to secure the charter was taken. Finally, a com- 
promise was effected by which it was intended that neither 
company should have the advantage, and a gauge foreign to 
both was adopted, viz., the four foot ten inches, being the 
gauge of the road constructing from Erie west to Cleveland. 

The Erie and Northeast being laid according to agree- 
ment, a six-foot track compelled two changes of all freight 
and travel within nineteen miles, viz., at Erie and at the 
State Line. 

The first cars came in on this road January 10th, 1852. 
The Franklin Canal Company had constructed a railroad to 
the Ohio State line, and a connection through to Cleveland 
was effected in November of the same year. The formal 
opening of this road was Novemher 23d, 1852, when the 
cars left Erie at nine a.m. for Ashtabula, and returned at 



126 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

three o'clock, with their numbers greatly increased. A party 
of three hundred partook of a sumptuous dinner at Brown's. 
Speeches were made by Judge Galbraith, Alfred Kelly, 
William S. Lane, and M. B. Lowry, and a change in the 
gauge law, which law compelled a break at Erie, was 
denounced. 

The Franklin Canal Company was incorporated on the 
27th of April, 1844, for the purpose of reconstructing and 
repairing the Franklin Division of the Pennsylvania Canal 
from the aqueduct on French Creek to the mouth of that 
creek, it having decayed and become dilapidated. On the 
9th of April, 1849, a supplement was passed, authorizing 
the company to construct a railroad instead of repairing the 
canal, the graded line or towing path of the canal to be the 
bed of the road, and giving the company the privilege of 
increasing its stock to $500,000, and extending northward 
to the lake and south to Pittsburg. In the building of this 
road, Judge John Galbraith was the influential manager. 

A few months after the completion of this road, the Penn- 
sylvania gauge law was repealed, and a contract was entered 
into November llth, 1853, between the Buffalo and State 
Line and Erie and Northeast Companies, by which the latter 
agreed to alter their track to one of four foot ten, thereby 
making a continuous gauge from Buffalo to Cleveland. 

The first attempt of the Erie and Northeast Company to 
change their gauge occasioned the contentions of 1853 and 
1854, better known as the " Railroad war." 

The particulars of this severe but bloodless struggle can 
doubtless be more profitably discussed at a future period. 
The citizens of Erie felt highly aggrieved, and not less so 
the railroad company and the traveling community. The 
loss financially to each of these parties was immense. In 
the fierce and prolonged excitement men grew prematurely 
old, and the tax on temper and nerves to all concerned was 
not of small account. In the course of time the courts and 
laws settled the exciting question ; the two breaks between 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 12t 

Buffalo and Cleveland have disappeared, and the city, once 
distracted by civil discord, is again peaceful and prosperous. 

An act of the legislature, passed in January, 1854, an- 
nulled the charter of the Franklin Canal Company, always 
considei'ed doubtful, and invested the Governor with plenary 
power to make such a disposition of the road as in his judg- 
ment would best promote the interests of the State and the 
great objects to be attained. 

The same winter Governor Bigler visited Erie in person, 
and was received with the greatest enthusiasm, being met at 
the depot by the military and firemen with torchlights, and 
a large concourse of citizens. 

In June, 1854, the Franklin Canal Company was dis- 
posed of to the Cleveland, Painesville, and Ashtabula Rail- 
road Company. 

In 1855 an act passed the legislature repealing the char- 
ter of the Erie and Northeast Road, on the ground that it 
did not come to the borough, as stipulated in the act of in- 
corporation. Hon. J. Cassey held it for the State, and 
afterward our late Governor, Wm. F. Packer. 

April 22d, 1856, it was reincorporated by the directors 
subscribing $400,000 to the Pittsburg and Erie Road. 

The earnings of the Cleveland and Erie Railroad for 
1860 amounted to $1,063,405 23; operating expenses, 
$429,758 49. The road has paid during the year, as divi- 
dends, five per cent, in cash January 1st, 18G0; five per 
cent, in scrip January 1st, 1860; and five per cent, in cash 
July 1st, 1860. 

Number of through passengers on the road 162,172 

Number of way passengers....... 88,199 

Total tonnage of freight carried over the road 254,594 tons. 

Merchandise carried over the road 68,815 

Lumber " " " 5,096 

Iron " " " 2,004 

Livestock " " " 74,712 

Flour " " " 198,802 



128 llISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

The Pittsburg and Erie Railroad Company was incorpo- 
rated in 1850. C. M. Reed, President; M. Courtright, 
William Kelley, Jas. Williams, A. W. Brewster, C. Mc- 
Sparren, Jas. C. Marshall, John A. Tracy, P. Metcalf, J. 
McClure, B. B. Yincent, Smith Jackson, Directors; and 
David McAUaster, Secretary. 

This road was made to JamestowB, sixty miles, in 1859, 
and its final completion is soon expected. 

Erie City Railroad Company was ehartered in 1853, to 
extend from the harbor at Presqu'ile to a point on the New 
York and Pennsylvania State line m Northeast, Greenfield, 
or Yenango townships. This, as a communication with 
New York, will have an advantage oier the Dunkirk Road 
of twenty miles. 

The first officers were M. Courtright, President; C. M. 
Reed, J. H. Walker, Jas. Skinner, P. Arbuckle, M. W. 
Caughey, J. C. Spencer, J. W. Hart, J. McClure, William 
M. Arbuckle, J. A. Tracy, William C. Curry, and P. Met- 
calf, Directors; J. C. Spencer, Secretary and Treasurer. 
The road between Little Yalley and Jamestown was put 
under contract in 1852. 

The Erie and Waterford Plank-road was completed 1851 ; 
Irvin Camp, President. The Erie and Wattsburg the same 
year; J. H. Williams, President. The Erie and Edinboro 
Plank-road was completed December, 1852 ; John Galbraith, 
President. 

The plank-roads have all been a benefit to the country and 
to the towns through which they pass. The one connecting 
with Wattsburg has wrought a great change in the aspect 
of the county. It was estimated in the summer of 1859 that 
one hundred cords of hemlock wood were brought in daily, 
besides large quantities of hemlock bark, which was shipped 
for the West. 



HISTORY OF EllIE COUNTY 129 



CHAPTER X. 

Shipijing — The Washington, the Pirst Vessel built on the South Shore 
of the Lake — Hudson's Bay Company — British Government Vessels — 
American Government Vessels — The Salina — Valuable Cargoes — Walk- 
in-the-water — First Lighthouse — William Penn — First Steamer at 
Chicago — ^Cholera — Tonnage and Number of Vessels in 1810-20-31- 
36—47-60 — Lake Disasters — Commerce of Port of Presqu'ile — Vessels 
and Tonnage registered at Presqu'ile in 1860 — United States Steamer 
Michigan — Revenue Cutters. 

Captain William Lee's vessel, (name not known,) pro- 
pelled by sails and oars, was the only one on the south side 
of Lake Erie in 1*795. Captain Lee had no crew, and made 
trips only when he could have "passengers enough able and 
willing to man his boat." He resided at Chippewa, and it 
was in his boat Colonel S. Reed, family, and goods came up 
in the spring of 1795. 

Mr. Colt's journal says : " May 30th, 1798, Mrs. Colt and 
myself took passage at Fort Erie in sloop Weasle, Dennaw, 
master. Set sail about two o'clock p.m. The wind con- 
tinuing from the east, we were under way until about twelve 
at night, and lest we should run past the harbor of Presqu'- 
ile, the vessel was hove to, and lay in that situation until 
six o'clock in the morning of Thursday. 

"31st. — We found ourselves off Chataqua Creek, about 
twenty miles from our desired haven ; at evening arrived in 
the harbor of Presqu'ile. We were much sea-sick during 
the passage." 

In September, 1798, Eliphalet Beebe launched a sloop of 
thirty-six tons at the mouth of Four-mile Ci'eek, (east of 
Erie,) called the sloop Washington. This was probably the 
first vessel built on the south side of the lake. It was built 
for the use of the Population Company, was sold in Novem- 
ber, 1801, to Joshua Fairbanks of Queenston, for land and 

12 



130 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY, 

salt, taken across the portage from Chippewa to Qiieenston, 
and lost on its first trip on Lake Ontario. 

In 1799 Captain William Lee built the Good Intent, 
thirty tons, R. S. Heed part owner, at the mouth of Mill 
Creek. Lost at Port Abino in 1806, with all on board. 

In 1800 Eliphalet Beebe built the Harlequin, which was 
lost her first season, with all on board. 

In 1805 Thos. Wilson built a schooner at Erie, called the 
Mary, of one hundred tons; in 1808 one-half was sold to 
James Rough and George Buehler, and the remainder to 
Porter, Barton & Co. It was sailed by Captain Rough 
until the war, when it was purchased by the United States. 

The Erie Packet, a sloop of twenty tons, was built by 
Captain William Lee, at Fort Erie, in 1196, for the Presqu'ile 
trade — Presqu'ile being the principal settlement at that time. 

In 1803 the Niagara, of thirty tons, was built by the 
United States government, and bought by Porter, Barton 
& Co. Her name was changed to the Nancy ; sailed by 
Captain R. O'Neil. 

In 1802-3 Porter, Barton & Co., contractors for the 
army, built at Black Rock the sloop Contractor, of sixty- 
four tons. Sill, Thompson & Co., at the same place, built 
the Catharine. These were both purchased by government 
in 1812; the name of the former was changed to the Trippe, 
and the latter, to the Somers. 

In 1808 Major Carter built a schooner at Cleveland 
(which was the first built there) of forty-five tons, called the 
Zephyr. She was sailed by Captain Cummings. 

We have alluded, in Chapter II., to the Hudson's Bay 
Company and British vessels on Lake Erie in 1189. The 
Speedwell is heard of at Maiden in 1192, and in 1196 they 
had in commission two armed vessels — the Ottawa, com- 
manded by Captain Cowan, and the Chippewa, by Captain 
Grant, each of about ninety tons. 

In 1804 they built the brig Camden, of one hundred tons 
and six guns; in 1806, the brig Hunter; and in 1801, the 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY, 131 

armed sloop Hope, which was lost near St. Joseph's, on 
Lake Huron. In 1809 the Queen Charlotte was built, and 
in 1810 the armed schooner Lady Prevost. These vessels 
did not belong to the royal navy, but to what was called 
the provincial marine service ; or, as a London newspaper 
stated the matter, (and which was true before 1812,) after 
Commodore Perry's victory: "It may serve to diminish our 
vexation at the occurrence to learn that the Jiotilla in ques. 
tion was not any branch of the British navy, but was solely 
manned, equipped, and managed by the public exertions of 
certain Canadians, who had formed themselves into a kind of 
Lake Fencibles. It was not the royal navy, but a local 
force — a kind of mercantile military." A fictitious conso- 
lation, truly! Commodore Barclay, Captain Finnis, etc., 
were not distinguished from "mercantile military," in the 
editor's mind. 

As to the vessels of the American government, at the 
time General Wayne took possession of Detroit, in 1*796, 
the quartermaster purchased from a merchant the sloop De- 
troit, of fifty tons, for the use of the government. It was the 
same vessel that conveyed General Wayne to Erie previous 
to his decease. She was wrecked the next fall, near Erie. 

The Wilkinson, of sixty-seven tons, is heard of in 1801. 

In 1802 the government built two vessels at Detroit — the 
brig Adams, of one hundred tons, sailed by Captain Bree- 
voort, and the schooner Tracy, of fifty-three tons — the lat- 
ter was wrecked about 1809, on the reef off Fort Erie. 
The Adams continued in commission until the war of 1812, 
and was taken by the British at the surrender of General 
Hull, and called the Detroit. She was one of the vessels 
cut out from Fort Erie, by Captain Elliot, on the night of 
the 8th of October, 1812. 

The British had in the merchant service, at an early day, 
the sloop Nancy, thirty-eight tons; the schooner Nancy, 
ninety-four tons ; the Charlotte, eighty tons ; the Caledonia, 
a brig of eighty-five tons; the sloop Hunter, of forty tons; 
and schooner Thames, of eighty tons. 



132 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

In 1809 Mr. E,. S. Reed and Captain Dobbins purchased 
a sehooner called the Charlotte, of ninety tons, from Alex. 
Mcintosh, of Moy, Canada. Her name was changed to 
Salina, and Captain D. sailed her until 1812. Being at 
Mackinaw at its capture, this vessel was also taken by the 
British, and its Captain, crew, and Messrs. R. S. and Wm. W. 
Reed made prisoners. She was converted into a cartel, and 
sent down, in company with the Mary, with provisions to De- 
troit. At Detroit General Hull took her from Captain Dob- 
bins, and she was included in the general surrender by him 
to the British. Here Captain D. left her and returned to 
Erie. While the Detroit and other vessels were building, 
the British made use of the Salina to transport provisions 
and stores from different parts of the lake. At last she was 
frozen up in the ice near Maiden, in December, 1812, and 
being abandoned, drifted down the lake, inclosed in ice ; was 
discovered opposite Erie, and, after having property taken 
from her by the citizens to the amount of about $2000, was 
set on fire. 

In 1811 the Salina had a remarkable cargo for value,* 
which consisted of $120,000 worth of furs, at the Mackinaw 
valuation — at Montreal their worth would be doubled. The 
agent of the Northwest Company, to whom the furs belonged, 
was on board, and the furs were stowed upon deck as well 
as below. 

The schooner Mariner, Captain Blake, August, 1825, 
landed a cargo at Buffalo still more valuable — that of furs 
belonging to the American Fur Company worth $267,000. 
Usually the finer furs were conveyed to Montreal by an inland 
route. From Mackinaw they were taken to the mouth of 
Canadian River, which communicated by portage with Grand 

* A modei'ii costly cargo: "May 21st, 1861. The steamer Illinois 
arrived at Detroit, yesterday, from Lake Superior, with a cargo 
second in value only to that brought by the Mineral Rock, which 
arrived the day previous. The Illinois cargo was composed entirely 
of copper, and was valued at $101,452 80." 



HISTORY or ERIE COUNTY. 133 

River, and thence down to the St. Lawrence in bark canoes. 
The skins and coarser portions were taken in vessels to Fort 
Erie, and by boats to Chippewa; across the portage to 
Queenston, and by vessels to Kingston ; thence down the St. 
Lawrence in boats. 

May 28th, 1818, the first steamboat on Lake Erie was 
launched at Black Rock. This was the Walk-in-the-water, 
of three hundred tons, and commanded by Captain Job Fish. 
She was not able to ascend the rapids with her engine, but 
was drawn up by ten yoke of oxen. She was built by Noah 
Brown, of New York, for Gilbert and J. B. Stewart, of 
Albany, and was visited as a curiosity by the whole country. 

In the Detroit Go^zette we find an account of her first pas- 
sage to that city. "The Walk-in-the-water left Buffalo at 
one and a half p.m. and arrived at Dunkirk thirty-five min- 
utes past six on the same day. On the following morning 
she arrived at Erie — Captain Fish having reduced her steam 
in order not to pass that place, where he took in a supply of 
wood." [The boat was visited by all the inhabitants during 
the day, and had the misfortune to get aground for a short 
time in the bay, a little west of French Street.] "At half-past 
seven p.m. she left Erie, and arrived at Cleveland at eleven 
o'clock, Tuesday; at twenty minutes past six p.m. sailed, 
and reached Sandusky Bay at one o'clock on Wednesday; 
lay at anchor during the night, and then proceeded to 
Venice for wood ; left Venice at three p.m., and arrived at the 
mouth of Detroit River, where she anchored during the night. 

" The whole time of this first voyage from Buffalo to De- 
troit occupied forty-four hours and ten minutes — the wind 
ahead during the whole passage. Not the slightest accident 
happened during the voyage, and her machinery worked 
admirably. 

"Nothing could exceed the surprise of the 'sons of the 
forest' ou seeing the Walk-in-the-water move majestically 
and rapidly against wind and current, without sails or oars. 
Above Maiden they lined the shores and expressed their 

12* 



134 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

astonishment by repeated shouts of 'Taiyoh nichee!' [An 
exclamation of surprise.] 

"A report had been circulated among them that a 'big 
canoe' would soon come from the 'noisy waters,' which, by 
order of the 'great father' of the ' Chemo Komods,' (Long 
Knives or Yankees,) would be drawn through the lakes and 
rivers by a sturgeon. Of the truth of the report they were 
perfectly satisfied." 

The cabins of the Walk-in-the-water were fitted up in a 
neat, convenient, and elegant style ; and a trip to Buffalo was 
considered not only tolerable, but truly pleasant. Friday she 
made an excursion to Lake St. Clair, with a party of ladies 
and gentlemen, and returned to Buffalo in time to be again 
at Detroit the following week. 

Tradition has it that Captain Fish was not particularly 
pleased with the lake, and returned in a short time to his 
former command on the Hudson — the Firefly, running be- 
tween Poughkeepsie and New York ; that the pilot Davis 
being a thorough and accomplished seaman, (which Captain 
r. did not profess to be,) amused himself by exciting his 
fears and magnifying the dangers of lake navigation. The 
pilot had the command previous to the appointment of 
Captain Jedediah Rodgers. 

The 1st of November, 1821, the Walk-in-the-water stranded 
on the beach at Buffalo, having a full and valuable cargo, 
at a loss to her owners of $10,000 or $12,000. Her en- 
gine was placed in the Superior, which was built by a 
chartered company, and had an exclusive privilege in the 
navigable waters of New York. This privilege was aban- 
doned after a decision of the Supreme Court of the U. States. 

The first lighthouse on the great lakes was built at Erie 
in 1818. By an act passed April 2d, 1811, "the occupancy 
and use of certain lands near Presqu'ile, not less than two 
or more than four acres, are ceded to the United States, for 
the purpose of erecting a lighthouse." The Presqu'ile light 
was rebuilt in 185T. The present structure cost the govern- 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 135 

ment $9000, being supplied with lenses of a French patent, 
to magnify the light, which alone cost $4400. Its height is 
one hundred and thirty feet above the surface of the lake, 
and it is considered a superior light. Though a new build- 
ing, it is full of breaks from the foundation, in consequence 
of a serious oversight on the part of the builder or archi- 
tect, and will probably soon need to be replaced. 

The first steamboat launched at Erie was the William Fenn, 
of two hundred tons, May 18th, 1826. She was ninety-five 
feet keel, twenty-five feet beam, and eight feet hold ; being the 
sixth steamboat on the lake, and was built by the Erie and 
Chataqua Steamboat Company. The company was incor- 
porated the 10th of April, 1826, with Walter Smith, E. L. 
Tinker, Charles Townsend, K S. Reed, F. S. Y. Hamot, 
Josiah Kellogg, John F. Wight, Daniel Dobbins, and Feter 
Christie, Managers. A supplement in 1831 provided that 
the principal offices should be held by citizens of Fennsyl- 
vania. In 1832 the company paid a dividend of ten dollars 
on each share of the stock. 

In 1832 the first steamboat visited Chicago. There were 
few traces of civilization after passing the Straits of Mack- 
inaw — not a single village, town, or city being in the whole 
distance. Four steamers — the Henry Clay, Superior, Shel- 
don Thompson, and William Fenn — were chartered by the 
United States government for the purpose of transporting 
troops, provisions, etc. to Chicago during the Black Hawk 
war, but owing to the fearful ravages macle by the breaking 
out of the Asiatic cholera among the troops and crews on 
board, two of these boats were compelled to abandon their 
voyage, proceeding no farther than Fort Gratiot. On the 
Henry Clay nothing like discipline could be maintained. As 
soon as the steamer came to the dock, each man sprang on 
shore, hoping to escape from a scene so terrifying and appall- 
ing. Some fled to the woods, some to the fields, while others 
lay down in the streets, and under the covert of the river 
bank, where most of them died unwept and alone. 



136 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

On the Sheldon Thompson, commanded by Captain A. 
Walker, with General Scott aboard, eighty- eight deaths oc- 
curred by the pestilence. Not one officer of the army nor 
any officer of the boat was attacked with such violence as to 
result in death, though nearly one-fourth of the crew fell a 
prey to the disease while on the passage from Detroit to 
Buffalo. 

In 1810, on Lake Erie, there were 8 or 9 vessels, averag- 
ing 60 tons. In 1820, 30 vessels of 50 tons each, and 1 
small steamboat. In the summer of 1831 there were 100 ves- 
sels averaging 70 tons each, and 11 steamboats, with an aggre- 
gate capacity of 2260 tons. In 1836 there were owned on 
Lake Erie, 45 steamboats, with 9119 tons, and 217 ships, 
brigs, and schooners, of 16,645 tons; this year many from 
Lake Ontario found employment on Lake Erie, and still there 
was a demand for more. In 1847 there were 67 steamers, 
26 propellers, 3 barks, 64 brigs, and 340 schooners. 

The marine register for 1860, including Lake Ontario, 
numbers : — 

Craft. No. Tonnage. Value. 

Steamers 138 69,150 $2,720,200 

Propellers 197 61.550 2,478,300 

Barks 58 28,417 544,200 

Brigs 90 25,047 428,200 

Schooners and Sloops 974 198,661 4,489,300 

Total 1457 377,825 $10,655,200 

The loss of property on the lakes, by disasters, in 1860 
amounted to $1,020,100, being an increase of $135,915 over 
the year previous. The loss of life in 1860 was 578, being 
an increase of 473 over 1859. 

At the port of Presqu'ile the importations for 1851, con- 
sisting principally of assorted merchandise, flour, fish, and 
manufactures of iron, amounted to 

Imports coastwise $1,979,913 

*' foreign 3,455 

Total importation $1,983,368 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 



137 



The exports consist of wool, lumber, wood, bark, glass, 
stoves, bar-iron, coal, and merchandise received by canal, 
with a small quantity of grain, the whole amounting to the 
following aggregate : — 

Exports coastwise $2,207,582 

" foreign 15,415 

Total exportation $2,222,997 

The entire commerce of the port amounts to a total value 
of $4,206,483. 

The licensed and enrolled tonnage amounts to 1882 tons. 

TONNAGE OF SHIPPING OWNED AT THE PORT OF 
PRESQU'ILE IN THE SPRING OF 1860. 



CLASS OF VESSELS. 



STEAMBOATS. 

John B. White (tug) , 

Queen City 

S.C.Brooks 

Kej'stone State , 

Total Steamboat Tonnage 

SAIL VESSELS. 

Sch. Post Boy 

Sch. Silas Wright (scow) 

Sch. North Carolina 

Sch. Susquehanna 

Sch. Huntress 

Sch. L. D. Coman 

Sch. Mary M.Scott 

Sch. Mary Morton 

Sch. Hut^on 



1 


1 


39 


79 


906 




62 


62 


1354 


09 


2362 


55 


9.5 


24 


70 


02 


141 


71 


270 


86| 


S.W 


88 


178 


62' 


.Sfil 


02 


246 


48 


136 


08 


1850 


91 



CLASS OF VESSELS. 



Brought up , 

Sch. Arrow 

Bark American Republic. , 

Sch. Armada 

Brig Paragon 

Sch. M. Comtright 

Sch. Illinois 

Sch. St. James 

Sch. St. Paul 

Sch. Pacific 

*Sch. W. A.Adair 

Sch.E. C. Williams 

Sch. Columbia 

Sch. St. Andrew 

Sch. W. M. Arbuckle 

fSch. Washington Irving., 

Sch. M. G. (scow) 

Sch. Citizen 



Total Tonnage sail vessels 5656 

Total Tonnage 8018 



1S50 
281 
459 
235 
212 
389 
110 
286 
303 
186 

81 
156 
1P5 
444 
170 
111 

60 
149 



November Tth, 1843, the United States steamer Michigan, 
of five hundred and thirty-eight tons, was launched ; her ton- 



* Schooner W. A. Ad'iir sprang a leak on Lake Erie, ran ashore 
at Dunkirk, and was a total loss. Her cargo was coal. 

f The Washington Irving, Captain Vannatta, left Erie for Buffalo, 
July 7th, and it is supposed foundered, as she was never again heard 
from. She had seven persons on board, and was heavily laden with 
coal, iron, oil, etc. 



138 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

nage and force being regulated by treaty with England. She 
was finished and accepted by government, 15th of August, 
1844; built entirely of iron, excepting the spar deck, which 
is of three-and-a-half inch pine plank; draws eight feet when 
ready for a cruise. She is pierced for twelve guns, (32- 
pounders,) which, with two 68-pounder Paixhan guns on 
pivots, upon the quarterdeck and forecastle, makes her 
broadside equal to that of a vessel mounting sixteen guns. 
Her engines, two inclined low-pressure ones, of the col- 
lective power of one hundred and seventy horses, were de- 
signed by Charles M. Copeland, United States engineer, and 
are very similar to those of the Harriet Lane. The con- 
tractors were Messrs. Stackhouse and Tomlinson, of Pitts- 
burg, and the naval constructor Samuel T. Hart. Her first 
officers were: Commander, William Inman; First Lieuten- 
ant, Jas. McKinstry; Second Lieutenant, Jas. McDougal; 
Purser, William A. Bloodgood; Chief Engineer, Andrew 
Hibbard. 

In 1860 the Michigan was supplied with two new boilers 
of the Martin vertical-tubular description, and her machinery 
thoroughly repaired under the supervision of chief engineer 
Zeller. 

A commission was appointed by the Secretary of the 
Navy to test, upon a large scale, the advantage or disad- 
vantage of using steam expansively. This was in conse- 
quence of experiments having been made upon a single 
horse engine by Mr. Isherwood, and resulted in the decision 
that no economy followed the use of expanded steam. A 
petition was sent to Honorable Secretary Toucey, requesting 
the government to have the experiment tested upon a larger 
scale. With commendable alacrity a board was appointed 
composed of B. F. Isherwood, Theo. Zeller, Robert H. 
Long, and Allen C. Stimer, chief engineers in the naval 
corps, and Captain Joseph Lanman, executive officer of the 
steamer Michigan. The steamer Michigan, being in winter 
quarters at Erie, was placed at their disposal. 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 139 

Erie lias always been the station for the revenue cutters. 
In March, 1833, one was launched of sixty-two tons; the 
Collector gave it the name of Lewis McLane, but the Sec- 
retary changed it to Erie. The Benjamin Rush was launched 
September, 1828, of thirty-five tons, being intended for the 
Upper Lakes. 

Six revenue cutters were built in 185t, being one for each 
of the lakes; the Jeremiah Black, of Lake Erie, is com- 
manded by Captain Ottinger. 



CHAPTER XL 



Banks — Gas Company — Insurance — Fire Companies — Volunteer Military 
— Agriculture — Mutual Aid — Cemeteries — Moral, Benevolent, and Lit- 
erary Societies. 

Banks. — The act incorporating the Erie Bank passed in 

1829. The first officers were R. S. Reed, President ; P. S. 
V. Hamot, Cashier; J. A. Tracy, C. M. Reed, Samuel 
Brown, William Fleming, Thomas Moorhead, Jr., E. D. 
Gunnison, and D. Gillespie, Directors. The capital stock 
was not to exceed $200,000, and it commenced business with 
$50,000. In their statement made to the Legislature in 

1830, the capital of the bank amounted to $20,020; notes 
in circulation, $33,055 ; specie, $9393 18. 

The Brie Bank suspended specie payment in May, 1848, 
bnt the bill-holders met with no loss, if we except a small 
discount on the notes. 

A statement was made by C. McSparren, the cashier, in 
1854, under oath, "that there are not to exceed $57,000 of 
the bills of the Erie Bank outstanding, and probably consid- 
erably less, as the bills are redeemed at its counter, and at 
the office of C. M. Roed, in Buffalo ; and further, that 
General Reed holds himself individually responsible for the 
redemption of all outstanding issues of the bank." 



140 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

The United States Bank established a branch at Erie in 
1831, to be discontinued in 1850. The first oificers were 
T. H. Sill, President; Josiah Kellogg, C. M. Reed, Wm. 
Kelley, G. A. Elliot, Samuel Hays, William Fleming, J. Gr. 
Williams, H. J. Huidekoper, Directors; Peter Benson, 
Cashier. When the parent institution at Philadelphia failed, 
in 1840, William C. Curry was appointed to settle the 
affairs of the branch in Erie. 

The fine building erected for its use, at a very great 
expense, was purchased by government in 1849 for $29,000. 
The banking-house, which is faced with marble, and has steps 
of the same material, is occupied by the custom-house and 
post-office. The Cashier's house was afterward sold for 



The Erie City Bank was incorporated in 1853, with a 
capital of $200,000. The first officers were Smith Jackson, 
President; C. M. Tibbals, W. A. Brown, D. S. Clark, C. 
Seigel, John Brawley, Jas. Webster, J. H. Eullerton, Ira 
Sherwin, M.D., J. D. Clark, Charles Brandes, J. C. Beebe, 
Directors; J. P. Sherwin, Cashier; Brua Cameron, Book- 
keeper ; S. E. Neiler, Teller. Suspended, 1851. 

Bank of Commerce (Erie City Bank revived) commenced 
business in April, 1858. Directors — B. Grant, President; 
G. J. Ball, Cashier; C. B. Wright, Vice-President; W. R 
Rindernicht, Jas. Hoskinson, B. F. Sloan, Chas. Metcalf, 
A. W. Blaine, G. F. King, J. W. Douglass; A. W. Guild, 
Teller. Suspended December, 1860. 

The Erie Gas Company was chartered March 5th, 1852, 
with a capital of $60,000. This was to be divided into 
twelve hundred shares of $50 each. The Board of Direct- 
ors have the privilege of increasing the capital from time to 
time, as they may deem necessary, to $100,000. 

The company purchased ten lots for $10,000, and ex- 
pended $50,000 on buildings; the gas-holder is forty-five 
feet in diameter and eighteen feet deep, and capable of hold- 
ing thirty thousand cubic feet. Pipe the length of three 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 141 

and a half miles was laid in the streets; when it was first 
used, August 22d, 1853, it was lighted by thirty-one con- 
sumers; at the end of the year, by one hundred and fifty, 
comprising six hundred burners. 

Mr. Merideth superintended the construction of the works, 
and Mr. P. Metcalf, who was the heaviest stockholder, con- 
tributed materially to the success of the enterprise. 

Insurance. — In 1839 the County Mutual Insurance Com- 
pany was incorporated, (the business to be transacted at 
Erie,) with the following names, and those of any other per- 
sons that might hereafter associate with them in the manner 
afterward prescribed : John A. Tracy, William Kelley, Peter 
Pierce, J, W. Hitchcock, James Williams, Smith Jackson, 
Samuel Low, Conrad Brown, Jr., B. B. Yincent, Bester 
Town, Jabez Wight, David G. Webber, and Stephen Skinner. 

The Parmers' Mutual Insurance Company of Harbor 
Creek was incorporated 1857, with the following ofiieers: 
John Dodge, President; Peter E. Burton, Yice-President ; 
Henry Gingrich, Treasurer ; Robert Henry, Secretary ; John 
Dodge, J. Y. Moorhead, John W. McLane, Calvin Leet, Gr. 
H. Wagoner, Jesse Saltsman, Robert Sewall, G. J. Ball, 
Thomas McKee, S. M. Brown, Henry Gingrich, Martin 
Warfel, and P. E. Burton, Directors. 

Fire. — Active Fire Company, formed 22d February, 1826. 
R. S. Reed, Chief Engineer; E. D. Gunnison, Secretary; 
John Riddel, Treasurer. 

Red Jacket, No. 1, was formed in 183Y. 

Perry and Eagle Fire Companies formed in 1839. 

Mechanics' Fire Company, No. 3, E. B. S. Landon, Sec- 
retary, formed in 1844. 

Yulcan, 1848. 

PhcBuix Hook and Ladder Company, 1852. 

The Parade Street Fire Company was organized in Feb- 
ruary, 1861, in Cloughsburg. The councils entrusted to 
them the engine Pennsylvania. 

Officers of the Fire Department in 1859 — William Mur- 
13 



142 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

ray, Chief Engineer; A. E. Yale, First Assistant; Robert 
T. Shank, Second Assistant; Richard Dudley, President; 
John Constable, Jr., Yice-President ; E. D. Hulbert, Sec- 
retary ; C A. Bennet, Water Commissioner. 

Military Companies. — The first military company formed 
in Erie was the "Erie Light Infantry," in 1806; the names 
of the ofiBcers and privates were as follows : — 

Officers — -Captain, Thomas Foi"ster; Lieutenant, Thomas 
Rees ; Ensign, Thomas Stewart ; Sergeant, Thomas Wil- 
kins ; Second Sergeant, John Hay ; Fifer, Rufus Clough ; 
Drummer, J. Glazier. 

Privates — Archibald McSparren, Simeon Dunn, Adam 
Arbuckle, George Kelley, John Sloan, William Murray, 
Jonas Duncan, John Woodside, William Duncan, George 
Slough, John Eakens, George Russel, (died in 1813,) John 
Lapsley, Peter Grawosz, Jacob Carmack, William Hender- 
son, Robert Irwin, Ebenezer Dwinnel, John Bell, Robert 
McDonnel, Samuel Hays, Thomas Laird, Thomas Hughes, 
Robert Brown, John Morris, George Buehler, William Lat- 
timore, James Herron, Stephen Woolverton, Francis Scott, 
Thomas Yance. 

This company tendered its services to the President, in 
the war of 1812, and was accepted. The brigade rendez- 
voused at the Flats, near Waterford, and chose Adamson 
Tannehill, of Pittsburg, Brigadier-General. At Buffalo, 
where they were ordered. Captain Forster was made Brigade 
Inspector, and Jas. E. Herron chosen Captain. 

This brigade of Pennsylvania volunteers was at Buffalo 
during the winter of 1812-13, being the year before Buffalo 
was burnt. Many of the volunteers deserted — sometimes by 
whole companies. This was not true in a single instance 
with the Erie Light Infantry. 

In 1808 the Presqu'ile Rangers were in existence. Wm. 
Moore, Orderly Sergeant. 

Erie Greens were organized in 1821. 

The Washington Artillery, in 1824. 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 143 

Erie Guards, in 1825. Thomas Forster, Jr., Captain. 

An Artillery company, in 1831. C. G. Howell, Captain. 

Cavalry, 1836. F. Strong, Orderly Sergeant. 

About 1841 two spirited German companies were formed : 
German Guards, Captain Dutlinger, and the Washington 
Guards, Captain Erhart. 

In 1842 the Wayne Greys were organized. John W. 
McLane, Captain ; William Curran, Orderly Sergeant. 

In June, 1846, the Wayne Greys held a meeting, Lieu- 
tenant John Graham in the chair, and in consideration of a 
proclamation of the Governor relative to the war with 
Mexico, requesting all citizens, especially those having in 
their possession public arms, to hold themselves in readi- 
ness to respond to the call of the Executive of the Union 
at a moment's warning, resolved to have themselves in 
readiness for any order from the Governor of the State for 
their services, and also to appoint a committee of four to 
procure an armorer, to put all the arms and accoutrements 
of the company in complete order immediately. 

Franklin Pierce Rifle Company was organized in 1858. 

The Wayne Guards in 1859; John W. McLane, Captain. 

The Fairview Guards in 1858; T. Beckman, Captain. 

Girard Guai'ds, 1860; commanded by D. W. Hutchinson. 

Erie Perry Artillery Company, Gustavus Jarecki, Captain, 
organized in 1859. 

An agreeable incident in the history of the Wayne Guards 
occurred in Cleveland at the dedication of the Perry Monu- 
ment, September 10th, 1860. After the historical address 
by the Hon. Geo. Bancroft, the Wayne Guards were drawn 
up in front of the stand, and, in behalf of the company, 
Captain McLane presented Mr. Bancroft with a beautiful 
cane. The presentation was made with a few remarks in 
very good taste. Captain McLane said the cane was made 
of wood from Commodore Perry's flag-ship, the Lawrence. 
The Wayne Guards, he said, were proud to honor the hero, 



144 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

and the historian whose graceful pen preserved untarnished 
the luster of the heroic deeds of 1813. 

Mr. Bancroft accepted the gift in a few felicitous remarks. 
He was happy to receive the memento from the Guards, and 
particularly as they bore the name of one ever to be revered, 
brave in battle, correct and kind in private life. He should 
keep the cane while he lived, and bequeath it to his son 
with an injunction to cherish it, and remember that it came 
to him with the benediction of the Guards. It would com- 
fort the few years of old age yet left to him. 

The whole transaction passed otf very pleasantly, and at 
the close of Mr. Bancroft's remarks he was greeted by cheers, 
which were repeated for the Wayne Guards. 

The gold head of the cane was the work of Mr. T. M. Aus- 
tin, of Erie, and cost one hundred dollars, and was beauti- 
fully wrought. On one side was engraved, " September 10th, 
1813. We have met the enemy and they are ours." On 
the other, "Wayne Guards of Erie to Honorable George 
Bancroft, at the inauguration of the Perry Statue, Septem- 
ber 10th, 1860. 'Perry's fleet was built at, sailed from, and 
returned to Erie.' American patriotism embalms the memo- 
ries of its heroes." 

In November, the Guards had the pleasure of receiving 
from Mr. Bancroft eight volumes of his History of the 
United States, superbly bound in Turkey morocco and gilt, 
accompanied by the following note : — 

"New York, October, 1860. 
"Captain John McLane, and the Wayne Guards of Erie: — 

" Dear Sirs : — The very great pleasure and enduring satis- 
faction which I derived from my friendly interview with you 
at Cleveland, excites in me a strong desire to secure a per- 
manent place in your memory. For that purpose, I beg 
your acceptance of the volumes which accompany this note. 
Accept, also, I entreat you, very sincere assurances of grate- 
ful and affectionate regard from 

"Your friend, 

"George Bancroft." 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 145 

AgriciiUiire, etc. — In 1820 a Mechanical Association was 
formed, S. Ball, Secretary, the object of which was to im- 
prove the condition of mechanics. 

In 1822 an Agricultural and Mechanical Society was 
organized, which held one or two fairs or exhibitions. The 
first officers were Judah Colt, President. Charles J. Reed, 
Treasurer. G. Sanford, Secretary. John Yincent, Water- 
ford ; R. S. Reed, Erie ; William Miles, Union ; Martin 
Strong, McKean ; Benjamin Russel, Mill Creek ; Elisha 
Marvin, Greenfield; Moses Barnet, Fairview; John McCord, 
Northeast ; Simeon Leet, Harbor Creek ; and Mathias Brin- 
dle, Springfield, Directors. 

The members contributed one dollar each, and the county 
fifty dollars; seventy-eight dollars were paid out in pre- 
miums, which were awarded for farming commodities and 
domestic manufactures. The highest premium was eight 
dollars, which was oifered for the best two acres of wheat. 
In the words of the Gazette, "the exhibition of stock was 
large, and we can safely say was not surpassed in quality 
at any exhibition in the State. But few articles of domestic 
manufacture were offered, but these were worthy of notice." 

The Mill Creek and Erie Agricultural and Manufacturing 
Association was formed in April, 1842, Robert Cochran, 
Secretary. 

The Agricultural Society, still in existence, was next 
formed, in 1848, John Brawley, President; J. C. Spencer, 
Treasurer; and J. D, Dunlap, Secretary, The first fair 
was held at the market-house, and one hundred and fifty 
dollars offered in premiums. These were increased every 
year. A flag was offered to the town entitled to the largest 
number of premiums, which was found to be Harbor Creek. 
Next, an agricultural library was offered on the same con- 
ditions, and Harbor Creek again claimed the prize, but gen- 
erously donated the books to the County Society, 

In 1860 this society was merged into a joint stock associ- 
ation, chartered by the Court of Common Pleas, styled the 

13* 



146 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

Erie County Agricultural Society for the promotion of 
agriculture, manufactures, fine and useful arts, with five 
thousand dollars capital, to be afterward increased as the 
society should determine. The capital stock to be repre- 
sented by shares of ten dollars each. The first stock to be 
invested in the purchase and improvement of thirty acres of 
ground. The land purchased was in East Mill Creek, being 
a part of the farm of Mr. Ebersole. A building designed 
to be a wing of the main building was completed in 1860. 
When the first fair was held, three hundred and fifty-five 
dollars was awarded in premiums. 

Honorable Jas. Miles, in 1855, made an offer of two hun- 
dred acres of land, situated in Girard township, to the State 
Agricultural Society, provided that organization locate an 
agricultural college on said land. To this was added an 
offer to sell land adjoining at a reasonable rate if required. 

The High School was located in Centre County, and in 
1858 the Agricultural Society of the county voted one thou- 
sand dollars to its support. 

The Union Agricultural Society of Girard adopted its 
constitution July 15th, 1856, and at its first fair in Septem- 
ber offered one hundred and seventy dollars in premiums. 
This society was intended as an auxiliary and not a rival of 
the Erie County Society, and was instituted in view of the 
distance of the western and southwestern townships from 
Erie. At the sixth annual meeting the following officers 
were chosen: P. Osborne, President; William Cross, J. W. 
Blair, J. Robertson, W. W. Eaton, William Holliday, C. 
Bowman, A. Prances, S. Washburn, C. Leet, A. Nicholson, 
Vice-Presidents; H. Ball, Treasurer; J. McClure, Record- 
ing Secretary; H. Hart, Corresponding Secretary. 

The Wattsburg Agricultural Society was formed in 1856. 

Masons.' — Wayne Lodge, No. 112, was instituted in 1813. 
G. Sanford, Master; T. Rees and Dr. J. C. Wallace, War- 
dens; R. S. Reed, Treasurer. 

Presqu'ile Lodge was organized in 1852. H. Pelton,W. M. 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 141 

Dr. William F. Owen, of Spring, in February, 1861, was 
appointed D. D. G. H. P. for the Counties of Erie and 
Crawford. 

Presqu'ile Lodge, (Odd Fellows,) No. lOY. In 1859, 
the officers were William Mallory, N. G.; John Graham, 
Y, G.; John Sweeney, Recording Secretary; G. A. Bennet, 
Financial Secretary; John Abell, Treasurer. 

Philallelia Lodge, No. 299. Otis N. Gray, K G.; A. 
T. Thomas, Y. G.; A. M. Tarbell, Secretary; A. M. Guild, 
Treasurer. 

Officers of the German Beneficial Society, in 1859, were 
A. T. Fiesler, President ; F. Fiesler, Yice-President ; Michael 
Koch, First Secretary; and F. M. Wagner, Treasurer. 

Erie Temple of Honor, No. 5, a Temperance Associa- 
tion, was instituted in 1854, Wm. A. Galbraith, Esq., be- 
ing the first W. C. T. It was reorganized in 1859 as No. 9. 
The present officers are A. H. Caughey, D. G. W. T.; James 
Lytle, W. C. T.; E. P. Bennett, W. Y. T. and W. R.; 
John Fairburn, W. F. R. A Lodge of the Good Temp- 
lars, which had been in prosperous operation for two or 
three years, was merged into the Temple of Honor at its 
reorganization in 1859. 

Exodus Lodge, No. 343, I. 0. of G. T.; Edgar Olin, 
Deg. Mast.; in existence at Girard in 1855. 

Constellation Lodge, No. 210, I. 0. of G. T., at Spring- 
field. 

In 1846 the Society of Odd Fellows, still in existence, 
was organized in Waterford ; were also at one time a Temple 
of Honor, Sons of Temperance, and Good Templars. 

Northeast Odd Fellows' Lodge, No. 412, established in 
1850. Number of members, 92; of P. G., 11. 

Albion Lodge, No. 3t6, I. 0. 0. F., probably about the 
same time. 

The St. George's Benevolent Society of Erie has- for its 
object chai'ity to its sick members. Officers in ]861 — Jacob 
Boty, President; J. Singer, Yice-President; M. Knoll, First 



148 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

Secretary; P. Roctienwald, Second Secretary; P. Schotten, 
Treasurer. 

Cemeteries. — On the 6th of July, 1801, a number of per- 
sons collected at Greenfield to cut and clear off about an 
acre of ground for a burying-place. These were Enoch 
Marvin, Joseph Shadack and family, Henry and Dyer 
Loomis, Samuel, Hezekiah, and Philo Barker, Wm. Scott, 
Israel Wanever, James Heaton, Stephen Hazelton, Joseph 

Webster, Thomas Prentice, Dagget, and one or two 

others. 

In 1805 the lots on Eighth Street, known as the old bury- 
ing-ground, were set apart for that purpose. The Trustees 
of the U. Presbyterian congregation, a few years since, paid 
the purchase money due the State for them, and after re- 
moving the bodies to the new city cemetery, disposed of the 
ground to purchasers. At an early day we observe an 
Obituary Association, P. S. Y. Hamot, Secretary, in exist- 
ence, which probably managed its affairs. Previous to 1805 
all interments were made on the bank of the lake, east of 
the town, where also were buried many of the soldiei's of 
1812. 

About 1826 the Presbyterian Society purchased four lots 
on Seventh and Myrtle Streets, for burial purposes. After 
the Erie Cemetery was opened in 1851, the graves were 
removed from this, and, by an act, the trustees of the First 
Presbyterian Church disposed of the property. 

The Episcopalians, Roman Catholics, and Lutherans also 
had separate grounds. 

The Erie Cemetery was incorporated in 1850, and is hand- 
somely situated south of the city. It embraces seventy acres 
beautifully planned and ornamented with trees, shrubs, and 
flowers, and also contains at this time many fine monuments. 
The first Corporators were C. M. Reed, William Himrod, 
G. A. Elliot, William Kelley, A. W. Brewster, J. Galbraith, 
and E. Babbitt. G. A. Elliot was chosen President; J. C. 
Spencer, Treasurer; and Wm. A. Brown, Secretary. Mr. 



HISTORY or ERIE COUNTY. 149 

Brewster, who was in perfect health at the time he was made 
corporator, was the first person interred there, having died 
of small- pox. 

In the iracQediate vicinity the German Roman Catholics 
consecrated a cemetery in 1853, and likewise St. Paul's Ger- 
man Evangelical Congregation in 1859. 

The Northeast Cemetery was incorporated April 15th, 
1852. The following managers were elected May 8th: 
John Brawley, John Schouller, Jas. Smedley, Calvin Spaf- 
ford, John Greer, William Griffith, A. W. Blaine. Twelve 
and a half acres of ground were purchased of the heirs of 
P. S. Y. Haraot, to which five acres were added that had 
been occupied as a burying-ground for nearly fifty years. It 
is handsomely designed. 

In Girard application has been made by several citizens 
for an act of incorporation to establish a cemetery at or 
near that borough. The application was granted March 
14th, 1861. 

Moral and Benevolent. — A Moral Society was organized 
at Waterford, December, 1815. The object, as expressed 
in the preamble, being to aid each other, and strengthen the 
hands of the magistrates in the suppression of vice and im- 
morality, by every prudent, and, if necessary, by every legal 
method, hoping to meet the approbation of God, and the 
assistance of good men of every political sentiment and 
religious denomination. Officers — Rev. John Mathews, 
Chairman ; Dr. William Bacon, Secretary ; Amos Judson, 
Treasurer; George W. Reed and Henry Woodworth, Cor- 
responding Committee; John Boyd, Esq., John Way, Esq., 
Archibald Watson, elder, and Captain Martin Strong, Stand- 
ing Committee. 

The County Bible Society was organized in 1824, and has, 
without intermission, fulfilled its duties to the present time. 
The first officers were Rev. Johnston Eaton, President; 
Rev. R. Reid, Yice-President; E. D. Gunnison, Treasurer; 
G. Selden, Secretary; Managers, William Gould, Robert 



150 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

Porter, John McCord, Colonel Jos. Selden, Judali Colt, 
Robert McClelland, General John Phillips, Rev. Oliver 
Alfred, Rev. R. C. Hatton, James Flowers, Philip Bristol, 
and Gr. Sanford. At the thirty-seventh annual meeting, in 
1861, Rev. G. A. Lyon, D.D., was chosen President; S. S. 
Spencer, Secretary; and J. C. Selden, Treasurer. The 
amount of receipts for the past year, $750 18; disburse- 
ments for the same period, $514 13; balance in treasury, 
$522 28 ; value of Bibles and Testaments purchased during 
the year, $134 60; amount sold and donated, $120 43; 
amount in value at Depository, $289 48. 

In 1828 a Colonization Society was organized in Erie, 
but was sustained but a few years. Rev. Robert Reid, 
President ; G. A. Elliot, Secretary ; Rev. D. McKinney, 
Josiah Kellogg, R. 0. Hulbert, and G. Selden were a com- 
mittee to solicit signatures. This scheme of beneficence has 
been almost ignored among us until very recently some liberal 
contributions have been made to the Pennsylvania. Coloniza- 
tion Society. In the spring of 1860, Alex. Simms, wife, 
and eight children, with eight other colored persons from 
Erie County, left for Africa under the auspices of this 
society. In 1836 a Colonization Society was formed at 
Northeast. Henry Frey, President; John Brawley, Yice- 
President; J. D. Dunlap, Secretary; and Clark Putnam, 
Treasurer. The same year a County Anti-Slavery Society 
was formed. Colonel Jas. Moorhead, President, and William 
Gray, Secretary; and also one at Northeast, Truman Tuttle, 
President; Jas. Duncan, Vice President; Dr. E. Smedley, 
Secretary; and R. L. Loomis, Treasurer. 

About the same time an anti-abolition meeting was called 
at Springfield, H. G. Davis in the chair, and Daniel G. 
Webber, Secretary. The meeting in its resolutions highly 
approved of the Colonization Society, but not of a crusade 
against the South. 

About 1824 a Female Tract Society was formed in Erie, 
which was useful for many years. Mrs. J. Colt, Directress ; 
Mrs. G. Sanford, Treasurer ; Miss E. Wight, Secretary. 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 151 

At Wattsburg a Tract Society v/as formed in 1828, Rev. 
A. McCreary, President; Jas. Nelson, Secretary; and 
William K. Black, Treasurer. 

A Society was formed in Erie, in 1844, for abolishing 
capital punishment. In 1845 a committee, composed of 
Irvin Camp, W, H. Knowlton, Smith Jackson, Oliver Spaf- 
ford, and William A. Galbraith, gave notice that they would 
meet a committee who might be appointed to discuss the 
question, "Ought capital punishment to be abolished in 
Pennsylvania ?" The question was discussed at the court- 
house, and excited general interest; John Galbraith and 
Irvin Camp in the affirmative, Elijah Babbit and J. H. 
Walker, negative, and Jas. C. Marshall, Moderator. 

A Lady's Benevolent Society was formed in 1843, which 
for many years possessed the confidence of the public, and 
relieved much suffering. 

In 1845 a Sabbath Convention was called that resulted 
in the organization of a Sabbath Association, which for 
several years held meetings, and attempted to promote the 
better observance of the Sabbath by travelers, on the canal, 
lakes, etc. 

The Erie City Tract Society, which represents five evan- 
gelical denominations, and has for its object Tract distri- 
bution and aid to the poor, is still in active operation. 
It was formed in 1854, with the following officers: D. S. 
Clark, President; W. F. Liddel and J. D. Dunlap, Vice- 
Presidents; Rev. Jos. Pressley, M. R. Barr, Jas. Metcalf, 
C. Doll, and M. B. Cook, Managers. 

Among so many efforts to repress vice, we are sorry to 
record one attempt to promote immorality. In 1840 a 
petition was sent to the legislature from the county, signed 
by forty persons, asking that the Sabbath might be abol- 
ished, to legalize blasphemy, and extend the privilege of 
giving testimony in court to all persons, whether believers 
or not. 

Temperance Societies were formed in Erie and Wattsburg 



152 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY, 

in 1829, and in Wayne in 1832, which year the County So- 
ciety had seven hundred and forty-two members. Judah 
Colt, President; R. McClelland, Yiee-President; R. 0. 
Hulbert, Secretary; Gr. Selden, Treasurer; G. Sanford, 
Hugh Wilson, William Gray, John Cook, Chauncey Graves, 
Benjamin Whitley, Ira Phelps, Jas. Sraedley, Samuel Beedy, 
Jas. Nelson, and Rev. Edson Hart, Managers. 

In 1840 they had a Temperance Society in most of the 
townships. In 1842 the jailer complained (as his apart- 
ments were vacant) that the temperance people had com- 
bined to injure the business of the House. 

In 1851 a Division of Sons of Temperance was formed, 
which continued in operation for several years. 

In 1852 a Harp and Shamrock Temperance Society was 
formed. J. W. Duggen, President. 

One hundred ladies of the first standing in Erie and in . 
Wattsburg petitioned for a prohibitory liquor law in 1853. 

The same year, in Erie, Cadets of Temperance appeared, 
being a society of youths between twelve and eighteen years 
of age, with rules similar to those of the Sons of Temper- 
ance; they were also to abstain from tobacco, profane lan- 
guage, etc. 

The Carson League, formed in 1854, was an efficient aid 
to temperance. 

The "Young Men's Christian Association" was formed 
in September, 1860. A, McD. Lyon, President; S. E. 
Blackall, Secretary ; A. H. Caughey, Corresponding Secre- 
tary; C. E. Gunnison, Treasurer; James Metcalf, Libra- 
rian. It numbers now about fifty members. Besides the 
usual religious work of such a Society, a course of first-class 
literary and scientific lectures was sustained during the win- 
ter of 1860-61. A general reading-room was opened in 
May, 1861, for the free use of the young men of the city, 
a subscription of $1*75 having been raised for the purpose 
of establishing the enterprise on a substantial basis. The 
library of the Irving Literary Institute, consisting of about 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 153 

seven hundred volumes, has also been obtained, and is now 
in keeping of the Association for the use of its members. 

In 1828 quite a respectable contribution was made to the 
Greeks from Erie and vicinity, and several meetings held. 
We regret that the particulars were not published. 

In 1841, for the relief of Ireland, $150 from officers and 
seamen of United States steamer Michigan, $50 from the 
revenue cutter, and $79 from the other ship hands at the port 
were acknowledged. Gen. C. M. Reed gave notice that he 
would store and transport to Buffalo, free of charge, all 
grain intended for this object. A meeting was also called 
in Waterford, and about $2000 in provisions were shipped 
from the port of Erie. 

In February, 1861, $1000 were collected in Erie for the 
Kansas sufferers. For this benevolent object, Waterford 
subscribed $155 ; Girard, $100; Springfield township, $500; 
Belle Yalley, $15 ; probably in all $2500 from Erie County. 

Among the German Roman Catholics is a School Society, 
the object of which is to give educational advantages to poor 
children. John Gensheimer, President ; C. Englehard, Yice- 
President ; F. Schlaudecker, Secretary ; F. Peiffer, Trea- 
surer. 

Literary. — In 1806 thirty of the citizens of Erie formed 
themselves into a Library Company, Judah Colt being Presi- 
dent; Thos. Forster, Jas. Baird, John C. Wallace, and 
William Wallace, Directors ; and Thos. Forster, Librarian. 
The company at first expended $200 for standard works, 
and the institution was well sustained for several years. In 
1821 an efi'ort was made to revive it, but without success. 
The books are now loaned to the Irving Literary Institute. 

In 1826 there was a Franklin Literary Association; T. 
Moorhead, Jr., Librarian. 

In 1833 the Conneauttee Library Company (Edinboro) 
was incorporated. 

In the winter of 1835, a Lyceum held its meetings first at 
the Erie academy and afterward at the court-house, inter- 

14 



154 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

esting the inhabitants by the debates and literary exercises 
of the members. The Apprentices' Literary Society origin- 
ated about 1839, with fifty members and a library of one 
hundred and ten volumes, and soon after had a course of 
lectures. In 1841 an Adelphic Literary Society existed ; 
A. King, Corresponding Secretary. The Irving Literary 
Institute has a nucleus for an excellent library, but is in- 
active at present. It was organized, 1843, by the union of 
the Apprentices' and the Adelphic Societies. 

In 1859 a Young Men's Literary Association was formed 
at Girard, and about the same time a Literary Union at 
Waterford, which sustained courses of lectures. 

At West Mill Creek an Association called Custos Morum 
(Guardian of Morality) was formed April, 1860, with twenty- 
five members; Jackson McCreary, President. The object 
of the society was to procure a library, and for intellectual 
culture. 

A Youths' Literary Society at ISTortheast has existed since 
1858. 

A County Medical Society was formed in 1829. Dr. Wil- 
liam Johns, President ; Dr. A. Thayer, Vice-President ; Dr. 
F. M. Miller, Recording and Corresponding Secretary; 
Dr. A. Beebe, Treasurer; Dr. J. Smedley, Dr. J.Yosburg, 
and Dr. A. N. Molton, Censors. 

In 1836 the Presqu'ile Hospital was incorporated, the act 
to continue in force for the term of twenty years. It was 
expected a Medical College and a Medical Society would 
form a part of the establishment, with a Lunatic Asylum 
and an Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb. In consequence of 
the depression in business affairs soon after, the project was 
abandoned. 

A County Geological Society was formed in 1843. G. 
Sanford, President; J. D. Dunlap, Vice-President; L. G. 
Olmstead, Corresponding Secretary ; William C. Kelso, 
Recording Secretary ; and J. C. Spencer, Treasurer ; Wm. 
Fuller, Keeper of the Cabinet and Library; Jacob Vosburg, 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 155 

Peter Pierce, Galen Foster, J. B. Johnson, and Richard 
Sill, Members of the Executive Committee. 

The objects of the society were commendable, and it is to 
be regretted that it had an existence of but a year or two. 
As stated in the constitution, the society were to thoroughly 
survey the county in order to develop its mineral wealth 
and resources ; for the advancement of geology and the col- 
lateral branches of natural science, and the promotion of 
intercourse between those who cultivated them. 

The citizens assembled in town meeting at the court- 
house, B. B. Yincent in the Chair, and Carson Graham, 
Secretary, and resolved that the public square be planted 
with trees. E. Babbitt, W. C. Lester, C. McSparren, and 
S. Jackson were appointed a committee to co-operate with 
the town authorities in carrying out the resolution. This 
was in 1846. 

A Reading Room Association was formed in 1850, B. B. 
Yincent, President, but, for want of adequate support, was 
discontinued in a few months. 

In 1852 a City Hall Association was incorporated, for the 
purpose of erecting a building for the accommodation of the 
city authorities, as well as for lectures, benevolent societies, 
a reading room, etc., which purpose is not yet effected, 

A Sacred Music Society was formed in 1858. John Gal- 
braith. President ; Thos. Stewart, Sr., Yice-President ; H. 
Catlin, Secretary ; and J. L. Lints, Treasurer. 

In 1852 the Erie County Education Society, for the ad- 
vancement of education, was in existence; C. W. Kelso, 
President, and J. W. Wetmore, Secretary. 

In 1855 the Girard Lyceum was formed ; Harmon D. 
Hunt, Secretary. 

The Arion Musical Society was organized in 1860, in 
Erie. 



156 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 



CHAPTER XII. 

Newspapers — Common Schools— Academies — Normal School — Sabbath 
School — Pirst Protestant Missionaries "West of Utica — -Moravians in 
Venango County, 1767 — First Keligious Service in Erie County — First 
Church Edifice — A Religious Experience — Presbytery of Erie — Revs. 
Patterson and Eaton — Extract from Rev. A. H. Carrier's Historical 
Sermon — Rev. R. Reid — Churches of different Denominations in Erie — 
Ptevivals. 

Newspapers. — The first newspaper, "The Mirror," is 
dated May 21st, 1808, George Wyeth, printer. In size it 
was ten inches by sixteen ; terms, two dollars semi-annually 
in advance. It advocated the Federal Constitutional Re- 
publican party, whose candidates at that time were James 
Ross, for Governor, Alexander W. Foster, Congress, and 
John W. Hunter and William Wallace, for Assembly. The 
Mirror was discontinued after a two years' existence. 

In 1813 R. J. Curtis established the "Northern Sentinel," 
(the size of a sheet of foolscap,) and in 1815 made arrange- 
ments for removing his establishment to Detroit. For want 
of encouragement he failed to accomplish his purpose, and 
in 1816 recommenced business in Erie, having changed the 
name of his paper to the " Genius of the Lakes." The 
name of John Morris was added as publisher. The "terms, 
two dollars and fifty cents by post rider — if neglected to the 
end of the year, three dollars." 

The "Erie Patriot" was issued in 1818 by Zeba Willis, 
and continued one year. It was then removed to Cleveland, 
and made the basis of the " Cleveland Herald," Mr. Howe 
being associated in its publication. 

In 1819 Mr. Curtis enlarged his paper and called it the 
"Phoenix and Erie Reflector." This was soon removed to 
Mayville, New York, and discontinued in April, 1820. 

Mr. Curtis, in speaking of his editorial experience in 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTy. 151 

Erie, says: "For two or three years daring the war I had a 
very good support, but afterward it was poor indeed. The 
most of my subscribers paid in produce. For six months I 
taught school and printed my paper at the same time, with 
the assistance only of an apprentice and my sister." We 
might suppose a newspaper published in Erie during the 
war would contain interesting information ; but it was not 
the case, as government prohibited the publication of facts 
which might have been suggestive to the enemy. 

In January, 1820, the "Erie Gazette" was first published 
by its present senior editor, Jos. M. Sterrett. In 1822 Jas. 
Buchanan was editor for six months. In 1825 J. Hoge 
Waugh, for a short time ; and in 1836 John Shaner was asso- 
ciated in its publication. In 1842 J. P. Cochran and Gr. 
W. Riblet took charge. I. B. Gara became associated with 
Mr. Sterrett in 1846. In politics it has been Anti-Masonic, 
Whig, and Republican. 

The "Erie Observer," always a Democratic paper, was first 
issued in 1830, T. B. Barnum, editor. H. L, Harvey being 
editor in 1836, issued a specimen daily paper, to be con- 
tinued, provided there was sufficient encouragement. la 
1848 a paper was issued tri-weekly for several months. 
Thos. Laird, H. Beebe, J. M. Keuster, and S. W. Randall 
were successively editors. In 1840 it passed into the hands 
of Durlin & Sloan. Mr. Durlin withdrew from the firm ia 
1855 and removed to Wisconsin. The paper passed into 
the hands of Mr. Andrew Hopkins, January 1st, 1861. 

The "Erie Chronicle," a conservative Whig paper, was 
issued by S. Perley in 1840. In 1855 the editor removed 
to Girard, and revived the " Girard Republican," which is 
still in existence. 

The "Girard Free Press" was first issued in 1845, being 
neutral in politics, S. D. Cai"penter, editor. November 
7th, 1854, T. C. Wheeler and Wra. S. Finch purchased the 
interest of L. F. Andrews in the "Girard Express," and 

14* 



158 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

commenced the publication of the "Girard Republican." 
The conservative character of the paper was indicated by 
the motto, "Independent on all subjects, rabid on none." 
As we have mentioned, Mr. Perley took charge of the paper 
in 1855. 

In 1846 J. P. Cochran commenced the publication of the 
" Commercial Advertiser," which was Whig in politics. 
After his death it passed, in 1852, into the hands of A. H. 
Caughey, who continued its publication for a year and a 
half and then sold it to J. B. Johnson, who gave it the 
name of the "Constitution." In 1855 the press was de- 
stroyed by a mob growing out of the railroad excitement. 
The " Constitution" was continued by R. L. White, and for 
a few months was issued daily — being the first and only 
experiment of the kind. The "Daily Bulletin," as it was 
called, suspended issue in 1858. The large number of 
weeklies issued in Erie probably accounts for the want of 
success in daily or tri-weekly papers. 

"The Herald," a monthly temperance paper in quarto 
form, was published at the office of the " Commercial Adver- 
tiser" during the year 1852. 

In 1853 the "True American" appeared, Compton & 
Moore, editors. From the first this paper has given tem- 
perance and anti-slavery a large share of attention. In 1855 
this and the "Erie Chronicle" merged into one; James 
Perley and Henry Catlin, publishers. 

The "Unsere Welt," (Our World,") a German paper, 
was first published by Carl Benson, in 1851. Two years 
ago its name was changed to "Frei Presse." It advocated 
Fremont and Lincoln for Presidents. 

In 1852 the "Zushauer" (Spectator) appeared; Mr. 
Scheufflen, editor. In 1855 C. Moeser took charge, and in 
1861, Ernst Sturzneckle. This paper was at fii'st Whig in 
politics, but is now Independent. Both the German papers 
are under Protestant influence. 

In 1859 the "Express" appeared, with E. C. Goodrich 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 159 

editor; this was soon merged into the "True American," 
now edited by H. Catlin. 

The "Waterford Museum," Mr. Lewis, editor, changed 
its name to the "Enquirer" in 1851, Amos Judson, pub- 
lisher and editor ; in 1858 it suspended issue for a few months 
on account of the ruinous rates at which it was afforded ; 
recommenced with Judson and Lynn, editors; afterward 
alone by C. R. H. Lynn. 

The " N'ortheast Guard" was published for a few months 
in 1855. 

Two newspapers were issued in Edinboro in 1855: the 
" Gem" expired in 1856, and the "Museum" was removed 
to Waterford the same year. The "Edinboro Express" 
appeared in 1859, at fifty cents per year; Henry Lick, 
editor; "independent on all occasions, neutral in nothing." 
Issued the last number 29th December, 1860, the materials 
having been sold to Mr. Clute, who was expecting to pub- 
lish a paper at Three Rivers, Michigan. 

In 1851 the "Waterford Dispatch" was issued at Water- 
ford; Jos. S. M. Young, editor. In 1856. the paper was 
removed to Erie and called the "Erie City Dispatch." It 
is independent on all subjects, and is said to have a larger 
circulation than any other paper in Northwestern Pennsyl- 
vania. 

In 1855 we hear of the "Native American," a monthly 
at Edinboro. 

Schools. — April 2d, 1831, a law passed the Legislature 
of Pennsylvania introducing our present system of education 
for all. At that time it was shown that out of 400,000 
children in the State more than 250,000 capable of instruc- 
tion were not within a school the previous year. This was 
not because no effort had been made in that direction. 

In 1809 an act was passed to provide for the education 
of the poor, and in 1824 an act that it was hoped would 
prove effectual, but which was repealed in 1826. 

In 1834 an act was passed designating the Secretary of 
the Commonwealth as Superintendent, and, including other 



160 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

valuable provisions, stating that $546,563 had accumulated 
under the act of 1831. 

Next came the act of 1836, "to consolidate and amend 
the several acts," to settle the mode of taxation, and the 
application of the whole for school purposes. The fund 
accumulated since 1831 was set apart, and a fund from the 
State treasury pledged for school purposes, and the system 
became a settled fact as a part of the policy of the State. 

In 1854 the election for County Superintendents was pro- 
vided for in each county. 

In 1848-49 the provisions of the law were extended over 
non-accepting districts, as it had been previously optional. 

In 1849 an act to provide for the training of teachers for 
the common schools of the State was passed, and the State 
was divided into twelve normal school districts : Lawrence, 
Mercer, Venango, Crawford, and Erie were made the twelfth 
district. 

Wm. H. Armstrong, of Wattsburg, was elected to the 
office of Superintendent of Common Schools in Erie County, 
with a salary of $800, and was re-elected in 1857. In 1860 
L. Savage, of Springfield, was elected his successor. 

According to the seventh census report, Erie County had, 
in 1850, T academies, with 13 teachers, 315 pupils, and an 
annual income of $335Y. Public schools, 293, with 308 
teachers and 9928 pupils, and an income from taxes, etc., of 
$22,120. In 185*1 the number of school-houses in the county 
was 2Y6; 34 were well adapted to the pui'pose, 120 capa- 
ble of being improved, and 102 to be rejected. Erie had 3 
graded schools, and Northeast 1. 

According to the eighth census report, (which we have 
only in part,) Waterford Borough has 2 schools; Northeast 
Borough, 1 ; Girard Borough, 1, and 1 academy ; Watts- 
burg Borough, 1 ; IJnion, 2 ; Wesleyville, 1 ; Girard Town- 
ship, 16; Springfield Township, 15, and 1 academy; Frank- 
lin Township, 10; Fairview Township, 11, and about 500 
pupils; Summit Township, 8, and 160 pupils; McKean 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 161 

Township, 11 schools, 511 pupils; Le Bceuf, 11 schools, 
258 pupils; Washington Township, 14 schools, 642 pu- 
pils; Greenfield Township, 8 schools, 342 pupils; Amity- 
Township, 8 schools, 424 pupils; Venango Township, 10 
schools, 488 pupils; Wayne Township, 12 schools, 504 
pupils; Union Township, 12 schools, 152 pupils; Concord 
Township, 9 schools, 41T pupils ; Harbor Creek Township, 
IT schools; Greene Township 8 schools, 450 pupils; North- 
east Township, 16 schools, 1083 pupils; Waterford Town- 
ship, 15 schools, 450 pupils. 

The State Superintendent of Schools reports, for the year 
ending June 4th, 1860, as follows : Erie County — 

Whole number of schools 288 

Number yet required 6 

Average number of months taught 6-8 

Number of male teachers 157 

Number of female teachers 232 

Scholars learning German 167 

Average attendance of scholars 8,195 

Cost of teaching each scholar per month $0 51 

Tax levied for school and building purposes..$42,053 25 

State appropriation 3,922 70 

Received from collectors 35,747 95 

Cost of instruction 35,696 44 

Puel and contingencies 4,040 25 

Cost of school-houses 14,824 76 

In Erie a fine school-house for the East Ward was com- 
pleted in 1859, at a cost of $20,000. In this building there 
are ten teachers and about five hundred scholars. German, 
algebra, geometry, chemistry, and philosophy are attended 
to among the higher branches. 

The West Ward has, besides the principal school, a branch 
in the upper part of the city which is considered and num- 
bered as such. In this ward there are eight teachers and 
about five hundred and thirty pupils ; a library belongs to 
the school of three hundred and fifty volumes. 

There is a school for boys attached to the German Roman 



162 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY, 

Catholic church, which is divided into two departments, 
English and German, and has at present over one hundred 
scholars. 

A school for girls has been conducted for the last few 
years by the Sisters of St. Benedict, which in 1861 com- 
pleted their new convent in connection with the church. It 
has three school-rooms, well arranged and provided with 
maps, globes, etc., and four teachers, two being English and 
two German. The name of the Prioress is Sister Scholas- 
tica Burkhard. The ordinary English branches are taught, 
with Christian doctrine, sacred history, drawing, instru- 
mental music, embroidery, etc. 

In August, 1804, the lot in Erie, No. 1318, where the 
East Ward school-house now stands, was purchased from 
the State for the use of Presqu'ile Academy, in the name of 
Jas. Baird. The only stockholders known were Daniel 
Dobbins, Thos. Stewart, and Samuel Hays. A school com- 
mittee was in existence in 1805 — probably the same that 
erected the small log building many of the present genera- 
tion remember, and which has been three times superseded. 

In 1811 Waterford Academy was incorporated. The 
Trustees appointed by the legislature were John Vincent, 
John Boyd, John Lytle, Aaron Hirarod, Charles Martin, 
Henry Colt, and Amos Judson.* It was endowed with five 
hundred acres of land near the village, and fifteen in-lots ; 
in 1816 eight other in-lots were added. 

By an act of February 24th, 1820, the trustees were au- 
thorized to sell five hundred acres at a price not less than 
ten dollars per acre, and required to vest the proceeds in 
some productive fund, the interest to be applied for the com- 
pensation of the teachers. 

* Mr. Judson held the office of Treasurer from the beginning to 
December 31st, 1858. He died in Waterford, November, 1860, aged 
eighty-seven, having resided there since 1795. Of him it was said 
Avith truth "that he lived a blameless life, and was honest, industri- 
ous, liberal, and devoted to objects of public utility." 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY, 



163 



The trustees erected their building in 1822, and in 1826 
it was occupied as a school. 



John Wood 1826. 

IrvinCamp 1832. 

William Boy den 1832. 

E. W. Starr 1833. 

R. W. Orr 1833. 

John Livingston 1834. 

E. R. Geary 1835. 

James Park 1836. 

J. W. Miller 1837. 

Irvin Camp 1838. 

William Benson, Jr 1838. 

F. A. Hall 1839. 

L. S. Morgan 1840. 

Charles Woodruff 1841. 

R. T. Stewart 1842. 



List of Pkincipals. 

R. R. Nichols 1843. 

Peter Wright 1844. 

A. 0. Rockwell 1844. 

Jas. C. Reed 1845. 

A. Davidson 1846. 

A. Davidson 1847. 

W. R. Marsh 1818. 

J. H. Reed 1849. 

C. J. Hutchins 1850. 

A. H. Caughey 1851, 

J. R McCaskey 1852, 

S. S. Sears 1853, 

J. R. Merriman 1854-1857, 

.J. P. Gould 1857. 

J. A. Austin 1857-1861. 



The present officers are John Wood, President ; William 
Benson, Secretary ; William Judson, Treasurer; C.C.Boyd, 
David Boyd, Miles Barnet, J. L. Cook, and J. M, White, 
Trustees, The permanent fund is $5170 18 ; the common 
fund is $18U 66. 

Erie Academy was incorporated in 181 T, with Rev. Rob- 
ert Reid, R. S. Reed, Robert Brown, Thos. Forster, Thos. 
Wilson, J. C. Wallace, Judah Colt, T. H, Sill, and G. San- 
ford, Trustees, Mr. Sanford is the only survivor. 

In 1799, at the sale of reserved tracts adjoining Erie, 
Franklin, Waterford, and Warren, five hundred acres were 
set apart for the use of schools and academies. To this 
fund fifteen town lots and two thousand dollars were after- 
ward added — the latter to be collected by the trustees from 
debts due the State for lands in this vicinity. In 1821 
other lots in town were added. 

From 1819 to 1827 Erie Academy was conducted as an 
English high school by the following principals : Rev, Rob- 
ert Reid, John Kelley, A. W, Brewster, George Stone, E, 



164 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

D. Gunnison from May, 1824, to October, 1825; for the 
next two years by A. S. Paitei'son and John Wood. In 
November, 1827, it became a classical school, conducted by 
the following as principals : — 

A. E. Foster, A.M November, 182T. 

Richard Gailey, A.B April, 1836. 

James Park, A.M July, 1836. 

G. R. Huntington, A.M April, 1838. 

James Park, A.M August, 1838. 

Lewis Bradley, A.M March, 1841. 

John Limber, A.M February, 1842. 

Reid T. Stewart, A.B September, 1843. 

Jas. C. Reid, A.B October, 1845. 

R. S. Lockwood December, 184T. 

J. H. Black, A.B September, 1848. 

J. A. Hastings, A.B October, 1851. 

Fayette Durlin, A.B December, 1851. 

C. L. Porter, A.B October, 1853. 

W. B. Carpenter December, 1854. 

W. C. Bissel August, 1855. 

G. W. Gunnison, A.M April, 1856. 

L. G. Olmstead, A.M September, 1858. 

E. W. Gale, A.M September, 1860. 

This Academy has had a fine library, and chemical and 
philosophical apparatus, and a telescope seven feet in length, 
magnifying six hundred times. 

The number of pupils in attendance during the sessions 
of 1859-60 was two hundred and thirty-nine, of whom one 
hundred and fifteen were males and one hundred and twenty- 
four females. A Teachers' Department has been connected 
with it, in which a thorough preparation for the profession 
can be obtained. 

In 1838 the Erie Female Seminary was incorporated; 
Robert Reid, G. A. Lyon, T. H. Sill, G. Selden, C. M. 
Reed, Geo. Kellogg, A. W. Brewster, Wm. Kelley, and 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 165 

James Williams, Trustees. For a few years the State ap- 
propriated three hundred dollars annually to the support 
of the institution. Miss E. D. Field, Rev. Wra. Fuller and 
lady, and Madame Sosnowski successively were teachers. 

Springfield Academy, at Springfield Cross Roads or East 
Springfield, is reputed to be one of the best institutions in 
Northwestern Pennsylvania. B. J. Hawkins was the first 
principal. Scholars, if desirous, could be fitted for the 
second year in college. The officers in 1858 were L. W. 
Savage, Principal; William Holliday, Thos. Webster, Dr. 
G. Ellis, J. Day, J. Teller, William Warner. 

West Springfield Academy was founded in 1853. The 
Trustees were Z. Thomas, S. Devereux, N. Gould, D. Mer- 
shom, S. Rea, Sr., G. Ferguson, J. Eagley, P. Brindle, G. 
Hurd. W. H. Heller was principal in 185T. In 1855 
eighty-four males and eighty-one females were in attendance. 
The second year of the institution John A. Austin, with 
three assistants, had charge. Jas. H. Colt, of Waterford, 
held the office in 1858, and C. C. Sheffield in 1859. In this 
institution pupils have the privileges of a full college course 
at a moderate expense. In December, 1859, the building 
was destroyed by fire, with the furniture, books, etc. Efforts 
are now making to rebuild it. 

Girard Academy was erected by a few enterprising citi- 
zens acquainted with the wants of the community. The 
building is of brick, finely arranged, and surrounded by 
spacious grounds. A students' boarding-house, with rooms 
partially furnished, has been provided. The school opened 
with one hundred and fifty scholars ; Mr. Pillsbury was the 
first principal, and N. J. McConnel succeeded, and in 185T 
John A. Austin. In 1858 A. C. Walshe had charge, who 
was succeeded by Mr. Couse in 1859. There are at present 
three teachers and about one hundred scholars. The present 
Trustees are James Miles, Homer Hart, Henry McConnel, 
L. S. Jones, George Porter, L. Hart, G. H. Cutler, P. Os- 
born, and James Webster. 

15 



166 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

The Northeast High School, under the management of 
P. H. Stewert as principal, two female assistants, and Pro- 
fessor Heimburger, teacher of languages and music, at pres- 
ent offers rare inducements for those desirous of securing a 
thorough and finished education. 

Edinboro has the most expensive school buildings in the 
county. Ten acres of land eligibly situated have been pur- 
chased, and commodious buildings erected at the cost of 
$25,000, contributed by citizens of the county. There are 
four buildings — assembly hall, academy hall, and two boai'd- 
ing-houses. The assembly hall is sixty-six feet by forty-four, 
and two stories in height, and is occupied by the model or 
public school, now numbering one hundred and twenty pupils. 
The upper story is devoted to the purposes of a lecture hall, 
and will accommodate a large audience. Academy hall is 
forty by fifty feet, and two stories in height. The upper 
story of academy hall has seven recitation rooms, and a 
library valued at one hundred dollars. The two boarding 
halls are three stories in height, and have accommodations 
for three hundred students, the dormitories being partially 
furnished. 

The Trustees of the Academy, in 185T, when the first 
frame was erected, were P. Burlinghame, E. W. Gerrish, 
F. C. Yunk, Lewis Yorse, C. Reeder, J. W. Campbell, and 
K Clute. 

The Boai'd of Trustees of the Edinboro Normal School 
applied, on the 3d of December, 1860, to the Superintendent 
of Common Schools, for inspection and recognition, under 
the " act to provide for the training of teachers for the com- 
mon schools of the State." Hon. Joseph Ritner, of Cum- 
berland County ; J. R. McClintock, Allegheny ; H. L. Dif- 
fenbach, Clinton; J. Turney, Westmoreland, were appointed 
Inspectors, and the several County Superintendents com- 
posing the Twelfth Normal School District were duly noti- 
fied to attend for the inspection and examination of the 
school, on the 23d of January, 1861. After a careful 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. IGT 

inspection of its arrangements and facilities for instruction, 
tlie school was found to have fully complied with the pro- 
visions of the act, and was officially recognized as the State 
Normal School of the Twelfth District, composed of the 
Counties of Erie, Yenango, Mercer, and Lawrence, by the 
name of the Northwestern Normal School ; is to enjoy all 
the privileges and immunities, and be subject to all the lia- 
bilities and restrictions contained in the act and its supple- 
ments. The institution is under the guidance and control 
of Professor Thompson, and had reason to expect an ap- 
propriation of $10,000 from the State, and its scholars from 
the various sections of the district to which it belongs. 
The Legislature, however, appropriated to the institution 
but $5000. 

The first Sabbath School in the county was established in 
181*7, at Moorheadville, in a log school-house, which was 
removed in 185Y. Rev. Mr. Morton, now of Corning, New 
York, and Colonel Jas. Moorhead were the founders. 

As Erie has now a dozen Sunday Schools and more than 
one thousand scholars, it is interesting to note the small be- 
ginnings of this excellent institution. Mrs. J. Colt, who 
had returned from a visit in New England where these 
schools were being introduced, suggested the subject in 
Erie. Mrs. R. S. Reed and Mi's. Carr were the first teachers, 
and the few girls constituting the school met alternately at 
the house of Mrs. Colt and Mrs. Reed. The brothers of 
the girls soon asked to be admitted. Fears were entertained 
that boys would be difficult to manage, but this was obviated, 
and the school rapidly increased in numbers. Colonel Fors- 
ter tendered for its use a vacant room on his premises, which 
was accepted. In order to systematize the matter and place 
it on a more permanent basis, a call was made on the citi- 
zens to assemble at the court-house, March 25, 1821, for the 
purpose of forming a Sunday School and Moral Society. 
The following gentlemen were appointed a committee to 
draft a constitution, to be submitted to an adjourned meeting, 



168 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

viz.: R S. Reed, T. H. Sill, and G. A. Elliot. The com- 
mittee reported as follows : — 

" Whereas, the united testimony of all Christians confirms 
the importance of instructing the rising generation in the 
principles of religion, as they are contained in the Holy 
Scriptures ; and as the most happy consequences have re- 
sulted from the Sunday Schools established in Great Britain 
and America, and wishing to see one of these excellent 
establishments brought into * operation among ourselves, 
therefore, we whose names are annexed to this paper do 
cheerfully unite and pro-mis?i.to adopt, as the basis of our 
union, the following articles," etc. The substance of the 
articles was as follows :— ') 

That a committee of three p'ersons be appointed to provide 
proper teachers and suitable books ; that the school be opened 
and closed with prayer or teading a portion of Scriptures, 
and singing, if convenient. Though the teachers and man- 
agers are expected to render their services gratuitously, yet 
a small fund for the purchase of books, to be awarded by the 
committee to meritorious scholars, will be required. Chil- 
dren and adults are to be freely admitted without regard to 
denomination, sect or party, and parents and guardians 
requested to visit the school, and to exert themselves for its 
prosperity. Then follow the names of thirty citizens, with 
their contributions for the purchase of books, amounting to 
twenty-eight dollars and fifty cents. 

From the first report it appears that the school com- 
menced in May, with sixty-four scholars ; that during the 
term of six months the average attendance was eighty-one, 
and the number of teachers eighteen. 

The scholars had committed to memory and recited 16,525 
verses of Scripture, 9453 answers in the catechism, 1625 
verses of hymns, and the Lord's Prayer and Ten Command- 
ments by every scholar able to read. They reported also 
that among the scholars were twenty-one persons of color, 
whose attendance and recitations had been good. 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 169 

The utmost harmony and good will had prevailed, and 
the efforts of all had been to promote the welfare of the 
school. The next six months (for the school for many years 
had an intermission through the winter) the number of 
scholars diminished, and the managers urged its importance 
with renewed vigor — and it would seem successfully, for the 
institution has continued and prospered to this time. One 
of the most interested and useful citizens in the cause, for 
thirty years, was Mr. George Selden. Hoi'ace Greeley, who 
was in the printing-office of the Erie Gazette, attended this 
school near its commencement, and was in the class of Mr. 
Jos. Chase. 

Asa E. Foster, long principal of Erie Academy, and after- 
ward of a High School, has each Sabbath, for twenty-five 
years, been engaged in the Christian and self-denying work 
of giving instruction and distributing tracts to the criminals 
in the county jail. 

To show what a wilderness was New York, and not less 
Pennsylvania, as well as to speak of the first Protestant 
missionaries in this region, we make the following extract : 

" The Rev. Gideon Hav/ley, with Deacon Woodbridge, in 
1753 (the year Fort Presqu'ile w^as built by the French) 
made a journey to Oquago, which is upon the Susquehanna, 
fourteen miles from the village of Binghamton ; it is a beau- 
tiful valley, from three to four miles in length, and was the 
ancient dwelling-place of a tribe of Indians for a long series 
■ of y;ears. 

>. ,-'Mr. Hawley had been solemnly set apart as an evangelist 
'" '-tdmopg the Western Indians; at Stockbridge he had a school 
attended by many Indians who wintered there. May twenty- 
second, he set out with Mr. and Mrs. Ashley, (the latter 
being an Indian interpreter,) and Deacon Woodbridge, upon 
the errand of planting Christianity one hundred miles be- 
yond any settlement of Christian people. Colonel Johnson, 
Indian agent, who resided near Utica, favored their mission, 
and kindly met them in person. But they were not always 

15* 



110 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

SO favored. A drunken Indian, named Pallas, who was act- 
ing as guide, fired at Mr. Hawley when the party were in a 
boat, on pretense of aiming at a duck. Mr. H. providentially 
moved his head just at the moment and was saved. The 
missionaries showed the Indians their credentials, and among 
other things preached temperance to them, at which they 
appeared to be religiously moved, and even converted, and 
disclaimed the ill-behaved Pallas as a foreigner." 

In 1767 we hear of the Moravian missionary. Rev. David 
Zeisberger, an unarmed man, of short stature, remarkably 
plain in his dress, and humble and peaceable in his demeanor, 
preaching to the Senecas at the mouth of the Tionesta, in 
Venango County. He built a block-house, planted corn, 
and gathered around him several huts of believing Indians. 
The surrounding tribes were said not to be equaled for 
wickedness and thirst for blood. Soon he retired from this 
hamlet called Goshgoshunk, fifteen miles farther up the river 
to the present site of Hickorytown. Here he built a dwell- 
ing and chapel, and suspended the first church-going bell in 
Northwestern Pennsylvania. In consequence of broils with 
the Cherokees, the station was removed to Butler County. 
In 1770 the Christian colony again removed, setting out in 
sixteen canoes for the mouth of Beaver Creek, and estab- 
lishing a station in the center of Beaver County, called 
Friedenstadt, or Town of Peace. 

Sunday, the 2d of July, 1797, we have an account of 
probably the first religious service held in what is now Erie 
County. Mr. Judah Colt, in his manuscript "Life," says, 
"About thirty persons assembled at Colt's station, who gave 
decent and becoming attendance while a sermon was read 
from Dr. Blair's collection, 'on the importance of order in 
conduct:' 1st Corinthians, chapter xiv., 4th verse. 'Let all 
things be done decently and in order.' The selection of the 
subject, 'Order,' was suggested by circumstances. Imme- 
diately preceding, we find : " This season was one of much 
business, and, owing to the opposition of adverse settlers. 



HISTORY or ERIE COUNTY. I'll 

one of much trouble and perplexity. We were compelled 
to keep from forty to eighty or one hundred men in the service 
of the company to defend the settlers and property. More 
than once mobs of men, from twenty to thirty, would assem- 
ble for the purpose of destroying houses, and other mischief, 
some of whom I had indicted, and bills were found against 
them by the grand jury of the then Allegheny County, the 
courts being held in the borough of Pittsburg." 

Some of the earliest settlers in the county, who were lo- 
cated at Northeast, were Presbyterians from Ireland, and 
brought their Bibles with them. Among these was a ruling 
elder, named "William Dundass, and others of the names of 
Lowry and Campbell. They held their meetings in private 
dwellings, and in fine weather in the open air. An occa- 
sional missionary was sent out by the Ohio and Redstone 
Presbyteries, but this was of rare occurrence until after 
1800. The first church edifice erected in Erie County was 
at Middlebrook, near Lowville, two miles from Wattsburg, 
in 1801. It was built of logs and is still standing, though 
not occupied as a church.* 

To show the customs of the times with regard to religious 
services, as well as to give an interesting event in the life of 
one of the most enterprising as well as excellent of the citi- 
zens of Erie County, we make the following extract : — 

"In 1801, in the course of the summer and fall, we were 
visited by a number of clergymen who were sent out by the 
Ohio and Redstone Presbyteries, who preached in a number 
of places, and took much pains to collect and establish 
churches, and to convene the scattering inhabitants for 
religious service. Among those who came among us was 
the Rev. McCurdy, who appeared a very zealous man and 
well calculated to be useful as a traveling minister. On the 

* Mr. Colt's Journal, 1801. "Rev. Mr. Wood, from Washington 
County, intended precaching at the Middlebrook churcLi, but getting 
lost by taking the wrong path, could not find the meeting-house, and 
returned to Colt's station after a fatiguing day's ride." 



11.2 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 



Sabbath of the twenty-seventh of September, (the first time 
the Sacrament was administered in the county,) it was ap- 
pointed and agreed upon to have the Sacrament of the 
Lord's Supper administered in the township of Greenfield, 
on a plantation then occupied by William Dundass, and a 
congregation of three hundred assembled. The day was 
pleasant, I accompanied Mrs. Colt to the place of meeting; 
on our way the conversation turned upon religious subjects, 




MIDDLEBROOK CHUKCH, ERECTED IN 1801. 



and my consort had come to the determination to offer her- 
self as a communicant, and to become a member of the 
church — her mind appeared much occupied meditating upon 
the subject. While conversing with her I became more 
thoughtful than usual, and shortly after arriving at the place 
of meeting, I became more and more impressed with the 
evil nature of sin, and of the importance of leading a sober, 
orderly, and religious life, and it was not long after service 
that I found myself much distressed in mind, and my body 
considerably agitated. Although I felt a load of guilt upon 
me, I resolved to come forward and make a request to be- 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 173 

come a member of the church, provided I could be admitted 
at that late period. Accordingly, at the interval between 
those who sat down at the first table and those who were 
preparing to come to the second, I came forward and kneeled 
at the feet of the minister and elders, and explained to them 
as well as I could the situation I was in, and what I had a 
desire to do. After asking me a few questions, and after hav- 
ing a short conference among themselves, I was invited to rise, 
being overwhelmed with grief. A token of admittance was 
given to me by one of the elders — I arose and took my seat 
at the table. So it was that me and my beloved consort 
were permitted both to partake of the Sacrament of the 
Lord's Supper on the same day, and I hope and trust it will 
be a day of grateful remembrance while we live, and of un- 
ceasing praise beyond the grave. 

"The ministers present were Revs. McCurdy, Satterfield, 
Wick and Boyd, from the Ohio and Redstone Presbyteries. 
After service we were invited to go home with Mr. McCord, 
and on Monday, being the last day of the feast, people were 
again assembled and a sermon preached — it appeared a good 
day to me. Toward evening, service being ended, they re- 
turned to their respective homes, this being a new epoch to 
my life as it was a beginning of years." 

From another source we find that this service was held at 
Northeast, and that about forty persons sat down at the 
tables. 

The Presbytery of Erie was organized April 13th, 1802. 
The enabling act was passed by the Synod of Virginia, 
(under whose jurisdiction the territory then was,) at their 
meeting at Winchester, Yirginia, October 2d, 1801. The 
first meeting was held at Mount Pleasant, Westmoreland 
County, Pennsylvania, on the day above mentioned. Erie 
Presbytery then embraced that portion of Pennsylvania west 
and northwest of the Allegheny and Ohio Rivers, vsdth a 
portion of the Western Reserve. It now embraces Erie, 
Crawford, and parts of Mercer, Venango, and Warren 



1T4 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

Counties. From it, has been constituted Beaver, Allegheny, 
Allegheny City, and part of JS^ew Lisbon Presbyteries. The 
New School Presbytery of Erie held its first meeting at 
Meadville, Pennsylvania, in June, 1838. It is proper to 
state, that at the time of the division of the General Assem- 
bly in 1838, the New School had the majority in the Old 
Presbytery. At the meeting in June following, the Old 
School members withdrew, taking the officers and all the 
old records, as directed by the General Assembly. The 
New School Presbytery now embraces Erie County, with a 
part of Crawford. 

September 1st, 1803, Rev. Robert Patterson, of Ohio 
Presbytery, was ordained pastor of the church of Upper and 
Lower (jreenfield for two-thirds of his time, and imme- 
diately after arrangements were made by which he was to 
preach occasionally in Erie. The names of those who 
signed the call from Upper Greenfield were Thomas Robert- 
son, Judah Colt, Timothy Tuttle, and Seth Loomis; the 
salary for two-thirds of his time, was two hundred dollars. 
The ordination took place at Mr. John McCord's bark house. 
Rev. Mr. Badger preaching the sermon, and Rev. Mr. Tate 
giving the right hand of fellowship. The Rev. Mr. Stockton 
was also present, and the people, as was the custom, were 
favored with preaching for several days. 

In 1806 Mr. Patterson petitioned the Presbytery of Erie 
and desired leave to resign his charge. The reasons offered 
were that his salary was insufficient, and "impediments in 
the way of realizing any land as his own by purchase embar- 
rassed and disturbed his mind, so that he had neither leisure 
nor due composure to engage in that reading, meditation, 
and study which were necessary to a faithful and profitable 
discharge of ministerial duties." With regard to the citi- 
zens, he says, "in their intercourse I have found them 
respectful, obliging, and friendly; and though the dispen- 
sation of the Gospel and its ordinances have not been 
attended by any remarkable success, yet we are not without 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 175 

some encouragement and dawnings of hope." Writing from 
Pittsburg, where he established himself in 180*7, in reference 
to his successor in the county, Rev. J. Eaton, he says : " I 
would be rejoiced to be informed that the prospect of their 
religious horizon is becoming brighter than it has ever yet 
been, for to me it appears very nearly a land 'sitting in the 
region and shadow of death.'" Rev. Mr. Patterson died 
in 1832, near Pittsburg, where he had resided many years. 

The Rev. Johnston Eaton preached a few Sabbaths at 
the mouth of Walnut Creek, (Manchester,) in 1805. In 
1801 he returned, and was ordained in 1808 as pastor of 
the churches of Fairview and Springfield. The services 
were held in the barn of William Sturgeon, in what is now 
the village of Fairview. 

The first preaching by Mr. Eaton was at Swan's tavern, 
east side of the mouth of Walnut Creek. This building 
was removed but a few years ago, when it was said to be the 
first house erected in the county. 

In a year or two the congregation erected a log meeting- 
house opposite the dwelling of R. L. Perkins, where still 
are the remains of the burying-ground by which it was sur- 
rounded. Directly in front of the church was an Indian 
mound about six feet in height and fifteen in diameter, cov- 
ered with grass, on which the hardy pioneers reclined at the 
noon recess. The house of worship soon became too strait, 
and it was enlarged by the removal of two sides, and even 
then, on fine days the services were conducted in the open 
air. 

The first elders were Andrew Caughey, G-eorge Reed, and 
William Arbuckle. Of the twenty-five original members at 
Fairview, but five survive ; their names are Jane Caughey, 
Agnes McCreary, Elizabeth Eaton, Jane Sturgeon, and 
William Arbuckle. 

The Rev. Mr. Eaton was appointed chaplain to the army 
at Erie during the war of 1812-13, the most of his people 
being called to the defense of their country. After this he 



It 6 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

l^reaclied a part of his time in the Dunn settlement and in 
Northeast. From the organization of the Presbyterian 
church in Erie, in 1815, he labored there a portion of the time 
until 1822. Mr. Eaton sustained the pastoral relation at 
Fairview until his death in 1847, a period of nearly forty 
years. He was a student of Rev. John McMillan, and a 
faithful servant, enduring hardships and encountering diifi- 
culties with indomitable resolution, and with ardent devo- 
tion to the Master. 

At Erie there was no preaching for several years except- 
ing from an itinerant or missionary occasionally. The 
inhabitants attended church at Northeast or Fairview, par- 
ticularly on sacramental occasions. In 1807 the Rev. John 
Lindsay was employed by the General Assembly of the Pres- 
byterian church for two or (if he preferred it) three months 
to preach in the new settlements in the Holland purchase, 
and to go as far as the town of Erie. 

We need offer no apology for quoting largely from a his- 
torical sermon of Rev. A. H. Carrier, preached at North- 
east, February, 1861, on the occasion of the occupancy of 
their old meeting-house for the last time. 

" The church at Northeast was organized, under the name 
of the church of Lower Greenfield, in the year 1801. The 
spot upon which those assembled, who formed it, was a place 
in the woods nearly in the rear of Amos Gould's residence. 
The services of the occasion were held in the open air, and 
they continued to be thus held until the log church was 
built. The minister who organized the church was the Rev. 
Elisha McCurdy. In Dr. Sprague's 'Annals of the Ameri- 
can Pulpit,' an interesting and detailed account is given of 
the labors of this servant of Christ in Western Pennsylvania. 
He was a native of Carlisle, Pennsylvania. At twenty-nine 
he began preparation for the ministry, and pursued his 
studies seven years, mostly at Cannonsburgh. He was 
licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Ohio, in Washing- 
ton County, Pennsylvania, in 1799. For some time after 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. ITt 

his licensure he was engaged in missionary labor in the 
region bordering on Lake Erie. He had an important 
agency in connection with the great revival in Western 
Pennsylvania, which commenced about 1801-02. It must 
have been while laboring in connection with that revival 
that he organized the church of Lower Greenfield, as it was 
called. Mr. McCurdy's last days were spent at Allegheny. 
He died in the triumphs of the Gospel on the 22d of July, 
1845, in the eighty-third year of his age. Though the 
founder of the church at Northeast, it does not appear that 
he labored either as its pastor or stated supply. The church 
at its organization consisted of twenty-five members, of 
whom none, so far as I am aware, are surviving, with the 
single exception of the aged Mrs. Moorhead, in Harbor 
Creek. The church did not enjoy the services of religion 
each Sabbath, but through many years of its existence 
divided with other churches the labors of such ministers as 
could be obtained. 

"In 1802 Rev. Robert Patterson accepted a call to take 
the pastoral charge of the Presbyterian churches of Erie 
and Upper and Lower Greenfield. In 1803 he was ordained 
and installed pastor of Upper and Lower Greenfield. He 
continued their stated pastor four years and a half, when he 
applied to the Presbytery for a dismission, and was accord- 
ingly dismissed. The church here consisted then of about 
forty members. After this there was a long interval, during 
which the church did not enjoy the stated ministrations of 
any minister. In 1812 a Rev. Mr. McPherrin was employed 
for six months, and then, after another long interval, bringing 
us down to 1815-16, we find that the Rev. Mr. Eaton was 
engaged to preach either one-fourth or one-third part of his 
time at Northeast, 

" Rev. Mr, Tate often labored at Northeast about these 
years, during seasons of religious interest, and at four days 
meetings, held, as usual in those times, in connection with 
communion seasons. Rev. Mr. Eaton's residence was at 

16 



ITS HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

Fairview, and his parish was somewhat extensive, consist- 
ing as it did of the place of his residence, together with 
Erie and the township of Northeast. There are several of 
the church and congregation who distinctly remember Mr. 
Eaton as their minister. In his day worship was held in a 
log church on Cemetery Hill. When this house (the log 
one) was built, I have not been able to ascertain, but prob- 
ably not long after the organization of the church. Thither 
from all the country round the people resorted, coming, not 
as now, over the best of roads and in comfortable carriages, 
but through the mire of swamps, and over stumps, tread- 
ing their way upon horseback or slowly moving in a cart 
drawn by oxen. The elder female members of the church 
have told me of frequently taking a child in their arms, and, 
upon horseback, riding eight, ten, or a dozen miles over not 
the best of roads to attend preaching. Sometimes the log 
church would be too contracted to hold all who came ; then 
they would adjourn to the open air, and under the shelter of 
the trees would worship God. Thus the grove which adorns 
our attractive cemetery has often been made to resound with 
praise, to hear the voice of prayer, and to ring with the mes- 
sage of peace — the glad tidings of a Saviour. 

"In 1818 it appears that Rev. Mr. Camp, a missionary, 
was employed statedly, one month, in which time a revival 
commenced which resulted in an addition to the church of 
about twenty members. 

" The old log church now began to be too strait for its occu- 
pants, and perhaps it was argued by some of the younger 
members of the society that it was not 'up with the times.' 
This would seem, however, to have hardly been a valid argu- 
ment, judging from the picture which one of our older mem- 
bers gives me of the appearance of the present village and 
surrounding country in those days. The few scattered 
houses along the main street were built substantially of 
logs; and interposed between them were wide tracts of 
girdled trees, which gave to the place the aspect of a harbor 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 179 

filled with masts. The worthy people, however, with com- 
mendable zeal for the cause of religion, determined that they 
would have for the house of God something better than their 
own. We are not in possession of any records stating pre- 
cisely what steps were first taken, what debates were had upon 
the subject, what arguments were used in favor of the project, 
and what objections were urged against it ; but I have heard 
it intimated that, with that tenacity of habit which generally 
characterizes elderly people, much was said by the more 
aged members against changing the location of the house. 
They had become accustomed to climb the hill where the 
sanctuary stood, the grave-yard was there, their religious 
associations clustered around that spot, and they were unwill- 
ing that those associations should be disturbed. But the log 
village prevailed. Its inhabitants considered themselves 
centrally located, and succeeded in securing the new struc- 
ture as an ornament for their street. The work undertaken 
was no slight enterprise. The record of the mode by which 
it was built proves under what difficulties it was prosecuted. 
Money was an article which played but a small part in the 
erection of the house which we desert to-day. The mem- 
bers of the congregation seemed to say in effect, by their 
conti"ibutions, what Peter said to the lame man at the Beau- 
tiful Gate of the temple : ' Silver and gold have I none, but 
such as I have give I thee.' The list of items constituting 
payments is a perfect curiosity, very significant of the con- 
dition of the times, and indicative likewise of much zeal that 
an excellent house of worship should be built. As scarcely 
any could furnish money, there was given what was equally 
serviceable — lumber of all kinds, and such labor as was 
needed. But besides this, unlimited amounts of grain and 
flour, and every merchantable article, were furnished as 
equivalents for the amount of subscription or for the price 
of the pews and slips. Some items credited are calculated 
to excite a smile, such, for instance, as 'bread and apple 
pies,' which were appropriated to the object in a way not 



180 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

precisely explained. Our notions of propriety, too, are 
somewhat startled, unless we understand how the temper- 
ance question stood in those days, by finding a more peculiar 
item credited. In one instance a barrel of whisky, price 
eleven dollars, is set down as part payment for the price of 
a pew ! Where it went to, and what was done with it does 
not appear. Our fathers unquestionably apprehended no 
difliculty in the way of such a barter. We may be thankful 
that the interval of years since then has created a more en- 
lightened conscience in regard to the use of spirituous drinks. 

" Through much labor and sacrifice the walls were at last 
inclosed and the house covered, and then, while the seats 
were yet not built, the people turned into the new house for 
worship. Doubtless it seemed, notwithstanding its then 
unplastered walls, a luxurious place to those who had occu- 
pied the old log-house. All who had a hand in building it, 
or who were interested in worshiping in it, considered them- 
selves exceedingly fortunate in possessing so imposing a 
structure. We who sit and shiver here these winter Sab- 
baths may do well to let our imaginations run back to those 
days when stoves for churches were not thought of, and 
when the congregation, within unplastered walls, managed 
as they could to keep comfortable. Not that it would be 
desirable to bring back those times, when any method of 
warming a church was considered a desecration of it, but it 
may be wholesome to remember what experiences have pre- 
ceded ours. Some, even of the middle-aged members, have 
told me that they remember to have seen the minister preach- 
ing, winter Sabbaths, with hands well fortified against the 
cold in thick, woolen mittens. 

"The work continued on the church, to a greater or less 
extent, for several years. The galleries were finally erected 
and the interior completed. At that day the building was 
considered, by the surrounding people, an architectural won- 
der. People, I am told, came long distances in order to see 
it. Doubtless it excited more remark, and was regarded 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 181 

with higher interest than is the ease with our beautiful new 
edifice. And indeed it was, for that time, a most creditable 
structure — in greater contrast with the dwellings of the peo- 
ple, and indicative, therefore, it is possible, of more zeal for 
the outward prosperity of Zion than the building which now 
so eminently graces our village. Owing to the gradual 
manner in which it was constructed, this house was never 
formally dedicated. The congregation were anxious to 
occupy it while, as yet, they were unable to finish it ; and 
when finished, it had been already dedicated by their long- 
continued acts of worship, and, as we may hope, by the con- 
version therein of many a soul. 

"After the erection of the church, the first minister who 
appears upon the records was a Mr. Ely, a licensed minister 
of the Buffalo Presbytery, who was employed one-half his 
time for six months. This was in 1823. The church was 
commenced about 1818, and finished in 1822. In 1824 
Rev. Giles Doolittle was invited, by regular calls, to take 
the pastoral charge of the congregation in Northeast and 
Ripley, New York. On the 15th April, 1825, he was 
ordained by the Presbytery of Erie, and installed by them 
pastor of the united congregations above named. 

"The number of church members when he took charge 
amounted to sixty-eight. The only elders, two in number, 
at that time were John McCord and Thomas Robinson. 
The oldest surviving members of the church are Edmund 
Orton, Dr. James Smedley, and Harmon Ensign, who united 
at about the same time, having come from the same town in 
Connecticut; and among the females, Mrs. Robinson, who 
united about 1803, Mrs. Hall, and Mrs. Baldwin. Their 
connection with the church dates back to the times of the 
old log meeting-house. Of those who joined during the 
same periods, some, however, are still surviving, but are 
connected now with the church at Harbor Creek. 

"Mr. Doolittle continued his labors with this church from 
1825 to 14th September, 1832. He died at Hudson, Ohio, 

16* 



182 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

at which place he was laboring as pastor. In 1832 the 
church was divided. Fifty-eight members, living in Harbor 
Creek and vicinity, were constituted a church, leaving a 
membership here of one hundred and five. 

"November 15th, 1833, Rev. W. A, Adair was ordained 
and installed over the congregations of Northeast and Har- 
bor Creek. It was during the years of prevailing religious 
interest — a period of revivals — that Mr. Adair was con- 
nected with this church, and during his ministry, in connec- 
tion particularly with the labors of Rev. Samuel G. Orton, 
large accessions were made to the church. In 1836 the 
membership amounted to one hundred and eighty-three, and 
in April, 1838, to two hundred and fifteen — a larger number 
than are now in communion with us. In June, 1838, Rev. 
Nathaniel West commenced labors with this church. His 
pastoral relation with it ceased 17th July, 1841. January, 
1842, Rev. Miles Doolittle began to preach to the Presby- 
terian congregation of Northeast, and continued their pastor 
until some time in 1844. November of that year, Rev. 
Samuel Montgomery became their stated minister, followed 
by Rev. Mr. Paine in 1848, who was succeeded by Rev. 
Mr. Cochrane in 1850. August, 1852, Mr. Cochrane gave 
place to Rev. D. D. Gregory. During the continuance of 
Mr. Gregory with this people, a lot was purchased and a 
parsonage built thereon. March, 1859, the present minister 
took charge of the congregation. February, 1859, a meet- 
ing was called, and a committee appointed to take into con- 
sideration the purchase of a lot for a new church. 

" The committee reported the twenty-eighth, were empow- 
ered to purchase March seventh, and March twelfth resolved 
to build. The result of that resolution is the beautiful 
structure which adorns our village." 

In 1811 the Rev. Robert Reid, a minister of the Asso- 
ciate Reformed denomination, organized a church in Erie, 
which was incorporated as the " First Church of Erie." The 
congregation met in the school-house until 1816, when they 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 183 

erected a comfortable building near their present site. The 
frame is now occupied by the new furnace as a store, it hav- 
ing been removed to State Street. 

The first elders of the church were Archibald McSparren, 
Thos. Hughes, Alex. Robinson, and Jas. Barr. 

The Associate Reformed denomination, in 1841, erected 
a large and substantial church, and in 1845 called their pres- 
ent pastor, Rev. Jos. Pressly. 

In 1816 the Rev. Charles Colson, a Lutheran minister 
from Germany, who had settled in Meadville, organized four 
churches in this vicinity, expecting to have the oversight of 
them. One was at Meadville, another ten miles above, on 
French Creek, a third at Conneaut, and a fourth at Erie. 
He took a severe cold, returning to Meadville, from the 
effects of which he died the same year. 

In 1824 the First Presbyterian Church of Erie erected a 
large and substantial building on the site at present occupied 
by their new edifice. The trustees were Judah Colt, P. S. 
Y. Hamot, G. Sanford, R. McClelland, B. Russel, J. Evans, 
R. Brown, S. Hays, T. Laird, G. Selden, J. Kellogg. At 
the ceremony of laying the corner-stone. Rev. Timothy Al- 
den offered prayer, and Rev. Johnston Eaton made a few 
pertinent remarks. Rev. David McKinney, now of Pitts- 
burg, was ordained and installed April 13th, 1825. Rev. 
George A. Lyon, the present pastor, was installed Septem- 
ber 9th, 1829. 

In June, 1859, the corner-stone of their rich and elaborate 
structure was laid on the site of the former building. Rev. 
Dr. Chester, of Buffalo, Rev. C. J. Hutchins, and Rev. D. 
C. Wright took part in the exercises. Its cost, exclusive of 
the ground, is estimated at twenty-five thousand dollars, and 
it is capable of seating nine hundred persons. The organ 
of this church cost two thousand dollars. 

March Itth, 1827, a meeting was held at Mr. Hamot's 
for the purpose of organizing an Episcopal church. Colonel 
Thomas Forster was called to the chair, and P. S. V. Hamot 



184 HISTORF OP ERIE COUNTY. 

appointed Secretary. George Miles, G. A. Elliot, Taber 
Beebe, C. M. Reed, Thos. Forster, Jr., D. C. Barrett, Wm. 
Kelley, G. Knapp, and J. A. Tracy were elected Vestry- 
men. Rev. Charles Smith accepted the office of rector, but 
resigned December eighth. He was succeeded by Rev. B. 
Hutchins, and afterward by Rev. John W. James. Rev. 
Bennet Glover was next appointed, July llth, 1828, and 
held the office until his death in 1838. St. Paul's Church 
was erected in 1831. 

The First Baptist Church was organized in 1831. July 
31st, 1832, at a meeting held at the court-house. Rev. Wm. 
H. Newman was called to the chair, and 0. N. Sage ap- 
pointed Secretary. The following gentlemen were nomi- 
nated trustees : E. D. Gunnison, Abijah Frost, O. 'N. Sage, 
William Kelly, James Lytle, Warren Foot, (did not serve,) 
Adonijah Fuller, George Moore, and D. J. Lloyd. The 
first pastor was Rev. William Newman, and they erected 
their building in 1833. 

In 1838 the Methodist Episcopal denomination erected 
a frame building on Seventh Street. In 1860 they dedi- 
cated their new house of worship on the corner of Sassafras 
and Seventh. This is one of the finest churches in the city. 
The house and ground cost seventeen thousand dollars. 
Trustees, J. Hanson, J. S. Sterrett, T. Willis, John Burton, 
William Sanborn, A. A. Craig, J. W. Ayers, A. Yale, N. 
Murphy. In 1858 the same denomination completed a house 
of worship a short distance south of the town, at the cost 
of four thousand dollars, called the Simpson Church. Messrs. 
E. Goodrich, Heman Jaynes, and Captain Thos. Wilkins 
were liberal contributors. 

In 1841 the Lutherans built a church. Rev. Mr. Hart- 
man, pastor. 

In 1844 the Universalists organized a church, and in 1845 
erected their building. First pastor, Rev. Henry Gififord. 
Trustees, Henry Cadwell, R. Huston, and Porter Warren. 
S. H. Kelsey, Collector. 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 185 

The first Roman Catholic church erected in Erie was a 
small frame building on German Street, in 1839. The 
corner-stone of St. Patrick's, on Fourth Street, was laid in 
1850, and about 1858 a dwelling for the bishop and a school- 
house were erected on the premises. In 1854 the diocese 
of Erie was created, and the Rev, Joshua Young made 
bishop. 

In 1854 St. Mary's, a German Catholic church, was com- 
menced, and completed in 1858. This is probably the 
largest, as it is the most expensive church in the city, its 
cost having amounted to $28,000. It has two spires 135 
feet in height, and is furnished with three bells, one weigh- 
ing 1991 pounds, another 1085 pounds, and the third 708 
pounds. The bells cost $1400, and are remarkable for their 
clearness of tone ; they were consecrated by the Right Rev. 
J. Young, April 15th, I860. The church has an organ 
which cost $1200, the Society of St. Cecilia engaging them- 
selves in the choir. The Benedictine Fathers have had charge 
of the congregation since July, 1859, Rev. F. Celestine 
Engelbrecht, pastor. 

Two societies for the propagation of the faith are con- 
nected with St. Mary's — St. Aloysia's for young men, and 
the Society of the Blessed Yirgin for young ladies — each 
of which has a library. 

The Methodist Germans many years ago erected a com- 
fortable house of worship near the depot. 

About 1850 the German Presbyterians erected a brick 
church on Peach Street. 

In 1854 an Old School Presbyterian church was organized 
by Rev. William Willson, and immediately after the congrega- 
tion erected Park Church at a cost of $17,000. First Trus- 
tees, G. Sanford, Jos. Arbuckle, J. C. Spencer, William C. 
Curry, I. W. Hart, J. Moore, D. W. Fitch. Treasurer and 
Secretary, D. W. Fitch. In 1856 Rev. W. M. Blackburn was 
installed pastor. The first attempt of the General Assem- 
bly (0. S.) to establish a church in Erie was in 1842, when 



186 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

Rev. J. H. Townley was sent as a missionary. In 1853 the 
Presbytery of Erie made appointments for preaching for 
several months, having previously named a committee to 
establish a church when Providence should direct. 

In 1841 the Wesleyan Methodist Society (colored) erected 
their building on Third Street, in Jerusalem, the western 
part of the town. The founders were H. E. Waters, John 
Clifford, Amos Burgess, Luman Harris, and William Mes- 
sick. The African Episcopal Methodists (also colored) 
formed a society and erected a building soon after. 

The Protestant Episcopal church, Rev. Mr. Abercrombie, 
held services for a few months in 1858, in the Wesleyan 
church, when it was not otherwise occupied, and organized 
a Sunday School there. At the same time the Rev. Mr. 
Bowman, of the same church, held services at the depot. 

The first instance of Christian worship after the manner 
of the Protestant Episcopal church, at Girard, was in June, 
1858, in the Methodist Episcopal church, a large audience 
being in attendance. Rev. John Bowman officiated. 

Girard Township has five churches — one Protestant 
Methodist, three Episcopal Methodist, and one Roman 
Catholic. 

Springfield Township has six churches — two Episcopal 
Methodist, one New School Presbyterian, one Universalist, 
one Christian, and one Calvinistic Baptist. 

Eranklin Township has no church edifice. 

Fairview Township has seven church organizations — one 
Methodist Episcopal, one German Methodist, one Old School 
Presbyterian, two New School Presbyterian, though but one 
house of worship, and two German churches, the denomina- 
tions not known. In this statement is included the churches 
of Manchester and Fairview or Sturgeonville. 

Summit Township has two churches — one Methodist Epis- 
copal that will accommodate three hundred persons, valued 
at $850; and one U. Presbyterian, seating four hundred, and 
valued at $800. 



HISTORY OF EUIE COUNTY. 18T 

McKean Township has one Methodist Episcopal church, 
seating five hundred, and valued, at $1500; and a Roman 
Catholic, seating five hundred, which cost $1300. 

Le BcBuf Township has one Methodist Episcopal church, 
seating three hundred, and valued at $1000; and a second 
one, seating five hundred, and valued at $1500, 

Washington Township has one Christian Communion 
church, accommodating three hundred, valued at $1200. 

Concord Township has one Methodist Episcopal church 
with two hundred sittings, valued at $1000. 

Harbor Creek Township has four churches. 

Greene Township has two Methodist Episcopal, and one 
Presbyterian church. 

Northeast Township has three churches — one Presbyte- 
rian, valued at $1000, seating three hundred ; one Methodist 
Episcopal, valued at $3000, seating three hundred and fifty; 
and one Baptist, valued at $3400, that will accommodate 
four hundred. 

Greenfield Township has one Methodist Episcopal church. 

Waterford Township has six churches — one Roman Catho- 
lic, seating three hundred persons, valued at $3000; one 
Lutheran, seating one hundred and fifty, valued at 
one Presbyterian, seating two hundred, valued at 
one Methodist Episcopal, seating two hundred and twenty, 
valued at $400; another of the same denomination, seating 
three hundred, valued at $500; one Baptist, seating three 
hundred, valued at $450. 

Amity Township has one Methodist Episcopal church, 
valued at $800, and which will accommodate two hundred 
persons. 

Yenango Township has one Methodist Episcopal church, 
besides the churches in Wattsburg, 

Wayne Township has two churches — a Methodist Epis- 
copal, valued at $1000, which will accommodate three hun- 
dred, and a Presbyterian one valued at $800, seating two 
hundred and fifty persons. 



188 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

Union Township lias three churches — one Methodist Epis- 
copal, valued at $1000, with three hundred sittings; one 
Presbyterian, valued at $1500, with three hundred sittings; 
and a Roman Catholic, valued at $800, with two hundred 
sittings. 

The census statistics (which include those of the churches) 
of Mill Creek, Elk Creek, Conneaut, and the West Ward of 
Erie have not yet been published or filed in the Prothono- 
tary's office, nor have they been aggregated, excepting in 
population. 

Erie has been favored with revivals of religion at several 
periods. In 1831 Rev. Mr. Stone held a series of meetings, 
and more than thirty persons united with the Presbyterian 
church. 

In 1834 Rev. Mr. Orton, a zealous evangelist, held a pro- 
tracted meeting, and about one hundred persons connected 
themselves with the different churches. 

In 1842 the Rev. Mr. Clark preached for several days in 
the Presbyterian church — sixty-five persons united with the 
church at that time. Again, in 1858, more than two hun- 
dred persons united with the different evangelical churches 
in Erie. 

Rev. 0. Parker, an evangelist, labored successfully in the 
Presbyterian churches of Girard and Edinboro in 1860. At 
the latter place there were many converts in the Normal 
school. 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 189 



CHAPTER XTII. 

Waterford — Edinboro — Northeast — "Wattsburg — Girard — Union Mills — 
Albion — Cherry Hill — Wellsbiirg — Cranesville — Lookport — Pageville — 
Lexington — Fairview — Manchester — McKean Corners — Wesley ville — 
West Springfield — Springfield — Beaverdam — Concord Station. 

Waterford, beautifully situated at old Fort Le Boeuf,* 
the history of which has been given in a former chapter, 
is distant fourteen miles southeast of Erie. 

In the act for laying out the towns of Erie, Franklin, 
Warren, and Waterford, is to be found the following : 
"Whereas, Andrew Ellicot lately surveyed and laid out a 
town, within the tract heretofore reserved for the public use 
at Le Boeuf, near the head of the navigation of French 
Creek, and the draft and plan of the said town being com- 
municated by the Governor to the General Assembly, was 
by them approved : therefore, be it enacted by the authority 
aforesaid, that the said draft and plan of the town so sur- 
veyed and laid out by the said Andrew Ellicot, * * * being 
first I'ecorded in the office of the Secretary of the Common- 
wealth, and the original thereof deposited in the ofBce of 
the Surveyor-General, shall be, and the same is hereby, in all 

* Old Fort Le Boeuf being inland, was not ranked or fortified as a 
first-class station; yet, its being situated on the " head waters" of 
the Allegheny River, and at the nearest point of water communica- 
tion between Lake Erie and the river, it was considered of much 
importance as a trading fort. It afforded protection to traders, 
hunters, and to many adventurers who passed between Canada and 
Fort Duquesne and the French possession farther south. The port- 
age between Presqu'ile and Le Boeuf being only a little more than 
four leagues, the necessary goods, munitions of war, implements of 
agriculture, etc., were conveyed over land from the lake, and at 
Fort Le Boeuf embarked upon radeaux or rafts, to be transported to 
forts to the south and west along the river. 

IT 



190 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

respects, accepted, ratified, confirmed, and established, as 
fully and efi'ectually as if it had been made by virtue of a 
law previously authorizing a town to be surveyed and laid 
out at Le Boeuf ; * * * and the commissioners hereinbefore 
directed to be appointed shall also survey five hundred acres 
of land, adjoining the said last-mentioned town, for out-lots: 
and the same shall be divided in such manner, and with such 
streets, lanes, and alleys as the said commissioners shall di- 
rect, but no out-lot shall contain more than five acres, nor 
shall the reservation for public uses exceed in the whole ten 
acres; and the said last-mentioned town shall be called 
'Waterford,' and all the streets, lanes, and alleys thereof, 
and of the out-lots thereto adjoining, shall be and forever 
remain common highways." 

And in section thirteenth, "that it shall be lawful for the 
Governor, with the consent of the individuals, respectively, 
to protract the enlistments of such part of the detachment 
of State troops, or such part as may be in garrison at Fort 
Le Boeuf, or to enlist as many men as he shall deem neces- 
sary, not exceeding one hundred and thirty, to protect and 
assist the commissioners, surveyors, and other attendants 
intrusted with the execution of the several objects of this 
act: provided always, nevertheless, that as soon as a fort 
shall be established at Presqu'ile, and the United States 
shall have furnished adequate garrisons for the same, and 
for Fort Le Boeuf, the Governor shall discharge the said de- 
tachment of State troops, except the party thereof employed 
in protecting and assisting the commissioners, surveyors, and 
other attendants as aforesaid, which shall be continued until 
the objects of this act are accomplished, and no longer." 

And section fifteenth, "that in order to defray the ex- 
penses of making the survey at Fort Le Boeuf, and the vari- 
ous surveys and sales herein directed, and to maintain the 
garrison at Fort Le Boeuf, there shall be, and hereby is, ap- 
propriated the sum of seventeen thousand dollars, to be paid 
by the Treasurer on the warrants of the Governor." 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 191 

When Judge Yincent* settled in Waterford in HOT, 
he says : " There were no remains of the old French 
fort excepting the traces on the ground, and these traces 
were very distinct and visible." Fifteen years after, a cel- 
lar and a deep well were the only visible remains. Can- 
non, bullets, etc. have been found occasionally below the 
surface, and fragments of human skeletons pervade the soil. 
From the first settlement to the present time men have, at 
•intervals, been searching for treasures on the sites of Le 
Boeuf and Presqu'ile, with all the helps afforded by the 
magnet and mineral-rod. At Le Boeuf, two years ago, a 
man, digging under the direction of the " Spirits," discovered 
below the surface a stone wall laid up with mortar, which 
would probably have a radius of one hundred feet. Within 
this was the foundation of a blacksmith's forge, or indica- 
tions of one — as burnt stone, cinders, pieces of iron of all 
shapes, and of no conceivable use, guns, gun-locks, bayonets, 
and parts of many implements of war. 

Judge Vincent says further, on the same ground, in 
1*797, stood a stockade fort built by Major Denny in 1194; 
it was commanded by an officer of the army. Lieutenant 
Marten, with twelve or fifteen soldiers. The same year 
(11 9*7) a new fort was built, which is still occupied by a 

* Judge John Vincent was born in Newark Townsliip, Essex 
County, New Jersey, February 4th, 1772. The family were origin- 
ally from France, where his great-grandfather was born, in 1676. 
Several of the brothers were residing at West Branch, Pennsylvania, 
and in Fort Freeland when captured by the Indians. - 

Judge Vincent was appointed Associate Judge in 1805. He dis- 
charged the duties of the ofBce for more than thirty-four years, 
being absent but twice from the sittings of the court. When he 
removed to Waterford in 1797, he found in the vicinity Wm. Miles, 
Captain Pollock, Captain Martin Strong, and Amos Judson ; and a 
strong friendship was engendered by common dangers and priva- 
tions, and which was interrupted only by death. Judge Vincent 
was industrious, energetic, and persevering, and lived to enjoy the 
benefits his industry had accumulated. He died in February, 1860, 



192 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

family, though very much dilapidated, and some parts appa- 
rently ready to fall. This block-house was at one time a 
storehouse ; in 1813, (after the battle of Lake Erie,) a body 
of prisoners and wounded men were there quartered; it 
was next connected with other buildings, the whole being 
weatherboarded, and a respectable hotel constituted. The 
main street of the borough running from north to south 
passes in front of the "Block-house Hotel," and over the 
same ground which was occupied by the French and first 
American forts. The whole is now the property of A. M. 
Judson, Esq. 

In the neighborhood of the depot, two miles northeast of 
the block-house, spikes, bullets, cannon balls, etc. have been 
found. In another part of the town, a quarter of a mile from 
the fort, a hillock is called "Washington's Mound," from 
the fact (as tradition has it) that Washington, when on his 
mission in 1153, spent a night there. 

One of the first appropriations for the northwestern part 
of the State, in 1791, was £400 for the improvement of 
French Creek, (besides £400 for the road from Le Boeuf to 
Presqu'ile;) and in 1807 we find five hundred dollars were 
to be set apart from the sale of town and out lots of the 
Commonwealth, adjoining Erie, for clearing and improv- 
ing the navigation of Le Bceuf and French Creeks from 
Waterford to the south line of the county. 

Here it may not be out of place to give a short descrip- 
tion of French Creek. It was formerly called Yenango 
Creek, or rather, In-nan-ga-eh, and is a beautiful, transpa- 
rent, and rapid stream. For many miles from its confluence 
with the Allegheny it is less than one hundred feet in width. 
At some seasons its waters are navigable to Waterford for 
boats carrying twenty tons, yet for a few weeks of summer 
it cannot usually be navigated by any craft larger than a 
canoe. 

Washington, in his journal, calls Le Boeuf Creek the 
Western Fork, which is correct; but besides this there are 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 193 

three others, and these are now particularly so designated. 
In addition to many small streams, in all directions, proceed- 
ing northerly from the mouth of French Creek, its most 
noted contributory waters, all of which have mill privileges 
and furnished with saw-mills and grist-mills, are Big Sugar 
Creek, Deer Creek, Little Sugar Creek, the outlet of Con- 
neaut, Cassewago, Woodcock, the outlet of Conneauttee, 
Muddy Creek, and Le Boeuf Creek, on which Waterford 
stands, three or four miles above its union with French 
Creek. 

In the articles on roads and the salt trade Waterford is 
conspicuous. Salt on its arrival from Erie was deposited in 
storehouses at the landing to await a freshet. There were 
four of these large storehouses, being the property of Judge 
Smith, Judge Yincent, Captain Tracy, and Thomas King. 
Messrs. Tracy and King did not build until 1815 or 1816. 
The last load of salt carried down the river to Pittsburg 
was by Judge Smith, in 1819, the boat containing four hun- 
dred barrels. 

In the days of the salt trade Waterford contained no 
churches, and the people assembled in the storehouses to 
hear the word of God. On one occasion when Mr. Mathews 
was preaching, the freshet reached the point that made it 
necessary, or at least desirable, to start the boats. The 
barrels were rolled out and the boats filled in the midst of 
the service, and the divine prayed for "the success of the 
boats that were obliged to start on the Lord's day." 

The keel boats gave employment to many who seemed to 
form a peculiar and vigorous class by themselves. An "up- 
the-river boatman" was quite a different specimen of the 
genus homo from all others. "He could drink, swear, 
smoke, and fight in a manner that would quite astonish his 
degenerate great-grandchildren of these days. The race 
is nearly extinct." 

It was the custom to give the men who went with the 
boats every tenth barrel for their pay. There was a Dutch- 



194 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

man, by the name of Jacob Kitelinger, (as it was pro- 
nounced,) who said to Judge Smith, on one of his trips, 
"Judge, you are an old friend of mine, and, I believe, a 
good friend. Prove it, by giving me every tivelfth barrel. 
I think I deserve it." The Judge thought about it, and 
finally, for friendship's sake, agreed to do it. Kitelinger 
was delighted; and when they reached Pittsburg, worked 
industriously, setting aside for himself every twelfth barrel. 
But when he found that the others received ten barrels for 
every hundred and he only eight, the poor fellow was in 
despair. The Judge, however, was a man of honor, and 
gave him his due, but Jacob could never understand it. 

Keel-boat fare has been pronounced, even by some epi- 
cures, the very sweetest, owing, undoubtedly, to the fresh air 
and a good appetite. A mass composed of flour and water 
was well kneaded on the top of a barrel — the large loaf then 
placed on a board before the fire, and when well browned, 
the lower side placed in the same position. Some slices of 
bacon were then roasted on the points of sticks, to complete 
the variety. Their drink was usually chocolate, with the 
bacon held over while roasting — some drops of the fat im- 
parting a richness and flavor to the beverage. 

To impel by poles against the current, (as they were 
obliged to do on their return,) was a most laborious employ- 
ment — keelmen not unfrequently, at that day, had the side 
flayed and raw as a poor draught-horse long galled by the 
harness. ^^ No more going ahead, backward,''' was the ex- 
pressive toast of an old boatman, at the Meadville canal 
celebration ; and well did his class appreciate the improve- 
ment. 

On April 8th, 1833, the town of Waterford was erected 
into a borough, being bounded and limited as follows : be- 
ginning at a white ash at' the northwest corner of the Water- 
ford reserve, adjoining lands of J. Yincent, Esq., on the 
north and west; thence east 216 perches along the north 
side of Circuit Street, adjoining lands of J. Vincent, Esq., 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 195 

and the heirs of A. Himrod, to a post at the northwest cor- 
ner of Gr. W. Reed's land ; thence south along the reserve 
line 159 perches, to a post at the southeast corner of said 
Reed's land; thence east 69 perches along the southern 
boundaries of the same and the reserve line to a post; thence 
south 26 degrees, east 125 perches, along the eastern bound- 
. aries of out-lots numbers 30, 23, 22, 94, and 1, to a post ad- 
joining land of Amos Judson on the south ; thence south 
64 degrees, vrest along the line dividing the out-lots and 
reserve tracts, 261 perches, to a post at the southwest cor- 
ner of out-lot number 12; thence north 26 degrees, west 40 
perches, along the western boundary of said out-lot to a 
post on the so^th side of Water Street; thence south 64 
degrees, west 126 perches along the south side of Water 
Street, to a post on the west side of Circuit Street; and 
thence north 422 perches along the west side of Circuit 
Street to the place of beginning. 

The first borough officers were elected in 1834. Amos 
Judson, Burgess; John Boyd, Henry Colt, William Benson, 
John Tracy, Isaac M. White, Wilson King, Town Council ; 
Charles C. Boyd, High Constable ; B. B. Yincent, Town 
Clerk and Treasurer; Samuel Hutchins and Daniel Vincent, 
Overseers of the Poor. 

Waterford has a plank-road connecting it with Erie and 
Meadville, and the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad, which 
as yet has appeared to be of no advantage to the town. 

It has four churches, of the United Presbyterian, New 
School Presbyterian, Protestant Episcopal, and Methodist 
Episcopal denominations. The Presbyterian church was 
organized in 1810, Rev. John Mathews being the first pas- 
tor, and William Bracken, John Lytic, and Archibald Wat- 
son the first trustees. 

In 1832 the Presbyterians united with the Protestant 
Episcopal denomination in erecting a church, which now 
belongs to the latter exclusively. In 1835 they erected 
their present house of worship. 



196 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

The Associate Reformed churcli (United Presbyterian) 
was organized in 1816, Rev. Robert Reid being tlie first 
pastor. This is much the largest congregation in Water- 
ford, and, lilie the same denomination in Erie, composed 
almost entirely of Irish Protestants. The founders were 
William Smith, Robert Kincaid, and William Cai'son. A 
year or two since they enlarged and improved their building. 

The Methodist Society was organized as early as 1814, 
but did not erect a house of worship until 1854. Rev. Mr. 
Paddock, first pastor. 

A Protestant Episcopal church was organized in 1827, 
and they erected their building, as mentioned above, in 1832. 
Rev. Bennet Glover was their first clergyman. Dr. M. B. 
Bradley, Timothy Judson, Amos Judson, Martin Strong, 
John Yincent, James Pollock, and John Tracy were the 
first officers. 

Waterford Academy is the oldest institution of the kind 
in the county, as we have mentioned. 

Waterford has eight factories and one banking establish- 
ment. 

The borough officers are William Judson, Burgess ; David 
Boyd, William C. Smith, Sam. C. Stamford, J. L. Cook, 
J. L. McKay, Owen McGill, Town Council; J. M. White, 
Town Clerk and Treasurer. 

Edinboro, in Washington Township, is twenty miles south 
of Erie, and but two miles from Crawford County. It was 
incorporated April 3d, 1840, and is the most enterprising 
interior town in the county. Mr. Culbertson built a mill 
here about 1800, being one of the first mills erected in the 
county. Families of the name of Hamilton and Reeder 
were also among the first settlers. It was formerly called 
Conneauttee or Little Conneaut, an Anglicized aboriginal 
word. 

Eight miles in a southwesterly direction from Meadville 
is a beautiful lake three or four miles in length and one in 
breadth, called Conneaut, or as the Senecas pronounce it. 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 19T 

Kon-ne-yaut, "the snow place." The Indians of the neigh- 
borhood had observed the snow to remain some time on the 
frozen lake after its disappearance elsewhere. 

Here are church organizations of the Baptist, Methodist 
Episcopal, and Old and New School Presbyterian denomin- 
ations. 

The Old School Presbyterians, under the pastoral charge 
of the Rev. Jas. Dickey, erected their building in 1855, at 
a cost of $2000. It has sittings for five hundred and fifty 
persons. The Methodist Episcopal church will accommo- 
date two hundred and fifty persons, and cost $500. The 
New School Presbyterian church cost $3000, and will accom- 
modate five hundred. The Baptists are yet without a house 
of worship. 

In 1833 the Conneauttee Library Company was incorpo- 
rated. Edinboro has the most expensive school buildings in 
the county, and the citizens have exhibited a commendable 
spirit of liberality and enterprise in their efforts connected 
with the establishment of the Normal school of the twelfth 
district in their midst. About $25,000 has been raised by 
them in subscriptions and expended in buildings and im- 
provements, and the success of the school promises to com- 
pensate for the investment, and add to the population and 
prosperity of the town. The Normal school has at present 
four teachers and about eighty pupils. There is also one 
common school with two teachers and one hundred and 
thirty-six pupils. 

M. Saley was elected burgess in 1861, A plank-road 
connects Edinboro with Erie and Meadville. 

For manufactures there are two cooper shops, two for the 
manufacture of sashes and blinds, one of shovel-handles, 
three of cabinetware, a tannery, grist-mill, saw-mill, and tin 
shop. 

The water power of Conneauttee Lake, obtained by the 
damming of the outlet, is one of unsurpassed excellence, 
and many factories working wood and lumber are found 



193 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY, 

along the stream below. This lake is noted for its double 
white pond lilies, which are exquisitely beautiful, and pecu- 
liar, we believe, to the American continent ; springing from 
the bottom of the lake, they expand their flowers when they 
reach the surface and sunshine. 

Northeast was formerly called Gibsonville, and later 
Burgettstown, and is seventeen miles east of Erie, on the 
Buffalo and State Line Railroad. This vicinity has been 
long settled, and is highly cultivated and populous. The 
inhabitants are mostly Eastern people, while in other parts 
of the county the Scotch-Irish element predominates.* 

Northeast has three churches, one public school, and a 
flourishing high school, at present under the management 
of P. II. Stewart, with three assistants. Rev. Mr. Carrier's 
very interesting history of the Presbyterian church in this 
place is found under the general head. The Methodist 
Episcopal church was formed at an early day. The Bap- 
tists dedicated a neat and commodious house of worship 
February 1st, 1860. Eor many years this people had main- 
tained public worship two miles east of the borough; in 
July, 1858, a church was organized denominated "The 
First Baptist Church of Northeast." Officers— E. C. Heath, 
A. Partridge, Deacons; E. C. Heath, A. Partridge, S. 
Malick, Trustees; and H. Partridge, Clerk. 

An account of Northeast Cemetery is found elsewhere. 

For manufactures it has four shoe shops, two tin and two 
wagon establishments, one plow manufactory, a cabinet shop, 
ashery, etc. It has also one banking office. At Freeport, 
two miles distant, the Franklin Paper-Mill, owned by J. S. 
Johnson, is in excellent order, with every modern improve- 
ment. In 1860 they manufactured 4000 reams of wrapping 

* The first brick building erected in the county was the residence 
of Mr. Silliman in 1809 or 1810, which is still firm and good. It is 
said the contractor was to have so much a thousand for all the brick 
he put in, and in accordance with a law of human nature, he used 
an enormous quantity, which in the end has proved good economy. 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 199 

paper, 2000 of writing paper, and 2000 of printing. In 
1838 a paper-mill on the same site, the property of Mr. \V. 
S. Hall, was consumed by fire, at a loss of $15,000. 

In 1860 the borough officers were Philetus Glass, Bur- 
gess; J. M. Conrad, Richard Bran, John Greer, Rufus 
Loomis, Levi Jones, and Harley Selkregg, Town Council. 

Wattsburg, Yenango Township, is seventeen miles east 
of southeast from Erie, at the Forks of French Creek. 
Provisions and stores from Pittsburg were landed here for 
Colt's Station and Northeast from their first settlement. 
There was also a landing at Bissel's mill, seven miles above 
Wattsburg, on French Creek, where at first provisions were 
landed for Colt's Station, being but two miles distant. In 
l*l9t Mr. William Miles built "the upper storehouse," in 
which was deposited a few dry goods for the convenience 
of the settlers, and to exchange for furs, besides being a 
depot for provisions. Mr. David Watts, (of the company 
known at an early day as Watts, Scott & Co.,) from whom 
the town was named, owned a tract of 1400 acres in the 
vicinity. 

In 1196 Adam Reed and a Mr. Tracy, with their families, 
settled up the stream, a little above Wattsburg. Messrs. 
Reed and Tracy built a small grist-mill on the east branch 
of French Creek at an early day. 

In April, 1833, Wattsburg was erected into a borough, 
with the following boundaries: beginning at French Creek 
where the old State line crosses the same, being the south 
boundary of Yenango Township ; thence east along said 
line 180 perches; thence north 180 perches; thence west 
180 perches (more or less) to French Creek; thence south- 
wardly by the windings of said creek to the place of begin- 
ning. 

Wattsburg had, in 1840, one hundred and thirty-one in- 
habitants, and in 1860, three hundred and thirty-seven. It 
has three churches, a select school, and a common school 
with two teachers and one hundred and two scholars, which 



200 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY, 

has a new building in progress. The Presbyterian church 
was organized at an early day — the church being of the New 
School branch dedicated a house of worship in 1854. It is 
valued at $1500, and will seat three hundred persons. The 
Baptist and Methodist Episcopal denominations have also 
churches; the Methodists completed a new one the past 
year at an expense of $4000, which will seat four hundred. 
The Baptist will accommodate two hundred, and cost 
$1200. 

For manufactures it has two sash, door and blind facto- 
ries, two boot and shoe shops, one tannery, one harness, one 
of cabinetware, one ashery, etc. 

This borough and the vicinity has been greatly benefited 
by the building of the Erie and Wattsburg plank-road. In 
1836 a bill for a railroad called the "Erie and Wattsburg 
Railroad, " (a connection being intended with the New York 
and Erie,) became a law, but for want of means the road 
was never built. 

Wattsburg has a fine water-power, and extensive flat and 
bottom lands up both branches of the creek, and on the 
main stream. The forests are of pine, cherry, and other 
valuable timber. The soil is productive, the water clear and 
wholesome, and the climate salubrious. 

L. S. Chapin was elected Burgess of the borough, in 
1861, and Lyman Ptobinson, Justice of the Peace. 

GiRARD was named from Stephen Girard, who, at the 
time the village was laid out, had a large tract of land in 
Conneaut Township adjoining. 

In 1814 the site of this pleasant borough was a part of 
the farm of John Taylor, and his residence was the only 
building.* It is fifteen miles south of west from Erie, and 
ten miles from the Ohio State line, and overlooks some of 
the finest scenery in the country. The valley of Elk Creek, 

* The names of some of the earliest inhabitants in this vicinity 
were Miles Taggart, Joseph Wells, James Laughlin, James Silver- 
thorn, and Willard Badger. 



HISTORY OF EKIE COUNTY. 201 

winding toward the east, lias precipitous banks — the stream 
having worn its bed in some places to the depth of two hun- 
dred feet. The rocky formation here is a soft, friable slate, 
in which are many fossil shells, and which appears solid, but 
on exposure soon crumbles to clay. On the creek there are 
several mills, and the water power is suflBcieut for an indefi- 
nite number. Around is a rich agricultural country, dotted 
with pleasant farm-houses and well-cultivated fields, and 
owned by a people who are excelled by none in all the 
qualities of good citizenship. 

The borough was incorporated in 1846. The first oSicers 
were Mason Kellogg, Burgess; John McClure, Jr., Lef- 
feret Hart, H. McConnell, and George H. Cutler, Town 
Council; L. S. Jones, Clerk. It contains four churches 
and a fine academy capable of accommodating two hundred 
pupils — this is particularly described elsewhere. Of the 
churches, the Methodist was organized at a very early day; 
the Presbyterians were organized in 1830, and after the 
division of the General Assembly in 1837, the New School 
branch retained the building. Three of the elders, Messrs. 
Bristol, Porter, and Blair, remained with the Old School, 
and for some years the possession of the church property 
was disputed by the two parties. The Old School, for some 
time, had preaching in the Methodist Episcopal church, and 
in 1852 erected a building. The Universalist church was 
organized in 1853, and erected soon after their house of 
worship. A Roman Catholic church (Irish) was conse- 
crated in 1856. This is outside of the borough limits. 

The Erie Canal crosses the principal street on its west 
end, thus increasing its business without marring its appear- 
ance. The depot of the Lake Shore Railroad and the Pitts- 
burg and Erie Railroad is about two miles north of Girard ; 
from this place to Erie both roads occupy the same track. 

For manufactures Girard has two carriage shops, a steam 
planing-mill, and the requisite stores and shops for the popu- 
lation of the town and vicinity. 

18 



202 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

The buildings and grounds of the citizens are quite taste- 
ful ; the streets and walks are delightfully shaded by elms, 
maples, and locusts ; the society is cultivated, and altogether 
Girard is quite a desirable place of residence. 

"West Girard has about twenty dwellings, Methodist, Epis- 
copal, and Baptist churches, three machine shops, a mill, etc. 

Union Mills, or Miles's Mills, the third town in popula- 
tion, having 801 inhabitants, is situated twenty miles south- 
east of Erie on the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad. Mr. 
"William Miles, from whom the place derived its name, was 
a soldier in the revolutionary army, and at the capture of 
Fort Freeland, on the West Branch, was taken prisoner and 
carried to Canada, where he remained until the peace. He 
then returned to Northumberland County, and in IT 85, with 
Mr. David Watts, was appointed (by Governor Miflflin, we 
believe,) to survey the tenth Donation Tract.* In June, 
1795, he returned and settled on the flats of French Creek, 
in what is now Concord Township, Erie County. Ac- 
companying him were his wife and children, and Mr. Wm. 
Cook with his family. The manner in which Mr. Miles's 
children were conveyed from Franklin, Yenango County, 
is worthy of especial notice. A sack was provided, partly 
open at the side, but closed at the end. The sack was 
thrown across the horse and a child placed in each side. 
Mrs. Miles carried her youngest child before her on the 



* Their pi'OTisions, being procured in Harrisburg, were packed on 
horses and conveyed to a point near Wattsburg. An incident is re- 
lated of the Indian steward: "The duties of Messrs. Miles and 
Watts being very severe, they liired an Indian, who was to act in 
the capacity of general cook, furnish meat, etc. 'Mr. Indian,' as is 
natural to the race, in time became remarkably lazy in his endeavors 
to procure meat, giving, as his excuse, the scarcity of it in the wilder- 
ness; but the trick was carried too far, and Messrs. Miles and Watts 
becoming cognizant that he was deceiving them, cut short his allow- 
ance of food, which brought 'the native of the forest' to a strict 
sense of his duty, which he never neglected afterward." 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 203 

horse. Mrs. M. and Mrs. Cook, her sister, were, next to 
Mrs. Reed, the first white women in the county. 

Mr. Miles resided in Concord about five years, removing 
in 1800 to Union, where he erected the same year a saw and 
grist mill, and a frame dwelling-house, which, from its being 
an unusual improvement, Mr. Judah Colt recorded its di- 
mensions, being twenty by seventy feet, and a story and 
a half in height. The nearest station was in distance 
eight miles. All provisions, in 1195, were transported by 
means of pack-horses, from Pittsburg to Concord ; shortly 
after they were brought up the Allegheny, and thence by 
its tributaries to Union Mills. 

In 1*796 Mr. Miles commenced clearing land where Watts- 
burg now stands, and built, in addition to his dwelling- 
house, a store for provisions, and where also a few dry 
goods were kept to exchange for furs. Wattsburg was laid 
out by him some thirty years after. Mr. M. died in Girard 
Township, in March, 1846, aged eighty-seven years. "As a 
pioneer he was hardy, intelligent, and sagacious. Endowed 
by nature with a mind of uncommon vigor, his talents were 
early called into action by the settlers, who, for a series 
of years, gathered around him as the guardian of their 
interests." 

In the year 1196 families named Hurd, McCrea, Wilson, 
and Findley settled in the neighborhood of Union Mills. 
Three years ago Union Mills had but 293 inhabitants; its 
real and personal property was then valued at $98,217; it 
is now estimated at $261,380, which is a greater propor- 
tional increase than any other town in the county, and may 
be attributed to the facilities afforded by the railroad, and 
the transhipment of oil. 

For religious privileges it has a Presbyterian church, (New 
School,) one Methodist Episcopal church, and one Roman 
Catholic church. It has two schools. 

The Penn Rock Oil Refining Company, Mr. Parsons, 
manager, procured ground and erected a building, in which 



204 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY, ^ 

it is estimated i5fty barrels will be refined daily. Clark, 
Andrews & Co. have established recently a factory for the 
manufacture of oil and flour barrels, firkins, etc. In this 
establishment they expect to manufacture eighty to one hun- 
dred oil barrels per day, and twice that number of flour bar- 
rels. The whole cost of machinery and buildings will be 
$4000. The town has three oil refineries, one steam shingle 
factory, one for fork and shovel handles, one for wagons and 
sleighs, one sash, door, and planing mill, one of tin and sheet 
iron ware, one boot and shoe shop, and one cabinet shop. 

Union Township abounds in oak, white wood, cherry, 
second growth of ash, pine, and hemlock timber. 

Albion, Conneaut Township, became a borough in 1860, 
and elected ofiBcers in March. In 1861 Perry Kidder was 
elected burgess. It is an active, thriving town, and num- 
bered, in 1860, 443 inhabitants; has a Methodist Epis- 
copal church, and an academy with two teachers, and about 
seventy-five pupils in attendance. 

North & Denis manufacture at this place shovels, forks, 
hoes, hammers, etc., on quite an extensive scale. The power 
is steam; the articles are made of steel, manufactured at a 
branch of the firm in Central New York, whence they are 
forwarded to this point, where handles are aflixed to them 
for the Western trade, while for the Eastern trade handles 
are forwarded to that branch of the concern. The articles 
are all finished in the best style and defy competition. The 
number annually manufactured is counted by the hundred 
thousand. 

This enterprise has been long enough prosecuted to ac- 
quire stability and permanence, and the management evinces 
a skill and discretion that augurs well both for the propri- 
etors and the communities in which they are operating. A 
horse-rake factory in the same vicinity is on quite an exten- 
sive scale. It has also a machine shop and oar factory. The 
Erie Canal and Pittsburg and Erie Railroad pass through 
the place. 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. " 205 

Cherry Hill, in the same township, has about 100 in- 
habitants, a church, one store and several shops. It has but 
lately come into existence, but has good prospects, and am- 
bition in abundance. 

Wellsburg is a pleasant little place on the east branch 
of Conneaut Creek, in Elk Creek Township. It has 310 
inhabitants, one Free Baptist church, one Methodist Epis- 
copal church, and a Universalist church, erected in 1855, 
It has the largest tannery in the county, twelve shops of dif- 
ferent kinds, and, perhaps, a dozen sawmills in the village 
and vicinity. The inhabitants are peaceful, temperate, and 
industrious. 

Quite an unusual excitement prevailed within a few months, 
on the cleaning of a salt well which had been opened forty 
years since. An oil well 300 feet deep, three times violently 
ejected gas, etc., giving indications of oil. The occurrence 
brought to the locality many strangers and speculators. 

Cranesville is a village very pleasantly located in Elk 
Creek Township. The first settlement was made here, in 
1796 or '97, by Elihu Crane, Senior, a veteran of the revolu- 
tion. It has about thirty dwellings, a tavern and a few stores 
and shops, one school, and a Methodist Episcopal church, 
midway between the village and Wellsburg. It is twenty- 
four miles from Erie and on the canal. 

LocKPORT, in Girard Township, is twenty-one miles from 
Erie, on the canal, and so named from having twelve locks 
in the vicinity. It was settled and laid out at the time the 
Extension Canal was being built. It has a Methodist Epis- 
copal church, a Baptist church, and two public schools, 
averaging sixty scholars each. An extensive oar factory 
was built here by Messrs. Page, being 180 feet in length, 
60 feet wide, and four stories high; but it is closed at 
present. It has several stores and shops, a printing-office, 
windmill, small furnace, warehouse, etc., with a population 
of about 200. 

Pageville is seven miles from Lockport, and has about 
18* 



206 ' HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

100 inhabitants, mostly employed manufacturing oars. Its 
post-office is Platea. This village was built up principally 
by the enterprise of Mr. E. Page, near the edge of a large, 
dense forest of heavy ash and oak timber, which he has 
manufactured largely into oars and sent to all parts of 
Europe as well as the United States. 

At Lexington, (a few miles south of Girard,) the Penn- 
sylvania Population Company had a station, about IT 97, 
Col. Dunning McNair being the acting agent. 

Fairview, or Sturgeonville, is about twelve miles from 
Erie, being near the Lake Shore Railroad and Pennsylvania 
Canal; it has three churches, five stores, one carriage fac- 
tory, one woolen factory, one brewery, and several other 
shops. The inhabitants are mostly German, and are honest, 
diligent, and happy. It has 423 inhabitants. In 1814 
there was but one dwelling where this village stands, which 
was owned and occupied by Mr. Wm. Sturgeon. 

A contest between the Old and New School Presbyterian 
churches arose in Fairview shortly after the division of the 
General Assembly. Mr. Wm. Sturgeon died previous to 
183T, and bequeathed to the Presbyterian church of Fair- 
view, after the decease of his widow, about fifty acres of 
land and twenty town lots for church purposes. A bury- 
ing-ground and school-house upon the premises were to re- 
main undisturbed. Six months after the decease of the 
widow, the church was to be organized, and a house of 
worship erected in one year. If these conditions were not 
complied with, the property was to be a donation to the 
Presbyterian Board of Publication. 

Both branches of the church erected buildings within the 
stated time. The Court of Common Pleas decided in favor 
of the Old School, and the Supreme Court confirmed the 
decision. In 1860 the New School removed their building. 

Manchester, at the mouth of Walnut Creek, has some 
fine scenery and a few pleasant residences. There are two 
paper-mills here. The Keystone Mills, R. L. Perkins, pro- 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 20 Y 

prietor, manufactures printing, colored and Manilla papers, 
and employs six men and four girls. Adelpbic Mills, J. C. 
Perkins, proprietor, manufactures Manilla and wrapping 
paper, and employs four men and one girl. 

McKean Corners is on the old State line. It has a 
Methodist church and parsonage, twenty or thirty dwell- 
ings, etc. 

Wesleyville has 164 inhabitants, a Methodist church, 
several shops and stores, and one grist-mill. 

West Springfield has a Methodist Episcopal church 
and a Universalist church, an academy and boarding hall, 
described elsewhere. The Lake Shore Railroad passes 
near. 

Springfield also has an academy and a Presbyterian 
church. 

Beaverdam, in Wayne Township, has a Methodist Epis- 
copal church, a Presbyterian church, and several shops and 
stores. 

At Concord Station, on the Philadelphia and Erie Rail- 
road, the grist-mill known as Hall's lately passed into the 
hands of Norton & Miller, and has been repaired and re- 
modeled to equal any in the county. Mr. Bedient erected 
a large turning and planing mill, and the carding machine of 
Mr. Reynold's has given place to a large woolen factory. 
Mr. Barry, late of Chataqua County, recently erected a large 
hotel; and an oil refinery, with a capital of $2500, is in pro- 
gress, being directed by Mr. Ensign Baker, an experienced 
chemist from Fredonia, New York. 



208 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

Biographies of Col. Seth Reed — Rufus S. Reed— Judah Colt— Dr. U. Par- 
sons— Dr. J. C. Wallace— Rev. Robert Reid— Thos. Wilson— P. S. V. 
Hamot— Captain D. Dobbins— T. H. Sill— G. Sanford— Judge J. Gal- 
braith. 

Colonel Seth E,eed was a native of Rhode Island, but 
at an early day removed to Usbridge, Mass. By profession 
he was a physician, and served in the revolutionary arroy at 
Bunker Hill with the rank of colonel. About 1790 he 
removed to Ontario County, New York, where he came in 
possession, probably by purchase from the Indians, of a very 
valuable tract of land eighteen miles in extent, known as 
the "Reed and Ryckman location." This he disposed of, 
and in 1795 removed with his family to Erie. 

In Historical Collections of Pennsylvania we find : "Mr. 
William Connelly, now of Franklin, came out to Erie in the 
spring of 1795 with his cousin, Thomas Rees. They saw 
Colonel Reed land — the first white settler* — who came in a 
bark boat with a quantity of groceries, liquors, and Indian 
goods. He erected a log cabin, soon after made it a double 
one, and called it PresquHle Hotel, where he entertained 
traders and travelers on the lake shore." In the "Holland 
Purchase" we find an extract from Deacon Hinds Chamber- 
lain's journal, being an account of a journey to Waterford 
in 1795. "On our return from Le Boeuf to Presqu'ile we 
found there Colonel Seth Reed and his family. They had 
just arrived. James Baggs and Giles Sisson came on with 
Colonel Reed. I remained for a considerable time in his 
employ." 

* Mr. William Miles settled on the flats of French Creek, at a 
point where two or more roads cross, a little northwest of the place 
where the Stranahans now live, in Concord Township, in the month 
of June, 1795. 




■^Sravcity J.C.B-oOT*-^' "" 



//^/^:-^>^-t-^^ y, X&^'^-i^l— ' 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 209 

Colonel Reed's wife and sons, Manning and John Charles, 
came with him ; Rufus Seth a few months after, and George 
with the daughters, Mrs. T. Rees and Mrs. J. Fairbanks, 
the following year. 

Colonel Reed died March 19th, 1191, aged fifty-three 
years. Mrs. Reed died December 8, 1821, at the age of 
seventy-three, having lived to see great changes, and to tell 
those who came after of the trials and hardships of life in 
the wilderness. 

Rufus Seth Reed was the third son of Colonel Seth 
Reed, and born at Uxbridge, Massachusetts, October 11th, 
IT 15. In 1198 he was married to Dolly Oaks, daughter of 
Jonathan Oaks, Esq., of Palmyra, and who died the same 
year. In 1801 he was married to Agnes Irwin. 

Rufus S. Reed was long regarded the father of the town, 
his residence here being coeval with its settlement. Fi'ora 
the first efforts to dispel the gloom of the surrounding forest 
to the hour of his death he was a master-spirit, conspicuous 
for his enterprise, perseverance, excellent judgment and 
penetration, remarkable business talent and success. 

As a man, Mr. Reed was kind hearted, entirely free from 
ostentation, easy of approach, and took delight in a generous 
action. "Early seeing the advantageous position of the 
lake country as a theater of enterprise, he was one of the 
first to lead off and plant the germs of a commerce that 
under his eye attained a growth which equaled that of one- 
third of the Union. Possessed of a vigorous constitution, 
with an active mind and body, he earnestly engaged in ex- 
tensive business undertakings which spread over a wide dis- 
trict of country, and amply repaid him for his enterprise 
and labor, as evinced by the immense estate he was in pos- 
session of at his death." To his various commercial, bank- 
ing, and mercantile employments he added that of farmer, 
and applied himself with a zest and with his usual success 
to agriculture. 

After a protracted illness, his mind retaining its accus- 



210 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

tomed clearness to the last, he expired on the 1st of June, 
1846, aged seventy years. Mrs. Reed and his only son and 
child, Greneral C. M. Reed, still survive. 

JuDAH Colt vs^as born at Tjyrae, Connecticut, July 1st, 
1161. As his history is identified with that of the Western 
counti-y, a brief sketch and some extracts from his journal 
will be given. 

Until the age of twenty-three he assisted his father on the 
farm, and the last three winters taught school in the neigh- 
boring towns. He then resolved to see something of the 
world, and took passage in the sloop Betsy for North 
Carolina. As they were driven off the shore by adverse 
winds, they landed at the Island of Bermuda, disposed of 
their perishing cargo, and repaired the vessel. They then 
made the harbor of Ocracock, North Carolina, and Mr. 
Colt visited the larger towns and taught school in the 
vicinity until spring, when he returned home after an absence 
of over six months. As was the custom, the prayers of the 
church at home had been offered for his safe return. In 
the autumn he made a tour to Vermont, taught school in 
Williamstown, Massachusetts, in the winter, and next en- 
gaged himself as a clerk in the dry goods store of Mr. Thos. 
Shelden, of Lansingburg, New York. 

When he returned to the parental roof, after an absence 
of eighteen months, his father made him proposals "such as 
a kind parent would do," but having seen a better country 
for obtaining an estate by labor, he excused himself from 
accepting his offer, and returned to Lansingburg to enter 
the employ of Mr. Nathaniel Gorham, a respectable mer- 
chant. Mr. C.'s father dying, he returned and settled his 
estate, spending the winter there. Finally, after several 
other tours in 1*789, he, with thirteen persons, with their 
goods, farming utensils, etc., set out for the Genesee country. 
At German Plats their wagon broke, and they proceeded 
from thence on horseback, each traveler carrying his own 
baggage. Through the scattering Dutch settlements the ac- 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 211 

commodations were poor. At Fort Schuyler (TJtica) they 
crossed the Mohawk where there were but one or two small 
log houses ; ten miles west they put up at Mr. Blackman's ; 
from thence proceeded through the Oneida castle, following 
a bridle path, and at night encamped on the Canasaraga 
Flats. Here Mr. Colt's horse failed to keep up with the 
company, and Mr. E. Curtis agreed to move with him, as 
his horse could travel. Two days after leaving Utlca they 
reached Onondaga River, and put up at Major Danforth's, 
near the Salt Spring, which was the only white family they 
found after leaving Blackman's. (One man resided in Oneida 
castle named Alburt or Talbut.) At Cayuga Lake a family 
of the name of Richardson resided, who ferried them and 
their horses over in two canoes lashed together ; tea days 
from Utica they arrived at Geneva, and put up at Gilbert 
R. Boney's, Mr. C.'s horse having failed after crossing the 
outlet of Seneca Lake. After remaining a day or two in 
Geneva he walked to Canandaigua and took shelter in a 
cabin occupied by General Israel Chapin, being much 
fatigued. Provisions were brought in boats from Albany 
and Schenectady, and there was a great scarcity of the 
necessaries of life. 

Mr. Colt contracted with 0. Phelps, Esq., to survey a 
township situated on the Genesee River, known as No. 11, 
Honeoye Township. The 1st of July, 1789, he purchased 
a town lot (forty acres) of 0. Phelps, cleared the timber, 
and afterward erected a dwelling in which Ije resided for 
many years. He sowed wheat upon three acres of his lot 
the same fall, which was the first sown in that part of the 
country. N". Gorham and others sowed large fields the same 
season. [Mr. Colt's yielded twenty bushels to the acre.] 
In August a treaty was held for the purchase of the Indian 
lands, attended by the chief Red Jacket and 1700 Indians, 
including women and children. The payment was made 
them in cash and merchandise. Rations of bread, meat, 
and occasionally rum were served out, and they came and 



212 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

went hungry. One hundred head of cattle were killed for 
them, but of flour there was a scarcity — one barrel made 
into bread sold for one hundred dollars in silver plate, of 
which various kinds of Indian ornaments were made. Many 
horses died distempei'ed during the treaty, and the Indians 
fed on them freely, and also on the blood and enti'ails of all 
the beef slaughtered. While the treaty continued but little 
else was attended to, and although no serious accident hap- 
pened between the whites and Indians, there were several 
narrow escapes in consequence of the Indians making too 
free use of spirits, and the misconduct of the white people, 
who were often the aggressors. 

The winter following, Mr. C. spent in Connecticut, his 
health having become impaired by frequent attacks of fever 
and ague. In September, IT 90, he received the appoint- 
ment, from Governor Clinton, of sheriff of Ontario County; 
and on the third of the same month a court of quarter and 
general sessions of the peace was held at the dwelling- 
house of 0. Phelps ; Oliver Phelps, Esq., presided as judge, 
and Jas. Parker and Israel Chapin as assistant justices. 

In January, 1792, Mr. Colt was married to Elizabeth 
Marvin, of Lyme, Connecticut. During the winter of 1794, 
he continued in Canandaigua for the first time. The inhab- 
itants were under serious apprehensions of an invasion by 
the Indians, in the spring, if measures were not taken by the 
general government to quiet them. Early in the spring, 
news was brought to I. Chapin, Esq., (Geneva,) Superin- 
tendent of Indian affairs, that Captain Brant had assembled 
with his warriors at Buffalo Creek, and was proceeding to 
Presqu'ile, Pennsylvania, to prevent the survey of the Tri- 
angle. To prevent serious consequences, Mr. Chapin re- 
paired to Buffalo Creek, Mr. S. Colt accompanying him as 
secretary, and Horatio Jones as interpreter. The Indians 
were assembled, and after consultation, a part of the young 
men were dismissed, and a few of the chiefs took passage 
by water, with the superintendent, secretary, and interpre- 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 213 

ter to Presqu'ile. From this they went on foot to Le 
Boeuf, where was stationed a small command of State 
troops under Captain Ebenezer Denny, On the Indians 
making their errand known, viz., to see the surveyors and to 
forbid them running lines, etc., they were informed that they 
shortly before left the country and had gone down the river. 
The Indians agreed to return home on assurances being 
given that the matter should be laid before the President of 
the United States. 

It was agreed to hold a treaty with them the ensuing fall. 
Timothy Pickering, Esq., was appointed for that purpose, 
and met them at Canandaigua, in the month of October, 
when all matters of difference were amicably settled. 

In August, IV 95, Mr. Colt, accompanied by Mr. Augustus 
Porier, visited Presqu'ile for the purpose of purchasing 
land; and February, 1Y96, Mr. C. made a journey to Phila- 
delphia to confirm the purchase of his lands as well as to 
make an ofFer to the Population Company of one dollar per 
acre for a tract of 30,000 acres in the eastern part of the 
Triangle. The company declined to sell in so large a body, 
but appointed Mr. Colt their agent, at a salary of $1500 
per year, besides expenses for traveling, board, etc. In 
1198 the salary was increased to $2500, a clerk furnished, 
and all reasonable traveling expenses paid. May, U93, 
Mr. C. brought his family to Greenfield, where they resided 
until their removal to Erie in 1802. The history of Erie 
County, during its first thirty years in business and society 
affairs, is closely interwoven with that of its two most promi- 
nent citizens, Judah Colt and R. S. Reed. In October, 
1825, Mr. C. was elected first elder of the First Presby- 
terian Church, and was distinguished for his piety and 
benevolence, as well as esteemed and respected in all the 
various relations of life. 

The evening of October 11th, 1832, without the least 
premonition, Mr. Colt suddenly expired, when seated with his 
family by the cheerful fireside. Mrs. Colt died March 13th, 

19 



214 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

1834, aged sixty-six years; they left no children, two sons 
and a daughter having died in infancy. 

Usher Parsons, M.D., formerly of the United States 
Navy, — the last surviving commissioned officer of Perry's 
squadron, — was a native of York County, Maine. When 
war was declared with Great Britain in 1812, he was a sur- 
geon's mate on board of the John Adams. The officers 
and crew volunteered for the lake service and joined Perry 
at Erie in June, 1813. Dr. Parsons was attached to the 
flag-ship Lawrence, and, owing to the illness of the two 
other medical officers of the squadron, was the only acting 
surgeon on the bloody and eventful tenth. Respecting his 
valuable services on that trying occasion, the commodore 
made most honorable mention in a letter addressed to the 
Secretary of the Navy.* Soon after (1814) he was com- 
missioned full surgeon and sailed with the squadron to 
Mackinaw, and was present at the disastrous attack on that 
fort by Colonel Croghan. 

Commodore Perry was soon after ordered to the com- 
mand of the frigate Java, and allowed the privilege of select- 
ing his officers, when Dr. Parsons was appointed surgeon. 

In 1818 he again sailed to the Mediterranean in the 
Guerriere, commanded by Commodore McDonough, and 
after one year obtained leave of absence and visited the 
hospitals and medical schools in France and England. On 
his return he had charge of the hospital in Charlestown, 
Mass., for a year or two; afterwai'd he was appointed to a 
professorship in Dartmouth College, which he resigned the 

* " Of Dr. Usher Parsons, surgeon's mate, I cannot say too much. 
In consequence of the sickness of Drs. Barton and Horsely, the duty 
of operating, dressing, and attending nearly a hundred wounded and 
as many siclv fell on him; and it must be gratifying to you, sir, to 
know that of the whole number only three have died. I can only 
say that in the event of my having another command, I should con- 
sider myself particularly fortunate in having him with me as a sur- 
geon.'' 




OtdnZ'i^ j£c 



ei^^J-cm^ 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 215 

following year. Since then, Dr. P. has resided in Provi- 
dence, Rhode Island, excepting the winter of 1831, when 
he was Professor in Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. 

In 1822 he married the daughter of Abiel Holmes, 
D.D.,LL.D., of Cambridge, (author of Annals of Ame- 
rica,) who deceased in 1825, leaving one son, Dr. C. W. 
Parsons, of Providence. 

In 1852 Dr. Parsons was chosen first vice-president of 
the National Medical Association. He is the author of 
several medical books, and of the Life of Sir Wm. Pep- 
perell. 

Dr. P. combines not only eminence as a professional man 
and scholar, but all the virtues and graces of a Christian 
gentleman. The period he was stationed in Erie and the 
arduous duties which then devolved upon him, made a last- 
ing impression, and in its growth and prosperity, and the 
friends of those early and exciting times, he has ever mani- 
fested a warm interest. 

Dr. John Culbertson Wallace was born in Dauphin 
County, Pennsylvania, Febraary 14th, 1771. He was a 
good classical scholar, and graduated as Doctor of Medi- 
cine, at Philadelphia, under Rush and other celebrated 
medical men. In 1794 he accompanied General Wayne as 
surgeon in the Indian war; in 1796 was stationed at Fort 
Fayette, Pittsburg, and in 1801 went to Kentucky with 
General Wilkinson's command. The same year he was 
married to Miss Margaret Heron, daughter of Captain 
Jas. Heron, of the army, being a couple remarkable for 
personal grace and beauty. Dr. W. resigned his commis- 
sion as surgeon in the army, and after a residence of three 
years in Franklin, removed to Erie. 

Dr. Wallace commanded an Erie County regiment at the 
commencement of the war of 1812, and was called into ser- 
vice with his regiment in the alarm that arose on the burn- 
ing of Buffalo. Dr. Parsons, of the navy, was acting-sur- 
geon of Colonel Wallace's regiment for a short time. In 



216 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

attending upon the wounded after the battle of Lake Erie, 
Dr. W. assisted Dr. Parsons at the hospital, (court-house,) 
daring the months of November, December, and January. 

Dr. Wallace was elected the first Burgess of Erie, in 1808, 
and also held the offices of Justice of the Peace, County 
Commissioner, and Coroner. Dr. Wallace was possessed of 
very considerable talents, being endowed by nature with 
unusual discernment, which he exercised as well on ordinary 
occasions as in his profession. He died December 8th, 
1827, being but little past the meridian of life. 

E.EV. Robert Reid* was the son of James Reid and 
Elizabeth Craig. He was born at Reid's Hill, Hills- 
borough, near Belfast, Ireland, on the 5th of November, a.d. 
1181. Owing to the troublous state of the times in their 
native country, his father, James Reid, and the three sons, 
Robert, Isaac, and James, then their sole family, the mother 
having died young, emigrated to this country in the fall of 
1*798, during the political troubles then raging; in which, 
as most Protestants had done, he and his connections had 
taken sides with the government and Orangemen. This 
was not remarkable, as their ancestor. Captain John Reid, 
had emigrated to that country from England under William 
of Orange, and was under him at the famous battle of the 
Boyne over a hundred years before, and after the final suc- 
cess of that struggle, remained in the country where most 
of his descendants still are. 

James Reid settled in Philadelphia, and died there in 
1821, and was buried in the then Spring Garden Cemetery. 
James Reid, the son, removed to Boston, but died young in 
Philadelphia, leaving an only daughter, Elizabeth, wife of 
Dr. Koch, the paleontologist, of St. Louis, well known 
and still pleasantly remembered by most of our older citizens 
of this county. Isaac Reid became a shipowner and 
trader to the Guianas and South America. He died in 

* Biography of Rev. Robert Reid, by a relative. 




^^r J- C.ButHre.if'^- 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 2 It 

Philadelphia in 1854, leaving an only son now living, Dr. 
Neville Craig Reid, of Philadelphia; while Robert, the 
oldest and subject of this sketch, deeply imbned with the 
idea of religions duty, determined to devote himself to the 
service of the Gospel of Christ. He entered, as a student, 
the University of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia, in 1801, 
and graduated with honor in 1805, being appointed imme- 
diately thereafter tutor in the chair of mathematics, which 
post he continued to fill during the following year. 

Then entering the Theological Seminary of the Associate 
Reformed Presbyterian church, at that time located in the 
City of New York, he continued his clerical and profes- 
sional studies under the presidency of the celebrated Dr. 
John Mason. Having engaged in the necessary prepara- 
tions for the sacred calling with a zeal and perseverance 
characteristic of him through life, his studies were deep 
and thorough. Religion was in him not only practical 
piety, but a science as profound as the great Author of the 
universe, into the workings of whose miud we might by 
means of it obtain some faint glimpses; while his study of 
the original languages of the sacred writings continued and 
prosecuted there became one of the main pursuits of his 
life — one hour of every secular day when in his study being 
ever after devoted to the critical study and examination of 
the Scriptures in the original, as "containing the only rule 
of faith and practice," and as being the emanations and 
teachings of the Divine Spirit. Having completed the 
usual course and trials, he was licensed in 1809 under the 
authority of the Presbytery of Philadelphia, and for the 
next two years the field of his labors was in Virginia, Mary- 
land, and Pennsylvania; principally in and west of the 
mountains, fulfilling Presbyterial appointments. 

During his licentiate, he traveled over much wild and 
then thinly settled country, and preached in many neighbor- 
hoods, and sometimes a sermon for each day in the week. 

In the fall of 1811, in company with the Rev. Samuel 
19* 



218 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

Wier, (afterward his brother-in-law,) also a licentiate of 
the same Presbytery, under the authority of the Presbytery 
of Monongahela, he arrived at Erie, and in 1812 he was 
regularly ordained and installed as pastor of the Associate 
Reformed Presbyterian church, then the only organized re- 
ligious association in Erie.* 

Some years after, another congregation of the same 
church was organized in Waterford, and for many years 
thereafter he continued to preach. During the war of 
1812-13, he often officiated as chaplain to Perry's fleet 
here and to the army on shore, and in alarms, like most of 
our older citizens, was sometimes on duty in the ranks. 

He was married on the 11th of April, 1816, to Elizabeth, 
daughter of David Calhoun, Esq., of Allegheny County, 
Pennsylvania, an elder of the Associate Reformed church. 
She died young, after having been to him and his people a 
true clergyman's wife for eleven years, and was long remem- 
bered affectionately, and still is by her few surviving friends, 
throughout the country of his ministrations. In November, 
1828, he was again united in marriage with Elizabeth, daugh- 
ter of Rev. Matthew Lind, an eminent clergyman of the 
Associate Reformed church, and long pastor of the famous 
Paxton Church, near Harrisburg. She still survives him, 
residing now in Mansfield, Ohio, while the memory of her 
numerous kindnesses is still cherished among the members 
of the church, and many others. 



* "On Wednesday, the 21st day of October, 1812, Rev. Robert 
Reid was ordained pastor, the Rev. Messrs. David Kerr, Mungo 
Dick, and James McConaell were the members of the Presbytery 
who were present. On Wednesday, the 21st of April, 1813, the Rev. 
Mr. Galloway, of Mercer, and Mr. Junkin, ruling elder, assisting, 
Archibald McSparren, Thomas Hughes, and David Robinson were 
ordained, and Alexander Robinson was installed, ruling elders, 
and James Dumars ordained Deacon of the congregation." — Copied 
from the original records, pp. 83, 84, of the Associate Reformed church 
of Erie, Pennsylvania. 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 219 

In 1819 the Erie Academy was incorporated, and he was 
elected President of the Board of Trustees, the duties of 
which office he continued to perform for twenty-five years, to 
the close of his life. In him the cause of populai- education 
from the earliest times here, and during all that period, had 
a constant, efficient, and devoted friend ; and after the organ- 
ization of the Erie Academy, until a competent principal 
could be procured, he occupied the position of the first prin- 
cipal of the institution.* After a service of more than a 
third of a century in the ministry, he died on the 16th May, 
1844, in the sixty-third year of his age. He left six chil- 
dren surviving him, who are still living. 

As a clergyman he was devoted to, and industrious in, the 
dissemination of the truths of the Gospel and of the doc- 
trines of Presbyterianism, and ardent in the defense and 
support of the Presbyterian form of church government, 
which he believed to lie deeply at the foundation of our 
Republican institutions ; and with his pen as well, he was 
ever ready to discuss and defend the doctrines of the branch 
of the church to which he belonged. 

His published works are : — 

1. A Funeral Sermon on the Death of Lieutenant Brooks, 
U. S. K, published in 1813. 

2. A Sermon, " The Reign of Truth and Righteousness 
about to commence," in 1824. 

3. A Tract, " Observations on Dr. Watt's Preface to the 
Psalms of David," etc., in 1825. 

4. " The Seven Last Plagues, being Dissertations on the 



* One of Rev. R. Reid's parishioners informed me that his custom 
was to visit every family of his congregation once in six weeks. 
Tliis, with memorizing all sermons, in accordance with the practice 
of the denomination, must have called for untiring industry. Two 
hundred and fifty dollars, and at the utmost never more than three 
hundred dollars, was the salary allowed for the support of the pastor 
and his family. L. G S. 



220 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

Prophecies of the Book of Daniel, and on the Book of 
Revelations." 1 Vol.: 1828. 

5. "Helps to Christian Devotion ;" consisting of critical 
translations of, and dissertations on, the first twenty-three 
Psalms. 1 Vol., in 1833. 

6. Two "Tracts on Church Government," published in 
1839 and '41. 

In all his works, and throughout a life engaged in the 
development and enforcing of Scripture truth, he was de- 
voted to the doctrines of the church as maintained in the 
" Westminster Confession of Faith," as held by that branch of 
the great Presbyterian family — the Associate Reformed, now 
the "United Presbyterian Church" of the United States — and 
to the exclusive use of the Psalms of Scripture in Divine 
worship. 

As a scholar, he was distinguished for a profound and 
critical knowledge of the original languages of the sacred 
writings and their cognates, and as a mathematician. To 
the study of the exact sciences much of his leisure was ap- 
propriated, and his occasional contributions to the scientific 
periodicals of the day are still evidences of his extra-clerical 
lucubrations. 

Thomas Wilson was born near Sunbury, Northumberland 
County, Pennsylvania, in 1772. His father, John Wilson, 
who was one of the earliest settlers of Northumberland 
County, died in 1774, and his sister Agnes soon after was 
married to General David Mead, the pioneer to the waters 
of French Creek, and the first settler of the pleasant town 
which bears his name. In 1782 a band of Indians entered 
the residence of Mrs. Wilson, being led by a chief who had 
frequently been fed there, and after emptying the ticks and 
filling them with the most valuable household goods, de- 
parted with the mother and Margaret, a little daughter, 
prisoners. Seeing one of Thomas's garments on the grass, 
the chief angrily demanded him also, but fortunately he 
could not be found. Before evening they sent the mother 




'^a:vei bv-J"X-B-ui*^' 




HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 221 

back, but she feared to enter the house lest the Indians 
should return, and remained through the night in the stable. 
The child was redeemed three years after at Detroit, and 
afterward married a Mr. Barry, of Toronto. In 1802 Mr. 
Wilson was married at Water ford to Miss Mary Nay] or, who 
resided with her brother, Jas. Naylor, Esq. , being stationed 
thei'e as Issuing Commissary for many years. Mr. Wilson 
removed to Erie in 1805. He had, for many years, been in 
partnership with Mr. Oliver Ormsby, of Pittsburg, in contracts 
for supplying all the Western military posts from Niagara to 
New Orleans ; his last contract, which was at the time when 
Louisiana was ceded to the United States, proved unfor- 
tunate, and involved him beyond recovery. The year of 
his removal to Erie he built two vessels, one on Lake Erie, 
called the Mary, and the Fair American on Lake Ontario, 
being the best on those lakes ; afterward he built the Lark 
at Erie. 

Mr. W. was a man of remarkable business talent and en- 
terprise, and held various offices of trust in Erie with credit, 
being successively Justice of the Peace, County Treasurer, 
County Commissioner, member of the Legislature, and mem- 
ber of Congress, and at the time of his death, in 1824, he 
held the office of Prothonotary. 

Mrs. Wilson still survives. The eldest daughter, Jane 
L., who deceased in 1860, was an agreeable and interest- 
ing writer, and the author of several works published by 
religious societies. The titles of the principal ones are 
"Broken Cisterns," " Arthur Singleton," and " Ruth Elmer." 

P. S. y. Hamot was born in Paris, France, on the 28th 
November, 1*184. His father was a captain in the French 
army, and a royalist, and left France for Russia, where he 
resided during the "reign of terror." Returning to France 
after the establishment of the " Republic," he offered to pro- 
cure for his son a lieutenancy in the army; but such a posi- 
tion not being in accordance with his tastes, and his atten- 
tion having been turned to the new republic of the West, 



222 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

he preferred to come to America and to try his fortune in 
a new and strange land. His father consenting, he came 
to Philadelphia, with the French consul, in 1802, as 
"I'horame de eonfiance," as expressed in his passport. 
The consul died soon after his arrival, leaving Mr. Hamot 
a friendless youth, and among a people in whose language 
he was little versed. His self-reliance, peculiarly a trait of 
his character, did not allow him to despond. A mercantile 
situation offering, he started for the West, as the clerk of 
a French house, in charge of a stock of merchandise. The 
vessel on the route was wrecked on Lake Ontario, but, with 
the goods recovered, he opened a store at Niagara, Canada, 
and from thence removed to Lewiston, and in 180.5 to Ei'ie. 
In 1810 he formed a partnership with Messrs. E. & D. 
Alvord, of Salina, who dealt largely in salt. This business 
connection continued many years. He was also engaged in 
general mercantile business on his own account, and was 
one of the first and most successful merchants of the place. 

Mr. Hamot held responsible and honorable offices under 
the government; being at one time Canal Commissioner, 
and at another Superintendent of Public Works at Erie. 
He was the first cashier of the Erie Bank and one of the 
principal stockholders. As a business man, he was fortu- 
nate, and noted for his activity and energy in the prosecu- 
tion of his plans, and for sound judgment. He engaged 
warmly in politics, his sympathies and feelings being with 
the democratic party; and his politeness and hearty hos- 
pitality won for him many attached friends. Mr. Hamot 
was twice married : to Adeline Woodruff, of Lewiston, New 
York, in 1818, who died in 1821 ; and to Elizabeth Col- 
trin, widow of Dr. Asa Coltrin, and daughter of George 
Keefer, of Thorold, Canada, in 1825. He died October 
nth, 1846. 

Captain Daniel Dobbins was born near Lewistown, in 
Mifflin County, Pennsylvania, January 5th, 1116. He came 
to Erie with Esquire Rees's party of surveyors in 1195, 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 223 

when all was a wilderness. In July, 1812, while lying with 
his vessel, the Salina, at Mackinaw, he was taken prisoner 
by the British, it being his first intimation that war had 
been declared. Having landed the night before on the north 
side of the island, they took possession of the fort and the ves- 
sels in the harbor. R. S. Reed and William Reed, of Erie, 
were on the Salina as passengers, but were dismissed on 
parole. Captain Dobbins was also allowed to return home. 

In Chapter XY. is found an account of Captain D.'s 
services in forwarding the construction of the squadron in 
1813; and that through his discernment and perseverance 
Erie became the naval station. 

While in the navy as sailing-master he was also engaged 
in the merchant service. He had command of the Wash- 
ington in 1816, which the same year conveyed troops to 
Green Bay, and was the first vessel which had entered that 
harbor, it being a difficult task to navigate it. On this first 
visit, Washington Harbor was called for the vessel ; Boyer's 
Bluff, for Colonel Boyer, who was aboard ; Chambers's Island, 
for Colonel Chambers, aboard ; Green Island, for an officer 
of the name aboard ; and the Captain's own name, Dobbins, 
was given to a small group of islands. 

In 1826 Captain D. was ordered to sea in the vessel fitted 
out to bring home the remains of Commodore Perry, and 
resigned his commission. In 1827 he was engaged in con- 
structing piers at Ashtabula. In 1829 General Jackson 
appointed him to the command of the revenue cutter Rush, 
to which he was reappointed by President Polk in 1845, and 
he left active service in the revenue department in 1849. 

Captain Dobbins was possessed of sterling qualities, and 
being a close observer, recorded many interesting incidents 
connected with the navigation of the lakes and life on the 
frontier. He died at the age of eighty, February 29, 1856. 

Thomas Hale Sill. — Among the early residents of 
Erie, and belonging to that set of men who found it a fron- 
tier settlement in what was then the distant West, and of 



224 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. '■ 

those who devoted their energies and talents to the build- 
ing up of the place, the development of its resources, and 
the welfare of its inhabitants, the name of Thomas H. Sill 
may well be mentioned. 

A daily familiarity with the city and harbor, their natural 
advantages and all the improvements which skill has devised 
and industry added, may indeed cause the present genera- 
tion to forget the unremitting and varied exertions, extend- 
ing through the past half century, by which those advant- 
ages, now regarded as a matter of course, were first developed 
and secured. 

Of the men who during this period thus actively exerted 
themselves, hardly a survivor remains ; and a History of Erie 
County would be incomplete were no mention made of them, 

Mr. Sill having in early life selected Erie as his home, 
and become identified with its people and interests, and 
having for nearly half a century participated in the vicissi- 
tudes, hopes, struggles, and triumphs always incident to a 
settlement through the various steps of its progress and 
development into a city, the very incidents or events of the 
life of such a citizen are inseparable from and part of its 
history. 

We give, therefore, from the EiHe Gazette next succeed- 
ing Mr. Sill's decease, the following biographical notice: — 

"This gentleman, who closed his earthly career at his 
residence on Sixth Street last Thursday evening, was the 
senior member of the Erie County bar as well as one of the 
best known and most esteemed citizens of northwestern Penn- 
sylvania. He had so long and conspicuously figured in the 
affairs of this section of the State, and particularly of our 
city and county, that his name had become a household 
word — and seldom was that name mentioned without deep- 
seated respect. Aside from his qualifications as a lawyer, 
which were of the first order, he possessed traits of character 
calculated to inspire universal regard and admiration. His 
deportment was unassuming yet dignified, his disposition 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 225 

kind and accommodating, his general coarse of conduct 
based upon principles of acknowledged integrity. As a 
husband he was attentive and affectionate, as a father kind 
and indulgent, as a neighbor generous and sympathizing, as 
a citizen active, honest, and true. In short, in all the rela- 
tions of life, whether as a lawyer, legislator, friend or neigh- 
bor, he exhibited a commendable spirit of interest in the 
welfare alike of the county, State, and country, ever sus- 
taining his endeavors to promote and secure the same by a 
strong and well cultivated intellect and ready and effective 
eloquence. 

"Mr. Sill was born at Windsor, Connecticut, on the 11th 
of October, 1783. His father. Captain Richard L. Sill, 
served in the revolutionary war, and occupied an honor- 
able position in his day. Graduating at Brown University, 
in September, 1804, and his health failing him, he traveled 
in the Southern States and made a voyage to the West 
Indies — at intervals, as health permitted, studying law. Com- 
pleting his law studies with the Hon. Jacob Burnett, of 
Cincinnati, in 1809, he commenced practice in Lebanon, 
Warren County, Ohio. His health again failed, and after 
going back to Connecticut and returning to the West as far 
as Pittsburg, he was induced to locate at Erie, then a naval 
station, where he arrived in July, 1813, and remained until 
his death. From 1816 to 1818 he held the office of Deputy 
United States Marshal. In 1819 he was appointed Deputy 
Attorney-General for Warren County, and was present at 
.the opening of the first court — practicing from that time 
until a recent period in the several courts of Erie, Warren, 
and Crawford Counties. The confusion occasioned by the 
burning of the court-house, with the records, in 1823, in- 
duced a general movement in favor of sending him to Har- 
risburg in the capacity of a representative. In compliance 
therewith he relinquished his practice, and represented the 
district during the session of 1823-24. By dint of earnest 
effort he procured the passage of an act remedying the 

20 



226 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

losses and inconveniences resulting from the destruction of 
the county records, connected with an appropriation from 
the State to assist in rebuilding the court-house. He suc- 
ceeded Hon. Patrick Farrelly in Congress in 1826, and was 
re-elected in 1828 — being at that period the only anti-Jack- 
son member from Pennsylvania. He declined a re-election 
at that time. He was appointed President of the United 
States Branch Bank in 1837, and held the office to the close 
of the existence of that institution. At various times he was 
elected burgess of the then Borough of Erie, and for nearly 
thirty years filled the office of trustee of the Erie Academy ; 
ever exhibiting a deep interest in the educational aifairs of 
the city and county. He was elected in 1836 to the Con- 
vention to amend the Constitution of Pennsylvania — a body 
composed of the ablest and best men in the State — men like 
Forward, Sergeant, Meredith, Chauncey, Chandler, and E,ei- 
gert — and it is due to his- memory to say that in this body 
he acquired and maintained a position of commanding in- 
fluence. He was chosen Presidential Elector in 1848, and, 
in accordance with the expressed voice of the State as well 
as his own preference, voted for Taylor and Fillmore. Fee- 
ble health having, in a great measure, incapacitated him for 
the laborious practice of his profession, he was appointed 
postmaster of Erie by President Taylor, on the 16th of April, 
1849. President Fillmore reappointed him, and he continued 
to serve until June, 1853. He died February Tth, 1856, 
' full of years and full of honors.' 

"Mr. Sill was confessedly one of the Jirst members of his 
profession. He excelled particularly as an advocate, never 
failing, by his clear logic, smooth diction, strong sympathies 
and unvarying candor and courtesy, to produce a deep im- 
pression, and frequently carrying the jury with him against 
the instructions of the court and the aj^parent law of the 
case. In this respect he had few if any superiors, and was 
always considered a dangerous competitor in the prosecu- 
tion of important suits. Taking him all in all, he was a 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 221 

great and good man, enjoying the confidence and respect of 
all classes of society, and dying without a known enemy. 
He leaves a family consisting of his esteemed consort, four 
sons and one daughter, and several grandsons and grand- 
daughters, with an ample though not large estate — the fruit 
of honorable eifort and persevering industry. 

"The estimate of the court and bar of the county is well 
reflected in the resolutions adopted the morning after his 
death. They evince the prevailing sentiment in all circles 
in which the distinguished deceased was known, and consti- 
tute a certificate of public and private worth such as few 
receive or deserve." 

On the day after his decease, the court having convened, 
Charles W. Kelso feelingly announced the death of Mr. Sill, 
and on behalf of the bar presented resolutions touching the 
event. 

Mr. Elliot, the senior member of the bar, moved their 
adoption, adding his own high estimate of the character of 
the deceased, with whom he had so long been contemporary. 
Messrs. Walker and Marshall and Judge Thompson suc- 
cessively followed with eulogies upon the deceased, evincive 
of their high admiration of his character. 

The President Judge (Hon. John Galbraith) responded 
in like terms, whereupon the court adjourned. The deep 
feeling and sympathetic attention of the vast audience dur- 
ing the entire ceremony attested how sincerely the deceased 
was respected by the people among whom he had so long 
resided and who had known him so well. The resolutions 
adopted will close this notice. 

"Whereas, We have just learned the death of the Hon. 
Thomas H. Sill, the oldest member of the bar in this judi- 
cial district, and it is due to the professional eminence and 
personal worth of the deceased that we, his professional 
associates, should bear our public testimony to his talents 
and many estimable traits of character; therefore, 

"Resolved, That we, the members of the court and bar of 



228 HISTORY OF ERIS COUNTY. 

Erie County, have heard with sincere regret the death of 
one whom for many years we have regarded as the father 
of the profession in this county. 

"Resolved, That while we regret his death, we find in his 
history and character much that is worthy of our emulation, 
professionally and personally. With a mind of more than 
ordinary quickness and clearness, stored with varied and 
extensive professional and general knowledge, which com- 
mands the respect of all capable of appreciating unobtrusive 
intellect, he united a kindness of nature, a mild dignity of 
character, a rigid fidelity to truth and integrity, a tender re- 
spect for the feelings of all with whom he was associated, 
which secured for him the affectionate regard of all who 
knew him. 

"Besolved, That in whatever of the varied and honorable 
positions our much-revered friend and associate was placed, 
whether as a man in the sacred retirement of the domestic 
circle, as a public servant intrusted by the people with public 
duties, or as a practitioner of law, through a long, eminent, 
and successful course, we point to him as an example of the 
usefulness and honor which will ever attend the high-minded 
and honorable discharge of the duties of our profession. 

"Resolved, That we tender to the family of our deceased 
associate our most sincere sympathy in the loss they have 
sustained by the death of one whose traits of personal 
character were most endearing and best appreciated in the 
sacred privacy of the domestic circle. 

"Resolved, That we, the members of the court and bar of 
Erie County, will attend in a body the funeral of our deceased 
associate. 

" Resolved, That these resolutions be entered upon the 
minutes of the court, and that we will wear crape on our 
left arms for thirty days as a tribute of respect to the 
deceased. 

"Ordered by the court that a copy of these proceedings 
be furnished the family of the deceased." 




-Si^rarea V J CB-vittre?^- 



^^^J^^4-<M^/^^.-^<^ 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 229 

Giles Sanford was born in ISTorwich Farms, now Frank- 
lin, ISTew London County, Connecticut, September 18th, 
1783, and with his father's family removed to Herkimer 
County, New York, in 1801. Mr. S. came to Erie to reside 
in 1810. 

The Sanfords in the days of Roger Williams (1636) 
were punished and banished from the Plymouth Colony on 
account of their religious faith, being Quakers, and found 
refuge in Rhode Island, then called Providence Plantation. 

In 1814 Mr. Sanford formed a mercantile partnership 
with Mr. R. S. Reed, which continued until 1824. In 1823 
the firm in his name was contractor for supplying the mili- 
tary posts of Fort Dearborn, (Chicago,) Mackinaw, St. 
Mary's, and Fort Howard, (Green Bay.) 

Mr. Sill and Mr. Sanford were delegates to the Canal 
Convention, which met at Harrisburg, (in 1824, we believe,) 
and which convention gave the first impetus to internal im- 
provements in the State. 

Mr. Sanford has ever been a zealous and disinterested 
friend of public improvements, has done much for the pro- 
motion of agriculture and horticulture in the county, and 
contributed liberally to benevolent and Christian enterprises. 
In consequence of his business connections, habits of obser- 
vation and general information, he has rendered valuable 
assistance in this work. 

John Galbraith was born in Huntingdon County, Penn- 
sylvania, August 2d, 1794. His father was a soldier of the 
American Revolution, and took part in the battle of Long 
Island, where he was taken by the enemy, and being, with 
many others, imprisoned in New York, he there suffered 
hardships and privations, from the effects of which he never 
fully recovered. He resided in Huntingdon County after 
the war and until the year 1810, when he removed with his 
family to Butler County, Pennsylvania, where he passed the 
remainder of his life. He gave to his children such oppor- 
tunities for learning as were attainable in a new and thinly 

20* 



230 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

settled country. The subject of this sketch early exhibited 
a fondness for study, and although the facilities afforded to 
him were but meager and limited, he yet managed to acquire 
a liberal education. 

Like many others who have attained a prominent position, 
he at one time, and when yet quite a youth, taught a coun- 
try school. He studied law in the office of General Wm. 
Ayres, of Butler, at that day one of the leading lawyers of 
Western Pennsylvania, and was admitted to the bar in the 
year 1819. He began the practice of his profession soon 
afterward at Franklin, Yenango County. He soon took a 
prominent place as a lawyer and acquired a large practice. 
In 1828 he was elected to the Pennsylvania Legislature, 
and was twice re-elected. In 1832 he was elected to Con- 
gress, from the district at that time composed of the Coun- 
ties of Yenango, Crawford, Warren, and Erie. He was 
re-elected to Congress in 1834, and again in 1838. On the 
expiration of his third congressional term in 1840, he re- 
sumed the practice of the law at Erie, to which place he 
had removed in the year 1837. 

In 1851, the Constitution of the State having been so 
amended as to require the election of judges by the people, 
Mr. Galbraith was placed in nomination by the democratic 
party as their candidate for President Judge of the Sixth 
Judicial District ; and, although his party was in a very 
decided minority in the district, he was elected by a large 
majority — a marked evidence of the great personal popu- 
larity he always enjoyed. He continued to discharge the 
duties of his new position until his death, which occurred 
from a stroke of paralysis, on the 15th of June, 1860. 

Judge Galbraith died universally lamented. Few men 
in the State had a wider circle of acquaintance than he. 
Of remarkably gentle disposition and winning manners, he 
had a strong hold upon the popular heart. He was always 
the friend of the poor. 

As a lawyer, he was studious and learned, rather than 



i 




lUman Ei-oths: 



HISTORY or ERIE COUNTY. 231 

brilliant. He was never a fluent speaker, althongh very 
successful as an advocate. As a judge, lie was distinguished 
for his thorough knowledge of the law ; but it was more 
particularly in the administration of criminal justice that he 
was noted for a humane and discriminating appreciation 
of his duties. Avoiding the heartless and indiscriminate 
severity, which appears by many to be regarded as indis- 
pensable in the treatment of offenders, he always sought to 
temper justice with mercy, and, if possible, to reform as well 
as to punish. 

It was as a judge of the criminal courts that his atten- 
tion was drawn to the defects in our -present penal system, 
and some of which he sought to remedy by his project of an 
Industrial Reform School. The charter for this institution 
was obtained by his efforts, and its list of managers num- 
bers some of the most respected and honored names in the 
country. 

In accepting the office of President of the Industrial Re- 
form School Association, Judge Galbraith thus referred to 
the design and principles which it embraced : — 

"My position has been for a period of forty years, during 
a large portion of it as a practicing lawyer at the bar, and 
the last seven years occupying the bench as president judge 
of the criminal courts, often necessarily and intimately asso- 
ciated and in counsel with all grades of at least several 
classes of the unfortunate human beings it is the purpose of 
the law and the organization placed under our management 
to cure of their diseases — as it were to ' cast out the devils' 
from them, and restore to usefulness as citizens, and to hap- 
piness and even to honor as individuals, rather than crush 
and destroy by unnecessary and vindictive punishments. 

" The law under which we are organized confers large 
and extensive powers — immense powers of doing good. It 
embraces a large class of the unfortunate and destitute, and 
has been pronounced by some of the wisest heads and most 
benevolent hearts of the country as containing more of the 



232 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

advantages for a reformatory institution than any in the 
known world, and one which may, with proper management, 
be made a model institution. The act contemplates an in- 
stitution, not so much one of charity and benevolence merely 
as one of wisdom and policy, depending upon the develop- 
ment of practical Christianity for its success. Not strictly 
a charitable institution alone, yet resting for its support and 
successful result upon true Christian charity and enlarged 
love of humanity. 

"The basis upon which it rests, although not entirely 
experimental, is so to some considerable extent. It pro- 
poses to make labor, industry, an element, the main element 
indeed, of a useful and practical education, carrying out if 
not enforcing by penal law, under the law of family and 
home attraction and Christian kindness, the deeply signifi- 
cant article in the laws agreed upon in England, by the wise 
and philanthropic founder of our State, as long ago as 
1682, 'that all children within this province of the age of 
twelve years, shall he taught some useful trade or skill, to 
the end that none may he idle, hut the poor may work to 
live, and the rich, if they hecome poor, may not ivanV 
This is really the great element of all happiness, and should 
form the basis of all instruction, whether to children or to 
those who have arrived at riper years, without the benefit of 
any sort of useful education. It is the purpose and the plan 
of the institution provided for by this law to introduce labor 
for active practical life, suitable to the varying capacities 
and inclinations of those committed to its charge, as an in- 
dispensable element of their instruction, and that in such a 
manner as most to contribute to their happiness, comfort, 
and delight — to give to it the attractions of a home." 

These extracts present a good idea of Judge Galbraith's 
design, and it is to be hoped that the excellent project thus 
originated may soon be taken up, and, with such modifica- 
tions as observation and experience may suggest, be carried 
forward to a successful issue. The condition of the prison- 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 233 

ers in many of our county jails would excite the surprise 
and sympathy of those around them, were public attention 
aroused and facts made known. A long period often elapses 
before trial, during which the accused, and sometimes inno- 
cent party, is doomed to the companionship of corrupt and 
hardened offenders. The position of many a man at his 
discharge from these prisons is such that nothing but a home 
and a word of sympathy is needed to strengthen his good 
purposes and support his first efforts to amend ; while for 
the want of such assistance he sinks back helplessly and 
hopelessly into the haunts of violence and crime. 

It is one of the highest duties of a State, and the first 
object of law, to prevent crime ; and it would seem that this 
object cannot be more effectually accomplished than by the 
plan proposed or something akin to it, which contemplates 
the "educational restraint" of that large class who, from 
their birth upward, are surrounded by criminal temptations 
and associations. The object of our houses of refuge is to 
apply this educational restraint at as early a period of life 
as the circumstnnces will allow, and they have succeeded in 
a most gratifying manner in its accomplishment. Judge 
Galbraith's plan embraces maturer age, and an entirely differ- 
ent course of discipline. 

Edward Livingston, in his work on Penal Law, has a 
noble passage that embraces the theory of our present 
houses of refuge as well as that of the institution proposed 
by Judge Galbraith. 

"A besieged city," he says, "fortified on one side, leaving 
the others open to hostile attacks, would be a just image of 
a country in which laws are made to eradicate offenses by 
punishment only, while they invite them by neglect of educa- 
tion, by the toleration of mendicity, idleness, vagrancy, and 
the corrupting associations of the accused before trial, as 
well as after conviction. 

"We must begin at an earlier stage in our efforts to pre- 
vent crime; we must relieve the extreme want which is 



234 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

sometimes the cause and oftener the pretense for crime; and 
we must find employment for the idleness which generally 
produces it." 

This proposed reformatory institution enlisted much of 
Judge Galbraith's attention during the later years of his 
life, and he found in the project ample field for the exercise 
of his benevolent and humane feelings. He applied him- 
self to the heavy and thankless task with an energy and 
determination that deserved and would eventually have 
commanded success, had his life been spared. 

The engraved portrait, accompaning this article, is an 
admirable likeness, saving, perhaps, a rather sterner ex- 
pression than was usual or natural for him. It will be 
readily recognized by all who knew him. 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 235 



CHAPTER XV. 

War cleclared^Commodore Perry — Captain Dobbins's Correspondence — 
Commodore Chauneey and Mr. Henry Eckford — Mr. Brown— Difficul- 
ties in fitting ovit the Fleet — General Mead — Captain Perry at Fort 
George — Five Vessels brought from Buffalo — Provincial Marine Corps 
— Difficulties in procuring Men — Letters to Commodore Chauneey and 
the Secretary of the Navy — A Providence recognized in the War — 
Getting the Vessels over the Bar — Commodore Barclay at Port Dover 
— Seven of the Vessels make a Cruise to Long Point — Officers and Men 
from Lake Ontario — August Twelfth, Commodore Perry sails for San- 
dusky — Interview with General Harrison — Squadron proceeds to Mai- 
den — Kentucky Militia — Sickness — Letters from the Secretary — Ohio 
dispatched to Erie — Strength of the British Force — The American 
Force — Americans again look in at Maiden — Corrected Instructions for 
the Battle. 

In June of 1812, during the administration of James 
Madison, war was declared by the United States against Great 
Britain. The grounds given in the Message were " the im- 
pressment of American seamen by the British ; the blockad- 
ing of the ports of their enemies ; the orders in council ; and 
a suspicion that the Indians had been instigated to acts of 
hostility by British agents." 

The bill for a declaration of war passed the House of 
Representatives by a vote of seventy-nine to forty-nine, and 
in the Senate by one of nineteen to thirteen. The day after 
the bill passed the Senate it was signed by the President, 
and in five days, as it afterward proved, the British orders 
in council were repealed. 

The minority opposed the war on the ground of its being 
unnecessary and impolitic; that the aggressions of the 
French had been greater than those of the English; and 
they entered a solemn protest against the measure. These 
views had the sympathy of a considerable proportion of the 
people of the United States, and the war was consequently 



236 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

prosecuted with much less energy and success than it other- 
wise would have been. 

Although hostilities had been meditated a long time, the 
country was in an imperfect state of preparation, and by 
land, the first year, the American arms were entirely unsuc- 
cessful. In the attempt of Government to conquer Upper 
Canada, General Hull and his army surrendered at Detroit, 
and General Yan Renssalaer met with defeat at Niagara, 
thus leaving the British in full possession of Lake Erie. 
Having five armed vessels, they captured the Adams, a brig 
of 150 tons, and the only armed vessel of the Americans,* 
and at any time could strike a fatal blow upon the South 
Shore settlements. 

These disastrous expeditions urged the necessity of a 
naval force upon the lake to co-operate with General Har- 
rison, who had command of the Northwestern army. 

The construction of this force was commenced in the 
autumn of 1812, at Erie, and gained the following year a 
most brilliant victory. Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, 
to whose judgment and bravery it was mainly to be attrib- 
uted, with the blessings involved, was a native of Rhode 
Island, and entered the navy as a midshipman at the age of 
fourteen — this was on board the General Greene, a frigate of 
twenty-eight guns — in 1799, his father being in command. 
His ancestors were of the first respectability, and the follow- 
ing anecdotes of his childhood indicate that his mother was 
a woman of rare sense and excellence. On the removal of 
the family to Newport, " Oliver was placed at the school of 
Mr. Frazier, under whose skillful and judicious tuition he 
made rapid proficiency in all his studies. The relaxed dis- 
cipline of the country schools, where, the numbers being small, 

* Some years ago, in a letter to a gentleman in Erie, J. F. Cooper 
claimed the honor of wearing the first navy button on Lake Erie, 
being a midshipman on the brig Adams, which was not generally 
commanded by navy officers. 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 23T 

everything was conducted somewhat upon the principle of 
brotherly love, furnished but an imperfect preparation for 
the sterner rule which the Highland gentleman found it 
necessary to exercise among his more numerous and hetero- 
geneous disciples at Newport. The early days of Oliver's 
admission into Mr. Frazier's school were signalized by a 
very untoward occurrence — no less a one than his receiving 
a broken head, one day, for some trifling and perhaps uncon- 
scious misdemeanor, from a heavy ferule hurled by Mr. Fra- 
zier, in an ungovernable fit of passion, such as he was often 
subject to. Seizing his hat, without leave asked or granted, 
Oliver went immediately home, and told his mother he could 
never enter that school again. Mrs. Perry was a woman of 
strong feelings, eminently courageous temperament, and com- 
manding character. She was necessarily indignant at the 
treatment of her child; but she was not much edified by 
Oliver's determinations as to what he would or would not 
do, nor disposed to yield to them. She did not reply to his 
decision not to return to Mr. Frazier's school, but quietly 
bound up his wounded head, and soothed him with expres- 
sions of maternal solicitude. Had she consulted only her 
resentment, it would have led her, at every hazard, to with- 
draw her child from the authority of one who had abused it. 
She wisely reflected, however, that Oliver being an unusually 
high-spirited boy, and his father generally absent, as he hap- 
pened to be at that time, if she yielded to his wishes in this 
instance, he might expect the same indulgence whenever he 
felt discontented with a school from motives less well founded. 
This would not only be a disadvantage to him with regard 
to his studies, but might tend to weaken her control over 
him. She then wrote a note to Mr. Frazier, stating in sub- 
dued terms her indignant feelings at the outrage upon her 
child, coupled with the motives which restrained her from 
withdrawing him from the school, and concluding by the 
expression of a hope that she would not have cause to 
regret the mark of renewed confidence which she thus gave 

21 



2S8 HISTORY or ERIE COUNTY. 

to Mr. Frazier by again intrusting her son to him. On the 
following morning, as the usual hour came around, she called 
to Oliver as if she had heard nothing of his declaration of 
the previous day, and told him it was school-time ; at the 
same time she placed the note for Mr. Frazier into his hand, 
and told him she did not think he would receive similar 
treatment again. The proud boy's lip quivered, and a tear 
stood in his eye, but the thought of disobeying his mother 
had never entered his head, nor did it probably ever do so 
until the day of his death. She lived to rear five sons, all 
of whom entered the naval service of their country, and 
"whom she fitted to command others by teaching them thus 
early to obey. Mr. Frazier was conscious of his own culpa- 
ble violence, and alive to the good sense and magnanimity 
of Mrs. Perry's conduct. He devoted himself unremittingly 
to Oliver's improvement, and became warmly attached to 
him, and won his attachment in retnrn — for Oliver, though 
high tempered, was a stranger to vindictiveness and cher- 
ished resentment. Newport was then an eminently commer- 
cial port. As many of the young men were intended for 
sea, Mr. Frazier had an evening class for the purpose of 
teaching mathematics, and their application to navigation 
and nautical astronomy. He took a peculiar pleasure in 
initiating Oliver into these sciences, and in the intervals be- 
tween school-hours, and on holidays, would frequently w^alk 
to the beach with him, where a horizon could be obtained, to 
take astronomical observations, and otherwise render his 
lessons more practical. Before Oliver left Mr. Frazier's 
school, the latter was wont to boast that he was the best 
navigator in Rhode Island." 

Another interesting circumstance of Perry's youth is re- 
lated by McKenzie. " When Oliver was but eleven years 
old. Bishop Seabury came to Newport, in the course of 
an episcopal visitation of the Eastern States, for the pur- 
pose of ordaining clergymen and confirming the young. 
Oliver's parents scarcely considered him old enough to re- 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 239 

ceive and appreciate that solemn rite; but the Bishop hav- 
ing been greatly pleased by his appearance and manners, and 
by the maturity and seriousness which his conversation indi- 
cated, requested that he might come forward for confirma- 
tion. Afterward, when the Bishop came to take leave of 
Oliver's parents, he laid his hand upon the boy's head, and 
blessed him in a manner so solemn and emphatic as to make 
an indelible impression upon all who were present. His 
mother was greatly touched by the incident, and received 
the impression that the blessing had been heard and answered, 
and would follow him through life. Toward the close of 
the year 1*797, Captain Perry, having secured a small com- 
petency, retired from his profession and settled in the village 
of Westerly, in a remote part of the State. Oliver was 
now entering his thirteenth year, his education unusually 
advanced for his age — for he had been a diligent student at 
Mr. Frazier's, during the last five years — and an unbounded 
fondness for books, kept up from the early period when his 
mother had first taught him to read, had imparted to him an 
unusual share of general information. Fortunately for the 
youth of those times, novels were not so abundant nor so 
universally diffused as now, and the reading of Oliver was 
confined to Plutarch, Shakspeare, the Spectator, and works 
of a similar character, suited to instruct and furnish the 
mind and give force to his character." In after-life he was 
an earnest student, particularly of mathematics and astron- 
omy. During his leisure hours his modesty and amiability, 
with his fine personal appearance and conversational talents, 
made him a favorite in intelligent and refined society. 
Though of a quick and excitable temperament, he was not 
disposed to be unreasonable or implacable. He was an ele- 
gant and fearless rider, possessed a fine musical talent, and 
added to these the more questionable accomplishment of 
playing an admirable game of billiards, but without the 
taste for gambling too often accompanying it. 

At the age of twenty-two he was married to Miss Eliza- 



240 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

beth Champlin Mason, of Newport, a lady of extraordinary 
gifts and loveliness ; and it was said by one who knew Cap- 
tain Perry intimately, "that he was through life a model of 
every domestic virtue and grace." 

Commodore Rodgers had been his able instructor in sea- 
manship ; and previous to his command on Lake Erie, 
although then but twenty-seven years of age, he had been in 
charge of a flotilla of gunboats at Newport. Having the 
rank of commander, in November, 1812, he tendered his 
services for the lakes, as he had before applied for a post 
where he might serve his country and distinguish himself. 
On the 1st of February, 1813, he received a letter from 
Commodore Chauncey, who had the command of Lakes 
Erie and Ontario, stating that he had applied- to the Secre- 
tary of the Navy to have him ordered to the lakes; and 
added, "you are the very person that I want for a particular 
service, in which you may gain reputation for yourself and 
honor for your country." A few days after, he also had the 
pleasure of hearing from his friend. Com. Rodgers, in Wash- 
ington, that the new Secretary, Mr. Jones, had decided to 
order him to Lake Erie; and "you will, doubtless," he 
adds, "command in chief; the situation, I think, will suit 
you exactly; you may expect some warm fighting, and of 
course a portion of honor." 

On the seventeenth of February, he received orders to 
proceed to Sackett's Harbor with all the best men in the 
flotilla under his command, where he would be further in- 
structed by Commodore Chauncey with regard to his duties 
on Lake Erie. The same day Captain Perry sent off a de- 
tachment of one hundred and fifty men and officers under 
the command of Sailing-master Almy; on the nineteenth, 
fifty men under Sailing-master Champlin ; and fifty men on 
the twenty-first, under Sailing-master Taylor. His object in 
thus dividing the men was that they might the better procure 
conveyances and accommodations on the road. On the morn- 
ing of the twenty-second of February he set forward on his 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 241 

mission, visiting his parents by the way, and taking with him 
his brother Alexander, a midshipman, then but twelve years 
of age. He arrived at Sackett's Harbor the evening of the 
third of March, having waited three days at Albany for 
Commodore Chauncey. As an attack was expected at 
Sackett's Harbor on the squadron and vessels on the stocks, 
the Commodore detained him there until the sixteenth of 
March. On his journey to Erie, where he arrived on the 
twenty-fourth, he remained one day in Buffalo, examining the 
navy yard at Black Rock, then under command of Lieu- 
tenant Pettigru. He then made some arrangements to have 
stores forwarded to Erie, and on the twenty-sixth set out 
himself in a sleigh upon the ice. At Cattaragus, where he 
spent the night, the innkeeper informed him that he had 
recently been on the Canada side, and there had been ques- 
tioned as to the vessels building at Erie, and the force sta- 
tioned there, and his opinion was that the British intended 
to make an attack when the ice should break up. On the 
evening of the twenty-seventh. Captain Perry arrived at 
Erie, and immediately acquainted himself with the state of 
affairs and the progress of the work. Here six months be- 
fore General David Mead, who commanded the militia, had 
appointed Mr. Dobbins bearer of dispatches to Washington. 
Mr. D., with his vessel, had been taken by the British at 
Hull's surrender, and he was well acquainted with the har- 
bors, commerce, and inhabitants on the lakes. He received 
from the Navy Department the appointment of sailing- 
master, and was ordered to repair immediately to Erie, and 
commence building the fleet, with instructions to draw upon 
the Department for funds to meet the expense, and to report 
to Commodore Chauncey at Black Rock or Sackett's Har- 
bor for further instructions. Accordingly on his return he 
addressed the commanding officer, and in reply received the 
following : — 

21* 



242 HISTORY oe erie county. 

" Sir :— 

"Yonr letter of thirtieth ultimo, directed to Commodore 
ChauDcey or the commanding officer on Lake Erie, I have 
received, together with its inclosed, a copy of your instruc- 
tions from the Honorable the Secretary of the Navy, each 
of which, together with a copy of this letter, I have inclosed 
to him for his consideration. It appears to me utterly im- 
possible to build gunboats at Presqu'ile; there is not a suffi- 
cient depth of water on the bar to get them into the Lake. 
Should there be water, the place is at all times open to the 
attacks of the enemy, which would be a great annoyance to 
our force building and repairing at that place. From a 
slight acquaintance I have with our side of the lake, and 
with what information I have obtained from persons who 
have long navigated the lake, I am under an impression 
Lake Erie has not a single harbor calculated to fit out a 
naval expedition, and the only one convenient I am at pres- 
ent at, which is between Squaw Island and the main, imme- 
diately in the mouth of Niagara River. I have no further 
communication to make on the subject. Probably in a few 
days I shall be in possession of Commodore Chauncey's im- 
pressions, when you shall again hear from me. 
" With esteem, yours respectfully, 

"J. D. Elliot. 
"Mr. Daniel Dobbins." 

Captain Dobbins replied as follows : — 

"Dear Sir: — 

"Yours of the second instant is received. In regard to 
the idea entertained by you that this place is not a suitable 
one to build gunboats at, allow me to differ with you. There 
is a sufficiency of water on the bar to let them into the lake, 
but not a sufficiency to let any heavy armed vessel of the 
enemy into the bay to destroy them. The bay is large and 
spacious, and completely land-locked, except at the entrance. 
I have made my arrangements in accordance with my own 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 



243 



convictions, for the purpose of procuring the timber and 
other materials for their construction. I believe I have as 
perfect a knowledge of this lake as any other man on it, and 
I believe you would agree with me, were you here, that this 
is the place for a naval station. 

"I remain, very respectfully, etc., 

" Daniel Dobbins, 

" Sailing-master U. S. N". 
"To Lieut. J. D. Elliot, U. S. K, Black Rock." 




/fr// 



^^Z^^yvc^ ^^4<i>4^UA 



The letter of Lieutenant Elliot was the only information 
Mr. Dobbins could get from that quarter; not being satis- 
fied with this he hastened to Black Rock, where he found 
Lieutenant Angus in command, and as he had not heard 
from Commodore Chauucey, or from any other quarter, of 
the building of gunboats at Erie, he expressed himself at a 
loss what course to pursue. Captain Dobbins, however, 
employed Ebenezer Crosby as master carpenter, which Lieu- 



244 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

tenant Angus sanctioned, and returned to Erie determined 
to urge forward the work with such house-carpenters as he 
could procure.* 

* Extract of a letter from Captain Dobbins to the Secretary of the 
Navy. 

"Erie, Pa., December 12th, 1812. 
"Sir:— 

"I have expected workmen, or orders to employ them, but have 
received none, owing, in all probability, to the Commodore (Chaun- 
cey) not coming on (to Black Rock) as was expected. I have, how- 
ever, gone on with the work, and at this time have two of the boats 
on the stocks, and will engage to have them all ready by the time 
the ice is out of the lake if required. 

" Their dimensions are 50 feet keel, 17 feet beam, and 5 feet hold, 
and I think will be fast sailers. If it is desired that I should pro- 
ceed with the work, please authorize me to draw upon the Depart- 
ment, as I have already expended a considerable sum over the $2000 
already drawn, the vouchers of which expenditure I will forward by 
the next mail. I have found a merchant (R.. S. Eeed) in this place, 
who will advance money on drafts. I have negotiated those 
already received with him, and have continued to draw, as I feel 
satisfied the Department do not wish the work to stop. It appears 
the Commodore (Chauncey) has been so engaged on the lower lake 
as to have taken all his attention; but the ice will soon lock him, as 
it has the harbor at this place, which forms a complete barrier 
against the enemy this winter. I have not been able to make con- 
tracts for the construction, in accordance with the wish of the De- 
partment, as the people in this country are poor and would fail to 
comply. I have made individual contracts with each workman. The 
iron I procure at Pittsburg, which comes high, as the roads are bad 
and transportation expensive. 

"Please send me instructions at your earliest convenience. 
"I have the honor to be, very respectfully, etc., 

"Daniel Dobbins, Sailing-master U. S. JSf. 
"Hon. Paul Hamilton, Secretary of the Navy.''' 

It still being urged at the Department that Black Rock was a more 
suitable place for a naval station tlian Erie, Captain Dobbins ad- 
dressed a letter to the Secretary on the subject, dated December 19, 
1812, from which tlie following is an extract: "In regard to the 
vessels cut down and lying in an unfinished state at Black Rock, 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 245 

Early in January Commodore Chauncey and Mr. Henry 
Eckford, his principal carpenter, came on, and inspected and 
approved the work, and gave instructions to get out timber 
for two sloops of war. Mr. Xoah Brown, a master ship- 
wright from New York, came on early in March with twenty- 
live carpenters. 

In a letter from Mr. Dobbins to the Secretary of the 
Navy, dated March fourteenth, we find the following: "The 
keels of the two brigs are ready to lay ; the gunboats are 
ready for caulking. Although everything looks encourag- 
ing, yet I have my fears of the secret incendiary as well as 
the prowling spy of the enemy, and that in a moment our 
labor may be destroyed. I find I cannot raise any volun- 
teers to guard the vessels, but have made arrangements with 
the carpenters in the yard to stand guard until I hear from 
you. Mr. Brown joins me in my opinion in regard to the 
danger, and the course I intend to pursue to secure a guard 
for the vessels." This guard, with a well-armed volunteer 
company of sixty citizens, commanded by Colonel Thomas 
Forster, constituted, for some time, the only protection of 
the town and vessels. 

Captain Perry immediately on his arrival dispatched Mr. 
Dobbins to Buffalo for seamen and muskets, and, if possible, 
two 12-pounders. After a most perilous and fatiguing ex- 
pedition, Mr. D. returned with one 12-pouuder, (having left 
Bufi"alo with three,) four chests of arms, ammunition, etc. 
The difficulty of creating a squadron where most of the sup- 
plies must come from the seashore — the cordage, cannons, 
powder and balls — at an inclement season, through a half- 
settled country, with miserable roads, can scarcely be con- 
ceived. 

On the evening of the thirtieth of March, Sailing-master 

there can be but little confidence placed in their safety. The yard is 
within reach of the batteries of the enemy, and if finished, the ves- 
sels would be cut to pieces with their shot in passing up the rapids 
into the lake." 



246 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

W. V. Taylor arrived from Sackett's Harbor with twenty offi- 
cers and men, and the next day Captain Perry left for Pitts- 
burg to procure necessary stores, and to hasten, if possible, 
the coming of the expected carpenters. He arrived there 
on the fourth of April, and made arrangements to procure 
from Philadelphia canvas for the sails of the squadron, and 
also passed two days in visiting the different shops of the 
mechanics employed in working for his vessels. Many of 
the articles they had never before manufactured, and in such 
cases minute directions were required. Captain A. K. 
WooUey rendered him great assistance in supplying neces- 
sary stores by loaning him four small guns and some muskets, 
and in superintending the casting of the shot. The carpen- 
ters, he found, had passed on to Erie, but their tools were 
yet to come, and the blockmakers were equally unfortunate. 
Having impressed upon the manufacturers the necessity of 
all being completed by the first of May, he departed on the 
seventh of April, and reached Erie on the tenth. In his 
absence he found the work had progressed rapidly. 

At Captain Perry's earnest request. General Mead had 
stationed five hundred militia at Erie, so that a defense 
could be set up in case the British attempted the destruction 
of the vessels. Two of the gunboats, the Porcupine and 
Tigress, were launched the fifteenth of April, and were soon 
equipped for service. The Scorpion had been lengthened 
twelve feet by Mr. Eckford's order, and was not launched 
until the first of May. These were built at the mouth 
of Lee's Run — afterward known as the "Navy Yard" — 
the government having rented the ground for a term of 
years and erected there a storehouse, hospital, and other 
buildings. The two brigs that were laid down shortly be- 
fore Commodore Perry's arrival were launched about the 
twenty-fourth of May. The Lawrence and Niagara were 
built and rigged precisely alike.* Their frames were of 

* The Lawrence was the better sailer. Commodore Sinclair, a 
year or two after the battle, suggested alterations in the Niagara 
which much improved it. 



HISTQRY OP ERIE COUNTY. 2i1 

white and black oak, and the decks of pine. They were 110 
feet in length, and 260 toiis burden ; were pierced for 20 
guns, and carried 132 officers and men. These, with the 
pilot-boat schooner Ariel, were built at the Cascade, about 
one mile west of the town, where there was a good depth 
of water. 

On the twenty-third of May, Captain Perry suddenly 
took his departure for Lake Ontario, and was absent until 
the seventeenth of June. Captain Perry was promised the 
command of the seamen and marines that might land when 
an attack was made on Fort George, and accordingly when 
he heard that Commodore Chauncey expected to be at 
Niagara in a day or two, and the attack be made, joined 
him immediately. Captain Perry left Erie in a four-oared 
boat at evening, and after a journey full of discomforts and 
perils, rendered valuable service by superintending the em- 
barkation of the troops. Commodore Chauncey, in his 
official report, mentioned that " Captain Perry was present 
at every point where he could be useful, under showers of 
musketry, but fortunately escaped unhurt." The capture 
of Fort George led to the evacuation by the British of the 
whole Niagara frontier, and Captain Perry was enabled to 
return with five small vessels of the government which had 
been detained in Seajaguady Creek, back of Squaw Island, 
by the enemy's batteries on the Canada shore. One of the 
vessels, the Caledonia, 3 guns, 85 tons, Lieutenant Elliot 
had surprised and taken from the enemy; the Somers, 
2 guns, 65 tons, formerly the Catharine ; the Trippe, 1 
gun, 63 tons, formerly the Contractor; the Ohio, 1 gun, 
62 tons; and the Amelia, formerly the General Wilkison, 
built at Detroit, 1802, 1 gun, 72 tons, had been pur- 
chased and fitted for service by Mr. Eckford.* On the 
twenty-eighth of May, the laborious work of dragging 



* The Amelia was condemned, on examination, immediately ;^fter 
the vessels reached Erie, and sunk in the harbor. 



248 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

the five vessels against the current of the Niagara, which 
varied in strength from five to seven knots, commenced. 
To aid Captain Perry in the work, two hundred soldiers, 
under command of Captains Brevoort and Young, were 
loaned him by General Dearborn ; he had also a party of 
officers and fifty seamen, that remained with him until after 
the battle. At Black Rock navy stores were taken aboard; 
and after two weeks of incredible fatigue, the vessels passed 
the rapids. On the evening of the fourteenth, they set sail 
from Buffalo and reached Erie on the evening of the eigh- 
teenth without having been molested, though the enemy had 
a force in the vicinity six times that of the Americans. The 
British ship Queen Charlotte and schooner Lady Frevost lay 
at Long Point when the vessels passed up. When hovering 
afterward around Sturgeon Point, they discovered a boat 
passing up the Lake, which had left Buffalo Creek the pre- 
ceding evening loaded with valuable property. The vessels 
immediately gave chase and fired several guns, but the 
Yankee skipper was two wide awake for them, and ran 
into Cattaragus Creek and escaped. It is certain Captain 
Perry manifested as much his skill and address here, as his 
indefatigable perseverance in stemming the rapids. 

Previous to the war the English had upon the lakes what 
was termed a Provincial Marine ; the vessels had a slight 
armament, and were used to transport troops, Indian goods, 
and sometimes the property of individuals. This squad- 
ron was now commanded by Captain Finnis, of the Royal 
Navy, and consisted of the ship Queen Charlotte, 11 guns, 
between 200 and 300 tons; the schooner Lady Prevost, 
13 guns, 96 tons; the brig Hunter, 10 guns, 73 tons; 
schooner Little Belt, 3 guns; and Chippeway, 1 gun. 
Several of these vessels, and those of the Americans, were 
in sight from the same point on the bank of the lake, and 
just as the last vessel entered the harbor the enemy ap- 
peared in the distance. They must have greatly under- 
rated the spirit as well as strength of their adversary, and 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 249 

supposed they could be crushed without difficulty at any 
moment. 

A letter awaited Captain Perry, on his arrival at Erie, 
from the Secretary of the Navy, highly complimenting his 
conduct at Fort George, as well as his exertions at Erie. 
In reply to this, Captain Perry expressed diffidence as to 
his own capabilities, and "that no exertion should be want- 
ing on his part to promote the honor of the service." He 
informed the secretary "that one of the brigs was completely 
rigged and had her battery mounted, the other would be 
equally far advanced in a week; the sails of both vessels 
were nearly completed, and on the arrival of the shot and 
anchors from Pittsburg, which were confidently expected 
soon, all the vessels would be ready for service in one day 
after the reception of the crews." Lieutenant Brooks, of 
the marines, was engaged in recruiting, and had succeeded 
in enlisting thirty men at Erie and Pittsburg. In place of 
an increase of forces which Captain Perry so much needed, 
General Dearborn, in consequence of an order from the 
Secretary of War, recalled the two hundred soldiers which 
had been loaned from Fort George to assist in bringing up 
the vessels. Captain Brevoort, if it were agreeable to 
himself and Captain Perry, he consented might be retained, 
and, as he had navigated the lakes, he would be particu- 
larly useful. 

But five days after this reduction of forces, instructions 
came from the Secretary of the Navy, to co-operate with 
General Harrison in the Northwest for the recovery of 
Michigan. This presupposed that the squadron was pro- 
vided with officers and men, and ready for action, when, in 
reality. Commodore Chauncey had retained the crews at 
Sackett's Harbor. The plan of the commodore appeared to 
be to overpower the enemy on Lake Ontario, and then repeat 
the action in person on Lake Erie. He seemed to forget 
the disadvantage of keeping officers and men strangers to 
one another and their vessel, until they were to encounter 

22 



250 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

the enemy, and that but a handful of men, and these re- 
duced by sickness, were expected to equip the vessels. 
Captain Perry immediately wrote to Commodore Chaun- 
cey, expressing a very great desire to have .the officers and 
men that were to join him, especially a commander for the 
second brig. He had but seldom the satisfaction of a direct 
reply from the commodore, but it was rumored that three 
hundred and fifty men would soon be on the way, and ac- 
cordingly two boats were dispatched to Buffalo, on the 
eighteenth of July, in addition to the two that had con- 
veyed the Fort George men to their destination. The sail- 
ing-master that had charge of the boats was directed to 
proceed with the greatest caution on account of the enemy's 
squadron, which was daily in sight of Erie, and nearly block- 
aded the port. On their return they were advised to keep 
close in shore, and call at Chataqua and Twenty-mile Creek 
for instructions. 

On the nineteenth of July Captain Perry informed Cen- 
eral Harrison that he had but one hundred and fifty men 
fit for service, with fifty others on the sick list. On the 
same day he received a second order from the Secretary of 
the Navy, to co-operate with Harrison, under the belief that 
the squadron was manned, and also a letter from General 
Harrison, stating that the enemy would soon launch their 
new ship, the Detroit, and that they had just received a 
reinforcement of experienced officers and prime seamen. 
Perry could only reply to the secretary, "that the enemy 
were then oif the harbor, and the moment he had a suffi- 
cient number of men he would be able to sail, and trusted 
that the issue of the contest would be favorable." He then 
wrote to Commodore Chauncey as follows : — 

"Dear Sir: — 

" The enemy's fleet of six sail are now ofi" the bar of the 
harbor. What a golden opportunity if we had men ! Their 
object is no doubt either to blockade or attack us, or to 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 251 

carry provisions and reinforcements to Maiden. Should it 
be to attack us, we are ready to meet them. I am con- 
stantly looking to the eastward; every mail and every 
traveler from that quarter is looked to -as the harbinger of 
the glad tidings of our men being on their way. I am 
fully aware how much your time must be occupied with the 
important concerns of the lake. Grive me men, sir, and I 
will acquire both for you and myself honor and glory on 
this lake, or perish in the attempt. Conceive my feelings ; 
an enemy within striking distance, my vessels ready, and 
not men enough to man them. Going out with those I 
now have is out of the question. You would not suffer it 
were you here. I again ask you to think of my situation ; 
the enemy in sight, the vessels under my command more 
than sufficient, and ready to make sail, and yet obliged to 
bite my fingers with vexation for want of men. I know, 
my dear sir, full well you will send me the crews for the 
vessels as soon as possible ; yet a day appears an age. I 
hope that the wind or some other cause will delay the 
enemy's return to Maiden until my men arrive, and I will 
have them.^^ 

A day or two after this, the enemy were becalmed off 
Erie, and Captain Perry pulled out to the bar with three 
gunboats to annoy them. A few shots were exchanged, 
and one of them struck the mizzen-mast of the Queen Char- 
lotte, when a breeze springing up, they stood off. 

On the twenty-third. Captain Perry received another com- 
munication from the secretary, urging the importance of 
immediately destroying the enemy's squadron. Again he 
replied, "that he was fully aware of the importance of the 
object — that his ships were ready but without crews." Had 
the men been sent directly from Philadelphia, in place of 
having to undergo what was familiarly called the "Sackett's 
Harbor examination," the object would have been better 
and more speedily effected. However, the same day that he 



252 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

replied to the secretary, seventy men and officers arrived from 
Lake Ontario, and Perry wrote Commodore Chauncey ac- 
knowledging the receipt of his letter and the seventy men, 
and earnestly requesting a full supply of officers and men for 
his vessels. 

About this time a concentration of the enemy's troops 
took place at Long Point, directly opposite Erie, at the 
distance of forty miles, and fears were entertained lest an 
attack should be made upon Brie and the squadron destroyed 
before the arrival of the crews. Great consternation pre- 
vailed among the inhabitants of the village, many of them 
removing their families and goods back from the lake. 
Major-General Mead was called upon for a reinforcement 
of the militia, who made a show of defense by parading 
the high bank, when the enemy were in sight. The officers 
were all kept aboard, and boats rowed guard throughout 
the night. Captain Perry apprised the Secretary of the 
Navy and Commodore Chauncey of the fact, and also that 
he had no apprehension for the fleet even though the enemy 
should get possession of the town, which he did not expect. 
It proved afterward that an attack had been planned, but 
failed for the want of troops at the proper time. 

On the twenty-seventh of July, Captain Perry received a 
letter by express from General Holmes, by order of General 
Harrison, stating that the enemy had invested Fort Meigs 
a second time with a heavy force, and that the presence of 
the enemy's squadron off Erie was unfortunate, unless Cap- 
tain Perry could either elude or fight them. He urged in 
strong terms, for General Harrison, that Captain Perry's 
great object should be to co-operate with the army by sail- 
ing up Lake Erie, and concluded his letter with " assurances 
of the perfect conviction of the general, that on his part no 
exertion would be omitted to give the crisis an issue of pro- 
fit and glory to the arms of our country." Captain Perry 
immediately inclosed the letter of General Holmes to Com- 
modore Chauncey with the following, indicating his distress 
of mind in being so unnecessarily hampered : — 



history op erie county. 253 

"Sir:— 

" I have tliis moment received by express the inclosed 
letter from General Harrison. If I had officers and men, 
and I have no doubt yon will send them, I could fight the 
enemy and proceed up the lake. Bnt having no one to 
command the Niagara, and only one commissioned lieu- 
tenant and tv/o acting lieutenants, whatever my wishes may 
be, going out is out of the question. The men that came 
by Mr. Charaplin are a motley set, blacks, — soldiers, and 
boys. I cannot think you saw them after they were selected. 
I am, however, pleased to see anything in the shape of a 
man." 

On the thirtieth of July he received from Lake Ontario 
an additional reinforcement of sixty officers and men, and 
soon after opened a rendezvous for landsmen, to serve four 
mouths or until after a decisive battle, at ten dollars a month. 
He had now three hundred officers and men to man two 
twenty-gun brigs (each brig carried one hundred and thirty- 
two men) and eight smaller vessels, and an aggregate of 
fifty-five guns. The men were in general of an inferior 
description, and more than one-fifth incapacitated for duty 
by disease incident to a change of climate. The able-bodied 
had been incessantly engaged in duties not relevant to their 
essential ones in a naval engagement, as gunners, boarders, 
pikemen, sail trimmers, etc. 

The disposition throughout the country to recognize a 
Providence in the war deserves attention. Dr. Parsons 
says: "On Sunday, the eighteenth of July, two respect- 
able missionaries, who were passing through Erie, were in- 
vited by the commodore on board one of the large ships, 
where as many officers and men as could be spared from all 
the vessels were assembled to hear prayers that were offered 
up for the success of the expedition. I shall never forget 
their fervent pleadings in our behalf, that we might subdue 
the hostile fleet, and thereby wrest from savage hands the 
tomahawk and scalping knife, that had been so cruelly 

22* 



254 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

wielded against the defenseless settlers on the frontiers, and 
that in the event of a victory, mercy and kindness might be 
shown to the vanquished." 

Several of the States appointed days of "thanksgiving, 
fasting, and prayers, that He in vrhose hands are the mighty, 
would in the hour of battle be their strength and deliver- 
ance." 

A resolution is recorded in the Pamphlet Laws of 1812, 
requesting the President of the United States to recommend 
a day of public humiliation. It reads as follows : — 

"It being a duty peculiarly incumbent in a time of public 
calamity and war, humbly and devoutly to acknowledge our 
dependence in Almighty God, and to implore his aid and 
protection; therefore, 

^^ Resolved, By the Senate and House of Representatives 
of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
that a joint committee of both houses wait on the Presi- 
dent of the United States, and request that he recommend 
a day of public humiliation and prayer, to be observed by 
the people of the United States with religious solemnity, 
and the offering of fervent supplication to Almighty God 
for the safety and welfare of these States, his blessings upon 
their arms, and the speedy restoration of peace. 

" H. CLAY, Speaker of the H. R. 

" WM. H. CRAWFORD, President of the Senate pro. tern." 

The bay of Presqu'ile, as before mentioned, had a bar 
of light sand at its entrance, where the water, on an 
average eighteen feet in depth, varied from six to ten feet, 
and sometimes in a gale of wind was as low as five feet. 
Major Jas G. Totten, who surveyed the harbor in 1824, 
says: "In continuation of Presqu'ile, there is a sandbank 
under water, nearly a mile wide, which runs in a southeast 
direction to the shore of the main, a little eastward of the 
town of Erie, reducing the depth of the water in this part 
(the mouth of the basin) to about six feet on the average. 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 255 

A narrow and winding channel runs through this bank, in 
which there is from five to nine feet water." On Sunday, 
the first of August, the large vessels arrived at the bar, and 
were visited by General Mead and staff in full dress, about 
noon, and received a national salute, fired by Lieutenant 
Holdup, in an excellent style. The firing drew people in 
from the country in great numbers, who lined the shore of 
the lake,* filled with astonishment, as they had never before 
seen a square-rigged vessel. In the evening all hands en- 
gaged in the work of lightening the vessels preparatory to 
crossing the bar. The draught of the brigs required that 
they should be lifted at least four feet, and Mr. Brown had 
planned to effect this by scows or camels. Captain Dob- 
bins, who was present and actively engaged, says : " There 
was less water in the channel by three feet than the vessels 
required, and after the guns and stores of the Lawrence 
had been taken ashore, (the guns being laid upon timbers 
on the sand-beach,) the two lighters or scows were placed 
on each side of her and large timbers put across the vessel 
and secured to the lighters. There were four holes in the 
bottom of the lighters, eight inches square, and plugs fitted 
to them, which reached above the tops of the lighters; 
these plugs were taken out and the lighters sunk. The 
timbers were then blocked upon the lighters, the plugs 
placed in the holes and the lighters pumped and bailed out, 
which raised the vessel to the height required to float her 
over. Before daylight on Tuesday, the vessel was afloat; 
by two o'clock, her armament was all on board, mounted, a 
salute fired, and ready for action. The same plan was the 
next day pursued with the Niagara, and by incessant labor, 
day and night, she was in twenty-four hours also ready for 
action. When the Niagara was on the bar with the lighters 
under her, the British squadron hove in sight, standing in 
for Erie. It fortunately happened that the wind caused 
the Lawrence to head in the same direction with the 
Niagara on the bar, and the weather being quite hazy, the 



256 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

enemy must have supposed them both afloat. The head- 
most of the British vessels hove her main-top-sail to the 
mast, and lay by until the rest came up, and, after having 
exchanged signals, they hauled their wind and stood for 
Long Point. Here they put a courier ashore to proceed 
to Maiden, with orders to get the Detroit out as soon as 
possible." 

"The entire management pertaining to getting tlie vessels 
over the bar was of the most judicious kind, both in facilitat- 
ing the work and protecting the Lawrence and Niagara when 
aground. While the Lawrence was on the bar, the Niagara 
and smaller vessels were moored inside, with their broadsides 
toward the roadstead and within point-blank range of the 
enemy, should they attempt to approach near enough to 
destroy her. Besides this, three long 12-pounders were 
placed upon the bank about one hundred feet above the 
water, (where the lighthouse now stands,) protected by an 
earthen entrenchment; this was not more than three hun- 
dred yards from a line ranging directly over, and could 
have kept up a destructive fire upon the enemy before they 
could have reached the vessel." 

It has been said that Commodore Barclay lost the 
ascendency on Lake Erie, by attending a dinner given him 
and his officers at Port Dover, which is situated on Ey- 
erson's Creek, below Long Point. It appears there was a 
dinner given the officers there, about that time, and that 
Commodore Barclay replied to a complimentary toast in 
rather boastful and contemptuous terms when alluding to 
the "Yankee brigs hard and fast upon the bar." The com- 
pliment of a dinner was undoubtedly accepted by the British 
officers, but that the day of battle was deferred on that ac- 
count is scarcely worthy of belief. Captain Perry had looked 
forward with great anxiety to the passage of the bar. In 
a letter dated twenty-seventh of July, to the secretary, he 
says: "We are ready to sail the instant officers and men 
arrive ; and as the enemy appear determined to dispute the 



HISTORY OP ERIE- COUNTY. 25 Y 

passage of the bar with us, the question as to the command 
of Lake Erie will soon be decided." 

On the twenty- eighth of July another urgent appeal 
came from General Harrison. Captain Perry replied : 
"I am of opinion that in two days the naval superiority 
will be decided on Lake Erie. Should we be successful, I 
shall sail for the head of the lake immediately, to co-oper- 
ate with you, and I hope that our joint efforts will be pro- 
ductive of honor and advantage to our country. The 
squadron is not much more than half manned; but as I 
see no prospect of reinforcement, I have determined to 
commence my operations. * * * My anxiety to join 
you is very great, and had seamen been sent me in time, I 
should now in all probability have been at the head of the 
lake acting in conjunction with you." A call was made for 
volunteers, and a sufficient number offered to man the ves- 
sels for a cruise to Long Point, where the enemy were sup- 
posed to be. At three o'clock, on the morning of the sixth 
of August, the signal was made for the squadron to weigh 
anchor, and at four the vessels were all under sail. Prom 
daylight on the second to the fourth of August, Captain 
Perry, though in feeble health, had not closed his eyes, and 
not an officer or man of the squadron had enjoyed a mo- 
ment's rest, excepting such as could be snatched upon the 
deck. As they were in search of the enemy, the vessels 
were cleared for action, and there could consequently be 
little opportunity for repose. In twenty-four hours the 
squadron returned to Erie without having seen the enemy, 
and they afterward heard that they had sailed up the lake 
to Maiden. The list of vessels and commanders on this 
cruise were — the Lawrence, Captain Perry ; Niagara, Lieu- 
tenant D. Turner; Caledonia, Purser Magrath; schooner 
Ariel, Lieutenant J. Packett; Scorpion, Saihng-master S. 
Champlin; Tigress, Master's Mate A. McDonald; Porcu- 
pine, Midshipman Gr. Senat. The Ohio and Trippe were 
left behind for want of crews. 



258 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

The evening of the eighth, it was Captain Perry's inten- 
tion to set sail for the head of the lake, but he was happily 
detained by the arrival of officers and men from Lake 
Ontario. Mr. Hambleton, who was purser of the Law- 
rence, and Captain Perry's confidential friend, has in his 
journal the following: "Went on shore and transacted a 
variety of business; paid off the volunteers, so that we 
have none but the four months' men who signed articles. 
Captain Perry has just received a letter from General Har- 
rison, informing him of the raising of the siege of Camp 
Meigs, and of the unsuccessful attack on the fort at San- 
dusky, commanded by Lieutenant Croghan. The prisoners 
taken there state that the new ship Detroit was launched 
at Maiden, on the seventeenth day of last month. Cap- 
tain Perry and I dined on shore. After dinner, being 
alone, we had a long conversation on the state of our 
affairs. He confessed that he was now much at a loss 
what to do. While he feels the danger of delay, he is not 
insensible to the danger of encountering an enemy without 
due preparation. His officers are few and inexperienced, 
and we are short of seamen. His repeated and urgent 
requests for men have been treated with the most mortify- 
ing neglect; he declines making another. While thus en- 
gaged, a midshipman, Mr. J. B. Montgomery, entered and 
handed him a letter. It was from Lieutenant Elliot on 
his way to join him, with several officers and eighty-nine 
seamen. He was electrified by this news, and as soon as 
we were alone, he declared he had not been so happy since 
his arrival." On the tenth, the party from Lake Ontario 
arrived at Erie, numbering one hundred and two souls, in- 
cluding two acting lieutenants, eight midshipmen, a mas- 
ter's mate, and a clerk. 

On the twelfth of August, Commodore Perry's squadron 
again set sail from Erie, with a few short of four hundred 
officers and men, for the headquarters of the Northwestern 
army, which were then at Seneca, on the banks of the San- 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 259 

dusky. The order of sailing established by Perry's squad- 
ron was in a double column — the Lawrence, Porcupine, 
Caledonia, Ohio, and Ariel being on the right, and the 
Niagara, Trippe, Tigress, Somers, and Scorpion on the left. 
At first the Ariel and Scorpion, the best sailers of the small 
vessels, were placed opposite the enemy and near the com- 
modore ; in a situation to render support in any part of the 
line. Afterward the Scorpion was brought into the line, 
and the distance between the vessels was fixed at a half- 
cable's length, (three hundred and sixty feet.) Finally, 
there was an order of attack, in which each vessel had an 
antagonist assigned to it in the British squadron. Perry 
reserved to himself the privilege of fighting the largest of 
the enemy's ships, and, accordingly in his diagram, placed 
the Lawrence opposite the Detroit, and the Niagara oppo- 
site the Queen Charlotte. Provision was made in case the 
vessels should be separated in the night, to recognize each 
other by the following signal: Hoist one light and hail 
the vessel to windward; first answer "Jones," to which the 
leewardmost would reply "Madison." These with others 
were well conceived to promote concerted action and prevent 
surprise, and indicated judgment and forethought. On the 
sixteenth the squadron arrived off Cunningham's or Kelly's 
Island, and on the seventeenth the Scorpion, which was in 
advance of the squadron, reconnoitering the islands, in look- 
ing into Put-in-Bay discovered a small vessel of the enemy. 
This was the Ottawa, of twenty-five tons, that had pre- 
viously been captured at Maumee. She at once attempted 
to escape, but was closely pursued by the Scorpion, and 
would have been taken, but the Scorpion grounded in 
rounding a point off Middle Bass Island, and the little 
craft made good her escape to the Canada shore. The 
squadron being under way at the time, working up to the 
islands, had a full view of the chase. 

"The fleet on the seventeenth sailed to the mouth of San- 
dusky Bay, and on 'anchoring fired three guns, waited ten 



260 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

minutes, and fired three more, which was the signal pre- 
viously agreed upon by letter between Captain Perry and 
General Harrison. Colonel Gaines the same evening came 
aboard the Lawrence with a number of officers and Indians, 
and reported General Harrison twenty-seven miles distant 
with an army of eight thousand militia, regulars, and 
Indians. Boats were sent to bring the general and his 
suite ; the party arrived late in the evening, and consisted 
of Generals Cass and McArthur, Colonel Gaines, Major 
Croghan, with his numerous staff and twenty-six chiefs of 
the Shawnee, Wyandot, and Delaware Indians. Among 
these were three highly influential ones, Crane, Blackhoof, 
and Captain Tommy; the Indians were brought that they 
might inform their friends among the British of the great 
force of the Americans. On the morning of the twentieth 
a salute was fired in honor of the general's visit. General 
Harrison not being ready to advance at this time. Captain 
Perry resolved immediately to pursue the enemy and offer 
battle. General Harrison and the commodore spent the 
day in reconnoitering, and concerted a plan for removing 
the army to this point when it should assemble, previous to 
invading Canada. On the twenty-first the general re- 
turned to his camp, and Captain Perry proceeded to Put- 
in-Bay and stood out for Maiden, where he discovered the 
British squadron within Bar Point. At Put-in-Bay Gen- 
eral Harrison had furnished Captain Perry with a rein- 
forcement of thirty-six volunteers, which, after deducting a 
few deaths, carried the total of his muster roll to four hun- 
dred and ninety souls. Of the reinforcement a small num- 
ber were river boatmen, and were mostly to serve as marines. 
Many of them were militia from Kentucky, and men who 
had volunteered from a love of adventure, having never 
seen a vessel until their arrival at Sandusky, and their 
astonishment and curiosity knew no bounds. They un- 
ceremoniously visited every part of the ship, from the mast- 
head to the bottom of the hold, and expressed themselves 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 261 

in rapturous and entliusiastic terms. Dressed in the favor- 
ite Kentucky hunting-shirt of blue linsey-woolsey fringed, 
they themselves were a curiosity to most of the of&cers and 
men, some of whom had never before seen a backwoods- 
man. After being allowed to indulge their curiosity, 
Commodore Perry stated to them their duties, which they 
cheerfully undertook to perform. On their return from 
Maiden, a few days were profitably employed in teaching 
the ill-assorted crews their duty, and in training them in 
their various evolutions preparatory to battle. They had 
returned to Put-in-Bay, as the wind was not favorable to 
their entering Maiden; and they could here watch the 
enemy's movements. They had also much sickness aboard. 
Captain Perry had been attacked with bilious-remittent 
fever; but owing to his strength of constitution it had not 
assumed a malignant form. His surgeon, clerk, and brother 
were also seriously ill. Dr. U. Parsons, the assistant sur- 
geon, though himself out of health, was obliged to pre- 
scribe for the sick of the Lawrence as well as the small 
vessels. In the commodore's case strong remedial measures 
were successfully applied. " On the twenty-eighth of August 
Dr. Parsons himself became affected with the prevailing 
fever, and though unable to walk, with a humane self-devo- 
tion he continued at the bedside of the sick, to which he 
was carried; this was not only in the Lawrence, but the 
small vessels, being lifted on board of them in a chair, and 
the sick brought on deck for his prescription." By the first 
of September, Captain Perry was able again to be on deck ; 
in the mean time the British had rigged and equipped their 
new vessel, the Detroit, and he was compelled to abandon 
all hopes of meeting the enemy on an equal footing. 

Captain Perry received two letters at this time from the 
Secretary of the N"avy, one begging him to retain the com- 
mand on Lake Erie, (which he had resigned in consequence 
of some misunderstanding,) with many soothing and com- 
plimentary expressions; the other full of fault-finding and 

23 



262 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

bitterness, which was wholly unmerited. In Captain Perry's 
reply, he vindicated himself in a mild and respectful manner 
from all charges. 

On the sixth of September the Ohio, under command of 
Sailing-master Dobbins, Vv'as dispatched to Erie for stores 
and ammunition, (where she had been the twenty-second 
of August on the same errand,) and was enjoined to make 
every exertion to return with all practicable speed. Some 
citizens of Maiden, as well as the family of Captain Bre- 
voort, who resided in Detroit, informed Captain Perry as 
to the force of the enemy, and also that they were short of 
provisions and must engage our squadron to open the way 
to Long Point. Their force consisted of the new, strongly 
built ship Detroit, 19 guns, 298 tons; the Queen Charlotte, 
17 guns, 260 tons; the Lady Prevost, 13 guns, 96 tons; 
the brig Hunter, 10 guns, 71 tons; sloop Little Belt, 3 
guns, 60 ton's; schooner Chippewa, 1 gun, 35 tons, — mak- 
ing an aggregate of sixty-three guns, thirty-five of which 
were long. The squadron was commanded by Captain 
Robert Herriot Barclay, a skillful and experienced seaman, 
who had served with Nelson at Trafalgar; the second in 
command was Captain Pinnis, also a brave officer. The 
whole British force numbered thirty-two officers, and four 
hundred and seventy seamen ; in all five hundred and two. 
Of the American vessels, the Lawrence and Niagara were 
each 260 tons, v/ith 20 guns — Captain Perry commanded 
the Lawrence, and Captain Elliot the Niagara; the Cale- 
donia, 3 guns, 85 tons. Lieutenant Turner; the Ariel, 4 
guns, Lieutenant Packet; the Scorpion, 2 guns, Sailing- 
master Champlin; the Soraers, 2 guns, 65 tons, Sailing- 
master Almy; the Trippe, 1 gun, Lieutenant Holdup, 
(Stevens ;) the Tigress, 1 gun. Lieutenant Conklin ; the 
Porcupine, 1 gun. Midshipman, Smith, — in all nine vessels, 
with fifty-four guns. The whole force of officers and men, 
four hundred and ninety; of these, one hundred and sixteen 
were on the sick list, seventy-eight being cases of bilious 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 263 

fever. The Somers, Trippe, Tigress, and Porcupine were 
dull sailers. The officers of the squadron were mostly 
young men from Rhode Island, and the sailing-masters were 
fellow-townsmen of Captain Perry, taken from the mer- 
chant service. The superiority of the enemy in physical 
force must have brought to mind an admonition of Com- 
modore Chauncey to Commodore Perry, " never despise 
your enemy ;" yet he thoroughly understood himself, and 
felt armed in having a just cause. 

On the sixth Perry sailed for Maiden, and finding the 
British still at their moorings, returned to Put-in-Bay. He 
then signaled all the commanders to the Lawrence, and 
furnished them with corrected instructions for their govern- 
ment during the battle. The battle-flag, which had been 
privately prepared by Mr. Hambleton before leaving Erie, 
with the last words of the lamented Lawrence, " Don't give 
up the ship," in white letters on a blue ground, was pro- 
duced, and its hoisting at the main-royal mast of the Law- 
rence was to be the signal for action. Captain Perry 
stated to them his intention to bring the enemy from the 
first to close quarters, in order to get the benefit of his 
carronades. His last injunction to them was, in case of 
difficulty, to follow the advice of Lord Nelson : " If you 
lay your enemy close alongside, you cannot be out of your 
place." The men had now become familiar with their 
weapons, and every preparation seemed complete. The 
sickness continued, and on the eighth, the other medical 
officers ceased to perform duty, leaving Dr. Parsons, though 
but half recovered, in sole charge of the sick of the whole 
squadron. 



264 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 



CHAPTER XYI. 

British Vessels appear — Commodore Perry Remodels his Line, and other 
Preparations — A brief Description of the Battle of Tenth of September 
by Dr. Parsons — The Vessels return to Erie with the wounded Prisoners 
— Caj^tain Perry promoted — His Reception at Erie — A Remark of 
McKenzie — President Madison — Congress — Prizes. 

At sunrise of the tenth of September, from the mast-head 
of the Lawrence the British fleet was discovered on' the 
northwestern board, standing for Put-in-Bay. The fact was 
immediately reported by the officer of the deck, who ordered 
the signal made, "Enemy in sight," "Under way to get." 
Soon the whole squadron was moving out of the bay with a 
light southwest breeze. The wind was very unsteady, and 
at ten o'clock, having made little progress, Captain Perry 
addressed his sailing-master, Mr. Taylor, as to the time in 
his opinion it would require to weather the islands. Mr. 
Taylor's reply caused Captain Perry to order the master to 
run to leeward of the islands. Mr. T. replied, "they would 
then have to engage the enemy from the leeward." Captain 
Perry said, "to windward or leeward they shall fight to-day." 
The signal was made accordingly ; but before it could be 
executed they were relieved by the wind shifting to the 
southeast, which enabled them to engage the enemy to wind- 
ward, as they much preferred. The newly-painted British 
vessels, with their unfolding banners in the morning sun, 
made a very gallant appearance. 

Commodore Perry remodeled his line, as he found Com- 
modore Barclay had placed the Chippeway in the van ; 
second in the line, the Detroit; the Hunter third; Queen 
Charlotte fourth ; Lady Prevost fifth ; and Little Belt sixth. 
Captain Perry placed the Lawrence so as to encounter the 
Detroit, with the Scorpion ahead, and the Ariel on his 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 265 

weather bow. The Caledonia came next, to encounter the 
Hunter; the Niagara next, to be opposite the Queen; the 
Somers, Porcupine, Tigress, and Trippe in the rear, to en- 
counter the Lady Prevost and Little Belt. It was now ten 
o'cloeli, and they were distant five or six miles from the 
enemy, with a light wind from the southeast, so that the 
advance was at the rate of three knots ; and Captain Perry 
having called the crew about him elevated the burgee, ex- 
claiming, "My brave lads, this flag contains the last words 
of Captain Lawrence ! Shall I hoist it ?" " Ay, ay, ay, 
sir !" resounded from every voice on the ship, and the flag 
was swayed to the main-royal masthead. As the flag 
unfurled and became visible to the other crews, hearty and 
enthusiastic cheers responded throughout the line. A lunch- 
eon was now served, and Perry carefully examined his bat- 
tery, gun by gun, to see that all was in order, exchanging 
a pleasant or encouraging word with all. Seeing some of 
the Constitution's, he said to them, "Well, boys, are you 
ready?" "All ready, your honor!" was the brief reply, 
with a general touch of the hat or handkerchief, which some 
had substituted. To another group, "But I need not say 
anything to you; you know how to beat those fellows." 
Again, with a smile of recognition, "Ah ! here are the ISTew- 
port boys ! They will do their duty, I warrant !" 

A silence of an hour and a half succeeded, during which 
the squadron was slowly nearing the enemy; this was spent 
in various ways, as the cares and consciences of the men 
about to engage in deadly combat might dictate. In the 
event of his death, Captain Perry gave Mr. Hambleton 
directions how to act with regard to his private affairs, and 
a leaded package to Dr. Parsons, with instructions from 
Government and letters from Mrs. Perry, to be thrown over- 
board. 

At length a bugle was heard to sound from the Detroit, a 
mile and a half distant, and loud cheers followed throughout 
the British squadron. Soon after, at a quarter before twelve, 

23* 



266 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

a single shot was fired from the enemy's flag-ship at the 
Lawrence, which did not take effect. Signal was now made 
for each vessel to engage her opponent as previously desig- 
nated. The dull sailers among the small vessels were a little 
out of their stations astern, so that our line overspread that 
of the enemy one thousand feet ; besides this, the inferior 
size of our vessels gave the enemy a greater superiority 
than even his nominal one. A brief description of the battle, 
by Dr. Parsons, an eye-witness of high character and intel- 
ligence, is as follows: "Perry made more sail, and coming 
within canister distance, opened a rapid and destructive fire 
upon the Detroit. The Caledonia, Lieutenant Turner, fol- 
lowed the Lawrence in gallant style, and the Ariel, Lieu- 
tenant Packet, and the Scorpion, Mr. Champlin, fought 
nobly and effectively, 

" The Niagara failing to grapple with the Queen, the latter 
vessel shot ahead to fire upon the Lawrence, and with the 
Detroit aimed their broadsides exclusively upon her, hoping 
and intending to sink her. At last they made her a com- 
plete wreck, but, fortunately, the Commodore escaped with- 
out injury, and stepping into a boat with his fighting flag 
thrown over his shoulder,* he pushed off for the Niagara, 
amid a shower of cannon and musket balls, and reached that 
vessel unscathed. He found her a fresh vessel, with only 
two, or, at most, three persons injured, and immediately sent 
her commander to hasten up the small vessels. Perry 

* In a letter dated Providence, June 28tli, 1861, Dr. Parsons says: 
"I yesterday visited the naval school, in Newport, on board the Con- 
stitution, and was delighted to see once more the identical flag, 
'■Don't give up the Ship,' which Perry hoisted on board the Lawrence 
on going into action, and took with him to the Niagara when he had 
fought his own ship to the last. The flag was immediately sent to 
Washington by Lieutenant Forest, and has ever since been pre- 
served — of late years in the naval school— and is exhibited only on 
particular occasions. The sight of it created such emotions and 
reminiscences of the past that I could not refrain from shedding 
tears over it." 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 26t 

boarded the l^iagara when she was abreast of the Lawrence, 
and further from her than the Detroit was on her right. 
The Lawrence now dropped astern and hauled down her 
flag. Perry turned the Niagara's course toward the enemy, 
and crossing the bows of the Lawrence, bore down, head 
foremost, to the enemy's line, determined to break through 
it and talie a raking position. The Detroit attempted to 
turn so as to keep her broadside to the Niagara and avoid 
being raked, but in doing this she fell against the Queen, 
and got entangled in her rigging, which left the enemy no 
alternative but to strike both ships. PeiTy now shot farther 
ahead, near the Lady Prevost, which, from being crippled 
in her rudder, had drifted out of her place to the leeward, 
and was pressing forward toward the head of the British line 
to support the two ships. One broadside from the Niagara 
silenced her battery. The Hunter next struck, and the two 
smaller vessels, in attempting to escape, were overhauled by 
the Scorpion, Mr. Champlin, and Trippe, Lieutenant Hold- 
up, and thus ended the action after three o'clock, 

"Let us now advert for a moment to the scenes exhibited 
in the flag-ship Lawrence, of which I can speak as an eye- 
witness. The wounded began to come down before she 
opened her battery, and for one, I felt impatient at the delay. 
In proper time, however, as it proved, the dogs of war were 
let loose from their leash, and it seemed as though heaven 
and earth were at loggerheads. For more than two hours 
little could be heard but the deafening thunder of our broad- 
sides, the crash of balls dashing through our timbers, and 
shrieks of the wounded. These were brought down faster 
than I could attend to them, further than to stay the bleed- 
ing or support a shattered limb with sphnts and pass them 
forward upon the berth deck. When the battle had raged 
■ an hour and a half, I heard a call for me at the small sky- 
light, and stepping toward it I saw the Commodore, whose 
countenance was as calm and as placid as if in ordinary duty. 
'Doctor,' said he, 'send me one of your men' — meaning 



268 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

one of the six stationed with me to assist in moving the 
wounded. In five minutes the call was repeated and obeyed, 
and at the seventh call I told him he had all of my men. 
He asked if there were any sick or wounded who could pull 
a rope, when two or three crawled upon deck to lend a feeble 
hand in pulling at the last gun. 

"The hard fighting terminated about three o'clock. As 
the smoke cleared away the two fleets were found mingled 
together, the small vessels having come up to the others. 
The shattered Lawrence lying to the windward was once 
more able to hoist her flag, which was cheered by a few 
feeble voices on board, making a melancholy sound com- 
pared with the boisterous cheers that preceded the battle. 

" The proud, the painful duty of taking possession of the 
conquered ships was now performed. The Detroit was 
nearly dismantled, and the destruction and carnage had been 
dreadful. The Queen was in a condition little better — every 
commander and second in command, says Barclay, in his 
oflScial report, was either killed or wounded. The whole 
number killed in the British fleet was forty-one, and of 
wounded ninety-four. In the American fleet, twenty-seven 
killed and ninety-six wounded. Of the twenty-seven killed, 
twenty-two were on board the Lawrence ; of the ninety-six 
wounded, sixty-one were on board the same ship, making 
eighty-three killed and wounded out of one hundred and one 
reported fit for duty in the Lawrence on the morning of the 
battle. On board the Niagara were two killed and twenty- 
three wounded, making twenty-five ; and of these, twenty-two 
were killed or wounded after Perry took command of her. 

"About four o'clock a boat was discovered approaching 
the Lawrence. Soon the Commodore was recognized in 
her, who was returning to resume the command of his tat- 
tered ship, determined that the remnant of her crew should 
have the privilege of witnessing the formal surrender of the 
British oSicers. It was a time of conflicting emotions when 
he stepped upon the deck. The battle was won and he was 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 269 

safe, but the deck was slippery with blood, and strewed with 
the bodies of twenty officers and men, some of whom sat at 
table with us at our last meal, and the ship resounded with 
the groans of the wounded. Those of us who were spared 
and able to walk met him at the gangway, to welcome him 
on board, but the salutation was a silent one on both sides — 
not a word could find utterance.* 

"And now the British officers arrived, one from each ves- 
sel, to tender their submission, and with it their swords. 
When they approached, picking their way among the wreck 
and carnage of the deck, with their hilts toward Perry, they 
tendered them to his acceptance. With a dignified and 
solemn air, and with a low tone of voice, he requested them 
to retain their side arms ; inquired with deep concern for 
Commodore Barclay and the wounded officers, tendering to 
them every comfort his ship afforded, and expressing his 
regret that he had not a spare medical officer to send them, 
that he only had one on duty for the fleet, and that one had 
his hands full. 

"Among the ninety-six wounded, there occurred three 
deaths : a result so favorable was attributable to the plenti- 
ful supply of fresh provision sent off" to us from the Ohio 
shore ; to fresh air — the wounded being ranged under an 



* In Dr. Parson's address at Cleveland, on the 10th September, 
1860, is the following interesting item: " Perry walked aft, when his 
first remai'k was addressed to his intimate friend Hambleton, then 
lying wounded on the deck: 'The prayers of my wife,' said he, 
'have prevailed in saving me.' Then, casting his eyes about, he 
inquired, 'where is my brother?' This brother was a young mid- 
shipman of thirteen years. He had, during the battle, acted as aid 
in running with orders to different parts of the ship — for you must 
know that in the din and uproar of battle, orders can hardly be 
heard at three feet distance. We made a general stir to look him 
up, not without fears that he had been knocked overboard; but he 
was soon found in his berth asleep, exhausted by the exercise and 
excitement of the day." 



270 HISTORY or ERIE COUNTY. 

awning on the deck until we arrived at Erie, ten days after 
the action, and also to the devoted attention of Commodore 
Perry to every want. 

" Those who were killed in the battle were that evening 
committed to the deep, and over them was read the impres- 
sive Episcopal service. 

" On the following morning the two fleets sailed into Put- 
in-Bay, where the slain officers of both were buried in an 
appropriate and affecting manner. They consisted of three 
Americans — Lieutenant Brooks, and Midshipmen Laub and 
Clark; and three British officers — Captain Finnis, and 
Lieutenant Stokes, of the Queen, and Lieutenant Garland, 
of the Detroit. Equal respect was paid to the slain of 
both nations, and the crews of both fleets united in the 
ceremony. The procession of boats, with two bands of 
music ; the slow and regular motion of the oars, striking in 
exact time with the notes of the solemn dirge; the mourn- 
ful waving of flags and sound of minute-guns from the 
ships, presented a striking contrast to the scene exhibited 
two days before, when both the living and the dead, now 
forming in this solemn and fraternal train, were engaged in 
fierce and bloody strife, hurling at each other the thunder- 
bolts of war." 

On the eighth day after the action, the Lawrence, with 
the wounded on board, was dispatched to Erie, where they 
were cordially welcomed and most kindly cared for. Soon 
after the British prisoners arrived in the Detroit and Queen 
Charlotte, and after the wounded of their number had been 
carefully attended, they were removed to Pittsburg for 
greater security from desertion. Immediately after the 
battle. Captain Perry joined General Harrison as a volun- 
teer. The remainder of the vessels conveyed the army to 
Maiden ; here the enemy, under General Proctor, had 
made a hasty retreat, but were pursued and captured. 

Captain Perry was promoted to the rank of post-captain, 
and leave granted him, according to his request, to return 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 271 

to his family ; he was to resume also the command of the 
^Newport station until a suitable ship should be provided 
for him. As the British were checked in the Northwest, 
General Harrison received orders to repair with a part of 
his army to Fort George, and embarked with Captain Perry 
on the Ariel ; Commodore Barclay, who was on parole, 
and on his return homeward as far as Buffalo, made another 
of his company. 

On the morning of the twenty-second of October, the 
Ariel was descried by the citizens of Erie, and preparations 
were immediately set on foot for an appropriate and enthu- 
siastic reception of the hero, the magnitude of whose ser- 
vices they could better appreciate than others. Though 
Commodore Perry expected to land unobserved, a large 
concourse of citizens with joyful acclamations met him at 
the beach at the foot of French Street, and two field pieces 
fired a national salute. The party, consisting of Commo- 
dore Perry, Commodore Barclay, with his surgeon, and 
General Harrison, with Colonel Gaines, came on foot up 
the steep hill to Duncan's (which is still standing, though 
in ruins) on the corner of Third and Fi-ench Streets. In 
the evening the town was illuminated and a torch-light 
procession marched through the streets, bearing a trans- 
parency with the following devices : " Commodore Perry, 10th 
Sept. 1813;" on another, "Gen. Harrison, 5th of October, 
1813 ;" on a third, " Free trade and sailors' rights ;" on a 
fourth, "Erie;" cannon in the mean time being discharged 
at intervals of three minutes. During the afternoon, the 
Niagara arrived ; and the next day the Ariel with its dis- 
tinguished party left for Buffalo, the command at Erie de- 
volving on Captain Elliot. Captain Perry's journey to the 
East was one succession of enthusiastic demonstrations, and 
the cities vied with one another in expressions of joy and 
gratitude for one who had restored tranquillity to the fron- 
tier, and whose modesty or bravery they knew not \shich 



212 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

most to admire.* It has been said, "Nelson triumplied over 
Frenchmen and Spaniards ; Perry was called upon to meet 
the conquerors of these, led, moreover, by a veteran formed 
in the school of Nelson, and bearing upon his person the 
marks of Nelson's greatest victory. The battle of Trafal- 
gar was won by the whole British fleet over a part of that 
of the allies; the battle of Lake Erie was over the whole 
British squadron by only a part of ours." 

President Madison, in his message, calls it a victory never 
surpassed in luster, however much it may have been in mag- 
nitude. 

Congress passed a vote of thanks to be presented to Cap- 
tain Perry, and all the oflQcers and men of the squadron, for 
the decisive and glorious victory over a British squadron of 
superior force. The President of the United States also 
presented gold medals to Captain Perry and Captain 
Elliot, bearing an emblematical device of the action between 
the two squadrons; and a silver medal to each commis- 
sioned officer either of the army or navy service on board ; 
a sword to each of the sailing-masters and midshipmen ; and 
also a medal to the nearest male relative of Lieutenant John 
Brooks ; and a sword to the nearest male I'elative of Midship- 
men Henry Laub, John Clark, and Tho. Claxton, Jr., with the 
expression of the deep regret of Congress for the loss of these 

* An hour after the battle, Commodore Perry forwarded by ex- 
press two letters, one to General Harrison, the other to the Secre- 
tary of the Navy, as follows: — 

" U. S. Bkig Niagara, oif the Western Sister, ( 
" Head of Lake Erie, Sept. 10th, 1813. 4 p.m. / 

" Sir, — It has pleased the Almighty to give to the arms of the 
United States a signal victory over their enemies on this Lake. The 
British squadron, consisting of two ships, two biigs, one schooner, 
and one sloop, have this moment surrendered to the force under 
my command, after a sharp conflict. 

"I have the honor to be, sir, 

"Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

"0. H. PERRY. 
"The Hon. William Jones, Secretary of the Navy." 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 273 

gallant men. Three months pay, exclusive of the common 
allowance, was voted to all the petty officers, seamen, 
marines, and infantry, who supported the honor of the 
American flag under the orders of their gallant commander 
on that signal occasion. 

The British vessels were prized by a board of officers 
from Lake Ontario, assisted by naval constructor, Henry 
Eckford, and purchased for $255,000. Of this. Commo- 
dore Chauncey was entitled to one-twentieth of the whole, 
being |12,750 ; Captains Perry and Elliot, each drew $7140, 
As no portion of prize money could be awarded to Captain 
Perry for his general command, Congress made a special 
grant to him of $5000 ; $2295 was the portion of each 
commander of a gunboat, lieutenant, sailing-master, and 
captain of marines; $811 for a midshipman; $447 a petty 
officer; and $209 for each marine and sailor. 



CHAPTER XVII. 

Block-liouses built in 1813-14 — State of Society — Buffalo burned — Alarms 
at Erie — Captain Sinclair arrives — Bird and Rankin shot, and Davis 
liung — Peace — Disposition made of Government Vessels — List of Com- 
manding Officers at Erie from 1813 to 1825 — Topography of Presqu'ile 
Bay and the Peninsula — Misery Bay — General Bernard and Major 
Totten's Survey — Appropriations made by the State and United States 
— Changes made by Time and Art since 1813 — Rise and Fall of Water 
in Lake Erie — A Singular Phenomenon. 

For the better defense of Erie, in the winter of 1813 and 
1814, a block-house was built on Garrison Hill, and another 
on the point of the peninsula. (The one on the shore was 
burned in 1853, an occurrence much regretted by the inhab- 
itants.) Ten vessels, with their complements of men, were 
stationed in the harbor, and a large body of militia quar- 
tered upon the town. The winter is remembered by the old 
inhabitants as one of unusual excitement and dissipation. 

24 



2T4 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

Like the idolatrous Israelites, the people sat down to eat 
and drink, and rose up to play. Yictory and prize money, 
leisure and lax discipline were found to promote anything 
but peace and good morals. Deaths by dueling, suicide, 
and mania-a-potu were not unfrequent. As an instance of 
the folly of the times, an officer of the name of B s pro- 
vided himself with blank challenges in order to be in read- 
iness, if insulted, to demand " the satisfaction of a gentle- 
man." Near the corner of Third and Sassafras Streets, a 
duel took place between Midshipman Senat, who com- 
manded the Porcupine during the action, and Acting-mas- 
ter McDonald, which resulted in the death of the former. 
The cause of the difficulty, it is said, resolved itself into 
the number of buttons worn by McDonald. A singular 
fact is related of McDonald. A few minutes after commit- 
ting the fatal deed, but before it was known, he addressed 
an acquaintance with some ordinary inquiry, but was not 
recognized by him excepting by his voice ; and scarcely by 
that, so unnatural and ghost-like was his countenance. It 
is almost superfluous to add, that the legal authorities took 
no notice of such infractions of the law. 

December 30, 1813, Captain Isaac Barnes, of the militia 
near Buffalo, communicated to the commander at Erie the 
alarming intelligence that the British had that morning 
landed three thousand regulars, militia, and Indians, at 
Black Rock, and forced Major-General Hall's company of 
militia to retreat to Buffalo, and afterward to surrender as 
prisoners of war. The village and large vessels at Black 
Rock had been consumed — the enemy had advanced eight 
or ten miles up Lake Erie destroying everything as they 
passed, and purposed burning the vessels at Erie. Full 
liberty was given the Indians to plunder in order to encour- 
age them in the nefarious business. Captain Barnes requested 
of Captain Elliot men, arms, and ammunition, the communi- 
cation being interrupted eastward by the Indians. Upon 
this Captain Elliot, January tenth, informed General Mead 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 2Y5 

that the Indians were collecting a great number of sleighs 
and sleds, and as soon as the ice would admit, expected to 
make an attack on Erie — that the force of the British 
amounted to three thousand, and the one at Erie to but two 
thousand. Immediately the whole of the first brigade of 
General Mead's division was ordered into service, and pro- 
ceeded to Erie, which increased the force to four thou- 
sand. The boldness of the British at this time was owing 
to the removal of troops from Fort George, which left the 
frontier partially unprotected. False alarms were frequent 
in Erie during the winter as to the progress of the enemy, 
and more than once the whole village was astir at midnight 
packing goods and furniture for a hasty departure, assur- 
ances of safety and protection from the commanding officer 
having no effect. The parades of the militia at such 
times, in their begged, borrowed, or inherited uniforms, were 
occasions of special gratification to the young, and those 
fond of the ludicrous, the first brigade being mostly in 
the hands of substitutes. These were often of the lowest 
class, untaught and unteachable in manners and discipline. 
North and west of where the First Presbyterian Church 
now stands, the ground was covered with log huts erected 
for a regiment of regular troops, and was familiarly known 
as Stumptown ; most of the huts were afterward destroyed 
by fire — one of the largest, however, for many years served 
as a meeting-house. Among officers and men the all-absorb- 
ing topic was the share of honor or otherwise Captain Elliot 
was entitled to in the battle of the tenth of September. 
The sailors of the Lawrence and Magara were never ex- 
pected to meet peaceably. The following scene was often 
enacted : an "Elliot" champion would maintain that the wind 
was light and they could not get up; the "Lawrence man" 
would allude to " the main-top sail to the mast, and the jib 
brailed up," and immediately a trial of muscle would ensue, 
and blood flow unless prevented by the by-standers. In the 
spring Captain Elliot left for Lake Ontario, and Commodore 



276 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

Sinclair came on to Erie in April. In the fall three men 
were executed for desertion — Bird and Rankin, marines, 
were shot, and Davis, a seaman, hung to the yard-arm of the 
Niagara. Bird belonged to a volunteer company from Belle- 
fonte. The company occupied a small block-house at the 
Cascade — being unaccustomed to military discipline they 
were impatient and restive under orders, and mutinied by 
shutting themselves up and refusing admission to others. 
Lieutenant Brooks, of the marines, being much in need of 
men before the battle, these men were told that their offense 
would be overlooked provided they would enlist with him. 
Bird being a man of some standing was made sergeant, 
and placed in charge of a storehouse at the mouth of Mill 
Creek, and deserted from thence. He was found guilty by 
a court-martial, the President approved the sentence, and as 
it was thought on the frontier such an offense could not be 
overlooked, it was carried out with all its horrors.* 

When the war in Europe ceased, that of the United States 
with Great Britain, as a branch, naturally fell to the ground, 
and a treaty of peace was concluded and signed at Ghent, 
December 24, 1814. The following disposition was made 
of the government vessels on Lake Erie : the Lawrence was 
repaired, and, after making a cruise to Lake Huron, was sunk 
in Misery Bay for her better preservation. Two years ago 
her stern was elevated and a portion secured for memorials. 
The Niagara lies under water near the Lawrence. The 
Caledonia was sold in 1815, called the General Wayne, and 
finally broken up at Erie. In 1814 the Ohio and Somers 
were cut out by the British at Fort Erie ; the Scorpion and 
Tigress were taken the same year on Lake Huron; the 

* The execution of Bird, and the other deserters^ at Erie, in 1814, 
constituted afterward the romance of the war among children and 
the lower classes. A ballad on the theme, of not less than twenty 
verses, in the "gory" style, rehearsed or rather screeched by a sery- 
ant-girl with a doleful countenance, used to make a decided impres- 
sion on a group of children. 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 21*1 

Little Belt and Trippe were destroyed when Buffalo was 
burned; the Ariel went ashore and was wrecked in Buffalo 
Bay, and the Porcupine was transferred to the revenue de- 
partment. The Detroit was sunk in Misery Bay, near the 
Lawrence, (sailors say she would float off, and in spite of 
their efforts would keep at a respectable distance.) She was, 
in 1835, raised, and rigged a bark, by Captain Miles, and 
navigated the lake some years; lastly, she was sent over 
Niagara Falls for a spectacle, and probably a speculation, 
too, on the part of the hotel-keepers. The Queen Charlotte 
was sunk in Misery Bay, and afterward fitted out for the 
lake trade; the Lady Prevost was sold to a Canada mer- 
chant, in 1815. 

In 1820 an order was received to reduce the naval station 
at this place to a master commandant, one lieutenant, one 
purser, one surgeon, one surgeon's mate, one captain's clerk, 
one boatswain, one gunner, one carpenter, one armorer, one 
purser's steward, five able seamen, five ordinary seamen. 
The naval station at Erie was not completely broken up 
until 1825, when the public property was disposed of by 
auction. The following is a list of the commanding officers 
from 1813: Captains O. H. Perry, Jesse D. Elliot, Arthur 
Sinclair, Daniel S. Dexter, (who died in 1818, leaving 
Lieutenant George Pearce the senior officer,) David Deacon, 
and George Budd. 

Here it may not be out of place to give something of the 
topography of Presqu'ile Bay, and the changes made by 
time and art since 1812. The extreme length of the bay is 
about five miles, and nearly two in breadth, with an area of 
from six to eight miles, and it is formed by a peninsula which 
extends in a northeasterly direction, being much in the form 
of a crab's claw. In some places the peninsula is three- 
fourths of a mile in width, and susceptible of cultivation, 
but a larger part is sand, and covered with a low growth of 
timber, the wild grape, and cranberry. The neck or west 
side in 1812 was two or three hundred feet in width; after- 

24* 



278 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

ward the action of the waves and increased height of the 
water submerged it for the distance of half a mile. By an 
appropriation of government a passage eight feet in depth 
was made through this neck, so that vessels detained in the 
harbor by head winds might depart, and a saving of distance 
to steamboats be made of from four to six miles. This 
channel is again filled with sand, which is wearing away on 
the northwest side. At the east end of the peninsula sand 
has been and is accumulating, and just within is Misery Bay, 
a convenient shelter for vessels in a storm. This name was 
given it by Lieutenant Holdup in 1814, from the com- 
fortless condition of the vessels at the time — the weather 
being gloomy, and the stock of falsely so-called good cheer 
exhausted. The depth of water in Presqu'ile Bay averages 
eighteen feet ; at the entrance, the bar or sand-bank under 
water has been removed, and the channel there is now about 
fourteen feet deep. Immediately after the war the opinion 
of Commodore Perry was asked by the Navy Department, 
on the subject of removing the bat', and his reply was favor- 
able to the project.* In 1824 General Bernard and Major 
Totten surveyed the harbor, and in their report we find the 
following interesting item : "The basin of Presqu'ile is situ- 
ated so far above the commencement of the falls into Lake 
Ontario, and in so wide a part of Lake Erie that the cur- 
rent produced by the escape of water at the falls is here 
insensible — the only current here observable being entirely 
owing to the easterly or westerly winds. These latter cur- 
rents have, however, sometimes considerable rapidity, and a 
curious fact appears in relation to the effect of these lake 
currents upon the waters of the basin, viz., that a strong 
current sets into the basin in direct opposition to the westerly 
winds when they blow hard, and conversely, a strong cur- 

* In 1822 the State appointed a committee composed of Thomas 
Forster, G. Sanford, and George Moore, to survey the Bay of Presqu'- 
ile; to ascertain the depth of water in the Bay, on the bar, and the 
anchoring Q;round outside of the bar. 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 219 

rent sets out of the basin in direct opposition to violent 
easterly winds : or, in other words, the current out of or 
into the basin, runs in a direct opposition both to the set of 
the lake's current and the direction of the winds, whether 
easterly or westerly. 

"It is important to account for this before proceeding fur- 
ther, and in doing so we refer to the sketch herewith, to 
make the matter more intelligible. We must first suppose 
the surface of the lake and of the basin to be of the same 
level, as will always be the case after a few days of calm 
weather, and represent the level by 0° 0' 00'' and 0'". An 
easterly wind then setting in drives a part of the water of 
the easterly half of the lake into the western, raising the 
surface at 0" and 0'", and lowering it at 0' ; as the surface 
descends at 0' the water in the basin must also descend by 
running out against the wind, there being no issue at the 
west end of the basin. 

"In like manner when a westerly wind heaps the water at 
0' above the surface in the basin, it must rise in the basin 
by running in against the wind, there being no entrance at 
the west end. As the winds abate, the waters gradually 
take a level common to both lake and basin, but not the same 
as before ; for, the supply being nearly equable at all times, 
with westerly winds more is forced out of the lake over the 
falls, and with easterly winds less passes that way than when 
the surface is at a mean elevation. The basin has, therefore, 
higher to rise immediately after an easterly wind than it was 
depressed by it, and lower to fall after a westerly wind than 
it was elevated by that wind. But the return of the lake to 
its level is slow and gradual, the elevation and depression of 
the waters at its ends is sudden and violent, and amounts 
often to several feet. It is to this latter operation that we 
are to look for producing any considerable effect." They 
then proceed to recommend a plan carried out soon after, that 
of increasing the current by closing the whole mouth of the 
basin with the exception of a passage two hundred feet in 



280 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY, 

width. By means of sinking piles and removing the sand 
between them with a di'cdging machine, as well as by the 
frequent passage of vessels, the object has been effected. 

The different appropriations for the improvement of the 
harbor have been as follows : By the State, in 1822, $10,000 ; 
by the Ignited States, in 1824, $30,000; in 1828, $6223; in 
1831, $1700; in 1832, $4500; in 1833, $6000; in 1834, 
$20,000; in 1835, $5000; in 1836, $15,000; in 1844, 
$40,000; in 1852, $30,000; for a steam dredge, $20,000. 

About 1813 there was a fine drive on the beach from State 
Street to the Cascade, where there is not now even a foot- 
path. Toward the middle of the day this was often over- 
flowed, giving rise to the opinion entertained by Commodore 
Perry and others that the lake was affected by tides. The 
same year the water was unusually high, not only in the 
lake, but in the Allegheny and French Creek, and it was 
remarked by those well qualified to judge, that without this 
fortunate circumstance, this extraordinary rise, the squadron 
could not have been built; as it would have been impossible 
to transport the ordnance and necessary equipments, such 
was the state of the roads leading from Pittsburg. 

In 1808 the water in Lake Erie was lower than it had 
ever before been known ; in 1838 it was four and a half feet 
above the water-mark of 1808. Some pine-trees, killed by 
the inundation, were found by their rings to be over one hun- 
dred years old ; and from this it was inferred that the water 
had not been at so great a height for a century. In 1858 it 
was observed at the Buffalo lighthouse, that for some years 
a gradual progressive rise of water had taken place, and the 
same year at Lake Ontario the water was higher than it had 
been for forty years. At Toledo the water gauged from 
two to six feet higher than in 1834. During the years 
1815, 1816, and 181t, which were cold and wet seasons, the 
water was high; in 1818 it was higher still, but not equal 
to 1831-38. The summer of 1818 was very hot, and the 
evaporation reduced the height of the lake two feet, when 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 281 

the fall was gradual for several seasons. From 1822 to 1828, 
it remained without change. 

Some have supposed that there exists a regular and period- 
ical rise and fall of the waters of the lake once in seven 
years ; but facts do not seem to favor this supposition. 
Previous to 1838 there had been six or seven uncommonly 
wet seasons with heavy falls of snow, and this fact, together 
with the subsidence of the waters after extremely warm and 
dry seasons, would seem plainly to indicate the cause. 

A singular phenomenon has sometimes been observed 
near the shore, which is, the sudden rise and fall of water 
in particular localities without any apparent cause. May 
30th, 1823, a little after sunset, while the weather was fine 
and the lake calm, at the mouth of Otter and of Kettle 
Creek, being twenty miles apart in Canada, the water rose 
with astonishing rapidity and without the least warning: 
at the former place nine feet, and the latter seven. In both 
cases, after three swells, the lake seemed to have spent its 
force, and gradually subsided. The same effect was ob- 
served at the places along the shore; but the high steep 
banks did not admit of the same observation. 

Two other cases of this kind were witnessed and described 
by a revenue officer; one at Cunningham Creek, Ohio, in 
1826, which, in the space of five minutes, overflowed a 
bank fifteen feet in height, doing much damage. The 
other, observed by him, was in 1830, at Grand River, Ohio, 
at three o'clock p.m. There was an unusual waving of the 
water and a tremendous sea. The revenue cutter Rush, 
lying at the wharf, let go her anchor, and the current was 
so strong she drifted with both anchors ahead, and would 
have been ashore but for the man placed at the helm. The 
piers were about five feet above the water, and from appear- 
ance a vessel drawing eight feet of water would have gone 
over them. 

At the mouth of Sixteen-mile Creek, Erie County, Mr. 
Thos. Crawford witnessed a similar instance about 1820. 



282 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

Others have mentioned the same i5eriodical flux and re- 
flux on Lake Ontario, recurring at intervals of a few min- 
utes, and ascribed it " to springs at the bottom of the lake, 
and the shock of rivers discharging into it." 

A water-spout was witnessed at Cleveland, October, 1841. 
It was apparently the size of a large hay-stack, hollow and 
inverted. The wind had been blowing a strong current 
from the northeast, and suddenly changed to the west. 

A few years before, three water-spouts occurred at the 
same moment, twenty-five miles west of Cleveland ; ordinarily 
they may be said to be of rare occurrence on inland seas. 

A whirlwind visited Conneaut, September, 1839, and the 
effects were felt both on sea and land. The waters were 
lifted forty or fifty feet, a barn unroofed near the shore, and 
much other damage sustained. 

The Conneaut Reporter, 1859, has an article to this 
effect: "That the water of Lake Erie was never higher. 
Many acres of land that had borne crops were totally 
submerged, and Mr. J. Gilbert had had more than thirty 
acres of land destroyed by the encroachments of the water 
the last thirty years. The complaint was general along the 
lake shore, and many causes assigned : some believed it to 
be the back-water caused by the Black Rock Dam, on the 
Niagara River, and petitions were circulated, asking of the 
legislatures of Ohio and Pennsylvania the passage of a 
memorial to Congress for an appropriation to pay the 
expense of a survey of Niagara River, to determine the 
matter." 

A survey of the lakes is now (1861) progressing slowly 
but steadily. An appropriation of $125,000 has been 
granted for carrying on the work. 

The report drawn up by Captain Geo. G. Meade exhibits 
the following summary of the year's work : "A recapitula- 
tion of the operations in the office and the field exhibits the 
projection of twenty-nine manuscript sheets of hydrography, 
topography, and water levels ; the reduction of four charts 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 283 

for engravings ; the drawing of one chart for the lighthouse 
board; the publication of two charts; the reduction and 
tabulation of 140 monthly sheets of meteorological observa- 
tions, together with numerous other computations, astro- 
nomical, and geotic; the survey of 303 miles of lake shore, 
covering 313 square miles of miuute topography and hy- 
drography; the execution of two triangulations, extend- 
ing over 2200 square miles; the sounding in deep water of 
4300 miles of lines; the determination of the latitudes of 
three, and the longitudes of four points ; the observation of 
the magnetic elements at nine points ; and finally, the con- 
tinuation of the meteorological water-level observations over 
the whole lake region." 

The water-level and meteorological observations on Lakes 
Erie and Ontario, though in an imperfect state, sum up as 
follows : That the lakes are sensibly and rapidly affected 
by winds and storms, depressing the water from the side 
whence it blows, and raising it on the opposite side ; that, 
independent of wind fluctuations, a change of level arises 
from rains and draining of water-sheds and from discharges 
arising from evaporation and the flow through their out- 
lets ; that, as a general rule, these last fluctuations occur an- 
nually, the high stage being in summer, and the low in win- 
ter; that these annual fluctuations vary in degree from year 
to year, being the effect of various causes, and the extreme 
range as yet reported between the highest and lowest waters 
has amounted to five feet five inches. 



284 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 



CHAPTER XYIIL 

Geology, from Professor Rogers — Character of Soil — Calcareous Marl — 
Bog Ore — Petroleum — Mineral Waters — E. Andrews's Account of Sink- 
hole — The Devil's Back-bone and Nose — Botanizing. 

A SURVEY of tlie State was commenced by H. D. Rogers, 
State Geologist, in the year 1836, in consequence of an act 
of the legislature }3assed the same year. The law directed 
that an annual report be made by him to the legislature of 
the progress of the work, with the various areas occupied 
by the different geological formations represented on the 
State map, and on the completion of the work a full ac- 
count to be prepared of the Geology and Mineralogy of 
the State. On the organization of the survey, it was esti- 
mated that it would occupy at least ten years ; appropria- 
tions being withheld after the sixth year, Mr. Rogers for 
three years pursued his explorations, and prepared his final 
report at his own expense ; this was, however, afterward re- 
paid. 

In 1851 the legislature adopted and provided measures and 
means to revise the field-work, in consequence of the rapid 
development of the mining districts, and for the publica- 
tion of the reports, with the accompanying maps, etc. In 
1858 the final report was published at an expense of $16,000, 
Mr. Rogers retaining the copy-right and presenting 1000 
copies of the work to the State. 

In 1836 the sum of $6400 was appropriated to the work: 
$2000 for the salary of the principal ; $1200 for each of the 
assistants; $1000 for the chemist; and $1000 for incidental 
expenses, should they occur. 

In 1831 two other assistants were appointed, and $3600 
added to the fature annual appropriation. In 1838 $6000 
was appropriated, and in 1841 $10,200, for the purpose of 
completing the mineralogical and geological survey of the 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 285 

State. Of this, $4000 was lost by the want of proper man- 
agement in its publication. 

It was required of the State geologist, from the first, to 
furnish specimens of all mineral products to the Secre- 
tary of the Commonwealth, and also of the minerals of 
each county to its respective commissioners; (those for the 
counties seemed to be waved.) In 1842 the legislature re- 
quired the preparation of three cabinets of all geological 
and mineral specimens for the use of the State, to be 
severally deposited at Harrisburg, Philadelphia, and Pitts- 
burg. We have been informed that Mr. Rogers also made 
a promise of a similar one for Erie, to Mr. J. D. Dunlap; 
but that it was not added to the list, lest some might con- 
sider it favoritism. Such a cabinet might awaken in our 
county an interest in geology, which would manifest itself 
in the more general pursuit of that engaging science, as 
well as in the more profitable management of farms, and 
the opening up of its resources and mineral wealth. 

According to Professor Rogers, the northwest corner of the 
State, embracing Erie County, a large part of Crawford, and 
the north half of Warren, which he makes his seventh district, 
a mean breadth of forty miles, is much the simplest of all the 
natural divisions of the geological surface of Pennsylvania, 
as to its variety of strata and their structural features. It 
includes but two paleozoic formations, namely, the ver- 
gent flags* and vergent shales, f These strata (the most 
ancient or lowest great division of the fossiliferous strata) 
retain very nearly the horizontal position in which they 
were originally deposited, sustaining but a trivial inclination 

* Vergent flags. — A ivither fine-grained gray sandstone in thin 
layers, parted by their alternating bands of shale. It abounds in 
marine vegetation. 

f Vergent shales. — A thick mass of gray, blue, and olive-colored 
shales and gray-brown sandstone. The sandstone predominates ia 
the upper part, where the shales contain many fossils. 

25 



286 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

toward the southeast, which extends to the coal strata and 
gives them their trough-like configuration. The surface 
descends rather rapidly from the water-shed to the lake by 
a succession of obscure, alternately gentle and steepish 
slopes. The declivation of the ground may be inferred 
from the difference in the elevation of its two margins : 
that of the water-shed, in which it begins, being nearly 
twelve hundred feet, and that of the lake, in which it ends, 
being only five hundred and sixty-five feet above the level 
of the sea. This tract is cut transversely by numerous 
sharp ravines and long tortuous valleys., (evidently carved 
by a tremendous rush of waters,) carrying its streams to 
the lake; and the borders of some of these afford many 
small, pleasing bits of scenery. But the characteristic, and 
altogether the most impressive pictures, are those of the 
lake itself. The first view which the traveler gets of this 
broad inland sea, as he passes the water-shed, especially 
when the surface of the lake, crisped into gentle waves by 
a light western breeze, reflects the deep blue of the upper 
sky, never fails to charm and surprise him. 

This inclined plane extends from Cattaragus County, New 
York, to Sandusky Bay, being a slope consisting rather of 
a succession of low terraces, themselves a little inclined. 
These terraces are made by the outcropping of the strata, 
and are parallel with the lake shore. The average inclina- 
tion of the surface is about thirty-three feet to a mile ; from 
eight or ten miles from the lake the downward sweep of the 
surface is much more rapid. 

This Lake Erie slope is bounded on the southeast border 
by an abrupt, low, broken wall or escarpment, which consti- 
tutes the verge of the bituminous coal region. Between the 
Clarion and Tionesta, and also extending across the river 
southwest toward Mercer and Beaver, it rises gradually 
toward the northwest. 

The rise of the Allegheny River, from Pittsburg to Frank- 
lin, does not exceed 155 feet, and the rise of French Creek, 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 28t 

from its mouth to Meadville, is about 130 feet. The high 
dividing ridge which separates the waters of the Allegheny 
tributaries from Lake Erie crosses the New York State line 
near Colt's Station, where it is about 1000 feet above the 
surface of the lake. It then passes in a straight line to 
Strong's on the turnpike, ten miles from Erie, where it is from 
850 to 875 feet above the lake level. From Strong's south- 
westward it becomes less distinctly marked and much de- 
pressed, and is altogether lost previous to reaching Con- 
neaut Creek. The summit of the Erie Extension Canal is 
at Conneaat Lake, and is little more than 500 feet above 
Lake Erie. 

From this dividing ridge there are four tolerably well- 
marked terraces to, and parallel with, the lake. These ter- 
races are higher and better defined near the New York State 
line, and become much depressed on reaching Elk Creek and 
Fairview Townships, with the exception of the lower one, 
which extends into the State of Ohio. The streams which 
empty into the Lake frequently run within one of these ter- 
races for a considerable distance before they find an opening 
through which they can pass to a lower level — thus, Walnut^ 
Elk, and Conneaut Creeks head very far to the east of their 
respective final outlets. 

Between Cattaragus Creek and Sandusky Bay the whole 
lake coast displays only the upper or sandstone member of 
the flag formation, called in the New York Greological Sur- 
vey the portage sandstones. This group of strata crossing 
Erie County in a southwest direction, almost precisely par- 
allel with the bend of the lake coast, constitutes a belt ten 
or twelve miles in width, its upper limit pursuing the general 
water-shed of the district. All the rocks between this line 
and the margin of the coal field are referable to the vergent 
shales. 

The vergent flag or sandstone formation, in the type which 
the group wears upon Lake Erie, would not be recognized 
in its lithological composition by those who are only familiar 



288 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

with it in the Appalachian valleys. In the eastern and cen- 
tral tracts of New York the whole formation is far more 
arenaceous, and the proportion of the sandstone layers to 
the shales,, or more purely argillaceous beds, is much greater, 
the upper or terminal subdivision of the mass especially con- 
taining, with a large amount of thin bedded or flaggy sand- 
stone, a considerable body of more massive strata. But 
advancing west the clayey element predominates, and in the 
belt of country bordering on Lake Erie but comparatively 
little true sandstone remains in the mass. The most arena- 
ceous portion of the formation is even here near the top, and 
where well exposed, as it is in several places about eight 
miles south of the lake, where it is occasionally quarried, it 
may be recognized by its marine vegetation, and especially 
by a vertical stem-like form or species of scolithus. 

The vergent shales also on Lake Erie are more argilla- 
ceous, and the two formations approximate so nearly in com- 
position, and even in their organic remains, that a separation 
is not practicable. 

The whole vergent mass between the lake and the coal 
rock is 1900 feet thick, about 800 or 900 feet representing 
the thickness of the lower formation, and 1000 or 1100 the 
overlying vergent shales. The quarries near the road be- 
tween Waterford and Erie, at an elevation of 800 feet above 
the lake, indicate nearly the highest portion of the inferior 
group. It would appear from the researches of Professor 
James Hall, that the total thickness of the vergent flag 
formation or portage group of New York, amounts, in the 
longitude of Chatauqua Creek, to nearly 1400 feet; we are 
therefore to infer that in the region of Lake Erie some 500 
or 600 feet of the formation are covered by its waters. 

Ripple marks, so abundant in the vergent flags, are numer- 
ous in Erie and Crawford Counties. Concretions of various 
shapes abound in the more calcareous varieties of the finer- 
grained clay shales, particularly those of the lower or flag 
group. The commonest forms are spheroids, generally 



HISTORY or ERIE COUNTY. 289 

much flattened, and often curiously lobed by the addition of 
fresh materials on one or more sides. When very calcareous, 
these are seamed with little veins of carbonate of lime, filling 
cracks in more central portions — they are, in other words, 
true septaria. 

Among the concretionary structures is one* which, from 
its singularity, and the doubts entertained by many in re- 
lation to its mode of origin, deserves a more special men- 
tion. It is the so-called " Cone-in-Cone" structure of the 
English geologist. In England it is met with occasionally 
in the finer shales and clay ironstones of the coal measures ; 
but in one vast series of formations it is nowhere seen 
but in this particular horizon, near the vergent flag forma- 
tion. It usually occurs in flat cakes of hardened calcareous 
shale imbedded in soft, mealy shale, the conical structure oc- 
cupying a thickness of one or two inches on one surface of the 
cake. Its position in the strata is near the lake shore, and per- 
haps the best localities for it in Erie County are at the mouth 
of Sixteen-mile Creek, and at the Cascade near Erie; but it 
is to be seen in a corresponding situation bordering on the 
lake at a great number of spots throughout the entire length 
of the formation, from Chatauqua Creek in New York, to 
Cleveland in Ohio, and Professor Hall speaks of it as 
abundant on the Genesee River. 

A minute inspection of the strata, as disclosed on the 
lake shore and in the ravines, shows the first two hundred 
feet to consist of blue and olive-colored soft, calcareous 
clay-shales, brown bituminous shale and slate, and their 
alternating layers of fine-grained gray calcareo-argillaceous 
sandstone. All these materials are in their beds, and in 
constant alternation, their dimensions being from one-fourth 



* This structure was first observed by Dr. Sam. L. Mitchell, a dis- 
tinguished geologist of New York, in 1827, and regarded by him 
with very great interest. His specimens were labeled "Argillaceous 
Schist of a peculiar conchoidal fracture." 

25* 



290 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

of an inch to twelve inches. The carbonaceous shales and 
slates are the thinnest. Some of the finer-grained shales 
extend with little change of thickness over very considera- 
ble areas, while other beds change their dimensions rapidly. 

The shales, but more especially the sandstones, are slightly 
calcareous. 

The level line of the shore enables us to detect, in the dip 
of the strata, a slight lateral or northeast and southwest 
undulation — but this feature is only local and inconspicuous. 
At the mouth of Elk Creek, and elsewhere, the strata exhibit 
even a very gentle dip toward the northwest; and when ex- 
amined, this feature is connected with a low anticlinal arch- 
ing of the rocks, the axis of elevation being near the bridge, 
half a mile above the outlet of the stream, not far from 
Girard. If it were practicable thus to refer all the inclina- 
tions of the strata to a succession of horizons absolutely 
level, we should discover a vast succession of very low but 
broad and obscure anticlinals, conforming in their northeast 
and southwest trend to the flexures of the Appalachian chain, 
and indicating the last expiring swells in the crust transmit- 
ted with abating intensity across the broad bituminous coal 
region, from the enormous billows which lifted the Appa- 
lachian chain. 

Organic remains are rare in the strata near the side of 
the lake, but one slender layer, about three inches in thick- 
ness, occurring on the shore near the village of JSTortheast, 
contains the little Avicula speciosa and Ungulina sub- 
orbicularia, the most abundant fossils of the formation. In 
other places the faces of the slabs of slate, especially when 
in contact with bituminous shale, are sometimes covered with 
fragments of plants, chiefly a delicate species of fucoid. 

Eight or ten miles back from the lake the terrace outcrops 
consist of thinly-laminated olive and brownish shales, alter- 
nating with flaggy layers of sandstone. These latter become 
gradually more abundant as we ascend in the series. The 
thickest arenaceous beds measure in some places twelve or 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 291 

fifteen inches, and where a number of them occur together, 
with only thin partings of shale, the mass is quarried as a 
building material. 

A stratum of this kind appears about midway between 
Erie and Waterford, and has been quarried in an excavation 
known as Vincent's, about one mile west of the turnpike, 
the matei'ials from it being used in the locks of the Erie ex- 
tension of the Pennsylvania Canal. Kear Elk Creek, at 
Elisha Smith's, east of Grirard, and at Cranes' near Cranes' 
Mills, are the most extensive quarries of similar masses. 
It is seldom possible to trace a particular stratum of the 
sandstone for any considerable distance, for the beds soon 
thin off or deteriorate for economical uses, becoming too 
argillaceous. At an elevation of about 810 feet above the 
level of the lake there appear, in the vicinity of Waterford, 
two or three thin layers of calcareous sandstone, abounding 
in marine organic remains, chiefly bivalve shells. These 
strata, easily recognized by the profusion of their imbedded 
fossils, are to be seen at Whiteman's, and also at Wilcox's, 
near the village, as likewise along the streams at the head 
waters of Le Boeuf and Elk Creeks — one locality being near 
the house of Martin Strong. The species are characteristic 
of the vergent newer shales, the Chemung group of New 
York. 

Upon these fossiliferous beds rest several bands of sand- 
stone, the layei's being from six to twelve inches thick. 
These have been quarried for building-stone, but approach- 
ing Waterford they deteriorate. East of the village occurs 
a stratum of yellow sandstone, coarser than the beds of the 
formation generally, and differing from them in aspect. It 
has been quarried on the borders of French Creek, where a 
good building material was obtained. At Smith's quarry 
the bed was about four feet thick. Upon it rest, first, thin 
bands of pebbly rock, the pebbles having the size of large 
shot ; secondly, shale ; thirdly, two layers of hard silicious 
sandstone, sixteen inches thick, and above them slate and 



292 HISTORY or erie county. 

flaggy sandstone. A similar section may be seen on the 
opposite side of the stream at A. Middleton's. 

In the Moravian quarry (near Waterford) the sandstone 
bed is not so thick. At Carrol's quarry it is from four to 
six feet in thickness, some thin layers of pebbly rock or 
coarse grit, and other sandstone resting over it, separated 
by only a few inches of shale. All these beds are embraced 
within a thickness of ten or twelve feet. A little petroleum 
is found in all of these quarries. We have already seen that 
many of the clay shales are highly bituminous. 

The greater part of the surface of the northwest district 
is thinly strewed with Northern drift, and the valleys of all 
the principal streams are deeply filled with it, presenting 
some very instructive features in the forms of many bold 
terraces into which the waters have brought it. 

Character of the Soil. — The cadent and vergent rocks, 
of which this northwest district consists, furnish by disinte- 
gration a soil in which clay is the predominating ingredient. 
It may be denominated a cold, clayey loam, better suited for 
grazing than for growing wheat. That derived from the 
inferior, more argillaceous strata nearer the lake, is in many 
belts a stiff clay, while that into which the sandy matter of 
the upper parts of the formation enters as an element is 
looser, and approximates to the character of a loam. A 
greater or less mixture of the materials of the Northern 
drift or transported gravel, with the proper soil of the region, 
modifies the quality of the latter, and gives to many locali- 
ties agricultural peculiarities which the subsequent rocks 
themselves could never impart. In nearly all the larger 
valleys the depth of the drift is such as to confer on them a 
soil abounding in gravel. Though this very heterogeneous 
covering contains pebbles and sand derived from the lime- 
stones which outcrop to the north and east of Lake Erie, 
mingled with the less fertile materials of the crystalline and 
silicious rocks yet farther north, and with the fragments of 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 293 

the underlying shales, a soil exists usually well adapted to 
the culture of wheat and the finer kinds of grain. 

The soil derived from the cadent and vergent rocks alone 
is too generally deficient in calcareous matter to possess a 
high degree of fertility, and, unfortunately for the domestic 
agricultural resources of the district, not a single bed or 
formation of good limestone either within it or cheaply con- 
tiguous to it, contributes to the land the element which it 
chiefly needs. As, however, much good agricultural lime 
is procurable from the immediate coast of the lake toward 
its west end, there cannot be a doubt that ultimately com- 
merce, in her inexhaustible power to benefit, will be enlisted 
to convey the requisite quantity of this almost indispensable 
fertilizer not only to the coast of Erie County, but by the 
canals, to all the contiguous regions toward the southeast. 

Calcareous Marl. — In the Pymatuning and Conneaut 
swamps there are shallow but rather extensive deposits of a 
soft calcareous tufa and shell-marl, the possible value of 
which to the agriculture of the surrounding districts is not 
enough appreciated. This is in Crawford County. Thus 
far we have cited the State geologist. 

In Erie County, at Beaverdam, west of Union, thirty 
years ago, marl was burned for lime ; and at Walnut Creek, 
quite recently, lime of the best quality was manufactured. 
At the Sink-hole, in Waterford, we have reason to suppose 
the quantity of shell-marl inexhaustible.* Many cords of 
hard blue limestone were quarried in excavating the canal 
in Erie. The very superior quality of the wheat produced 
in the vicinity of the lake confirms Professor Rogers's state- 
ment, that lime exists in the sand and pebbles. It is some- 

* Professor Austin, of the Waterford Academy, put the marl to 
the test, and found it to be composed principally of lime; and adds, 
"the time will come when it will be extensively used as a fertilizer, 
and it can be burned so as to form lime — but the lime will not be as 
good as if obtained from some other source." 



294 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

times too, observed in bricks, in their disruption when the 
lime slackens. 

For several years the blast furnace of Yincent, Himrod 
& Co. was stocked principally with Erie County bog ore.* 
It was brought from Laird's farm, Nicholson's, Elk Creek, 
etc., in the western part of the county. Near Cranesville 
there is a bed which is burned and used as a mineral paint. 
The ore yielded from fifteen to twenty, and sometimes even 
sixty per cent, of iron — some was found to be one-fifth lime- 
stone. At the time the furnace discontinued operations, the 
supply of ore was supposed to be exhausted. 

Coal in small quantities has been found, and also sulphate 
of alumina compounded with the sulphate of iron, from which 
the alum of commerce is derived. Salt springs have been 
discovered in various places, but probably not of sufficient 
strength to justify the erection of works for the manufacture 
of salt. 

Oil. — Boring for oil has been prosecuted in different parts, 
as yet not with any marked success. The well of C. McSpar- 
ren, in the southeastern part of the town, reached the depth 
of 200 feet, mostly through rock. An abundance of gas 
was found, but the work has ceased for the present. In 
Summit Township, Mr. C. Fronce bored a well on a branch 
of Le Boeuf Creek to the depth of 200 feet without finding 
oil in paying quantities. Afterward, near Strong's Mill, at 
a depth of 15*7, a vein which it was thought would yield ten 
barrels per day was found. P. Gr. Stranahan drilled 200 in 
Union; and on Sturgeon's farm, at Fairplains, 100 feet 

* As a proof of the quality of the metal, we find in the Erie Ga- 
zette, 1843: "An inspection of 1200 32-pound shot was made by the 
navy agent, at the Presqu'ile Foundery, from Erie County ore, and 
a contract was finished with Government for 300 8-inch shot and 
7000 32-pounders, part of which were shipped for Buffalo and Sack- 
ett's Harbor." 

Many years ago considerable quantities were shipped at Massas- 
Baqu6 for a small furnace in Conueaut, Ohio. 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 295 

tlirougli a stratum of coal four feet in thickness. Near the 
Springfield Depot, on the Cleveland and Erie Road, boring 
has been commenced. Nearly a dozen companies are now 
prosecuting the business in Conneaut Township, on the banks 
of Marsh Run. Oil was found in that region twenty years 
ago, and collected for medicinal purposes, and in quarrying 
stone the workmen found it in small pools among the rocks. 
An old salt well which had been opened forty years ago, in 
Wellsburg, having become filled with rubbish, was cleaned, 
and jets of oil were thrown at three different times. This 
is on the east branch of Conneaut Creek. A company 
with a cash capital of $1000 was formed in February, 1861, 
at Waterford, to drill in that neighborhood, and in Erie one 
hundred Germans formed an association with a capital of 
$10,000, and immediately commenced operations on Ninth 
Street. 

Several mineral springs have been discovered — a burning 
sulphur spring on the farm of Mr. Knox, south of the town, 
at one time claimed attention and excited much curiosity. 
Another burning spring is found on the Oilwilder farm, on 
Six-mile Creek. A mineral spring on the ground formerly 
owned by P. P. Glazier, on Eighth Street, was, in 1840, 
improved and fitted up with baths for the benefit of invalids. 

A specimen of the water was sent for analysis to Profes- 
sor Booth, of Philadelphia. His experiments on one gallon 
of 60,000 grains resulted as follows : — 



Chloride of potassium 20-56 

" sodium 110-16 

" magnesium 45-36 

" calcium 8-88 

" iron 2-88 

Sulphate of lime 11-68 



Total soluble matter 199-52 



Carbonate of lime 19-12 

" magnesia 0-96 

" iron 1-44 

Silica 0-48 

Total insoluble 22-00 



Professor Booth explains insoluble matter to mean "the 
residue, which will not redissolve in pure water after evap- 



296 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

oration to dryness. The carbonates in the insoluble portion 
are held in solution in the spring water by a small quantity 
of carbonic acid which escapes during the evaporation." 

He adds : " It appears from the analysis that the spring 
water is of excellent quality and bears comparison with 
many European springs which have attained some celeb- 
rity." The springs have been successfully tried by invalids; 
but the premises are now out of repair, and the water not 
to be obtained in its purity arad strength. 

The unforeseen and repeated sinking of the Sunbury and 
Erie track, at Le Boeuf swamp, attracted much attention 
during the construction of that road, and elicited the follow- 
ing statement in substance from Mr. R. Andrews, one of 
the engineers. When the location was made, the surface, 
excepting in a few places, appeared firm and hard. Le 
Bffiuf swamp, in which the sinking occurred, is between two 
large mounds designated as the north and south mounds, as 
they lie in that course with the railroad. The level is about 
four feet higher than Le Boeuf Creek. The surface soil is 
mostly made up of vegetable mould, varying from three to 
seven feet in thickness, for the distance of 38,000 feet. The 
line of the railroad is perfectly straight through this swamp, 
and the height of the bank above it averages five feet. 

The grading of the railroad was begun in 1856, at both 
ends, and after making 100 feet of the bank near the south 
mound it first showed symptoms of settling, and went from 
bad to worse as the bank receded from the mound. At the 
north end better progress was made, and there were no indi- 
cations that any settling would take place. When the work 
on the road was stopped, in 1857, 1000 feet were made on the 
north end, and 175 on the south. 

In 1858 the work was resumed, but little progress was 
made until January, 1859, when the efficient and energetic 
contractors, Russel, Barnet & Co., took charge. Sound- 
ings were made under the direction of the engineer through 
the swamp, the length of which, by previous advancement, 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 29 T 

was reduced to 2600 feet. At the south mound no bottom 
could be found for a distance of 300 feet — an iron rod hav- 
ing been made thirty-five feet in length for the purpose. 
The soundings for the remaining 1300 feet averaged from 1 
to 25 feet, striking a good gravel bottom. The penetration 
of the rod in most places through the crust was somewhat 
hard ; but when through, it passed readily to the gravel. 

There is every indication that at one time this was a large 
lake, and that it has become filled up by drift, logs, etc., 
which, by decay and vegetable matter decomposing, has 
formed the "crust" alluded to. For some time the two sides 
settled very materially, but particularly the one on the south, 
consuming an immense quantity of earth. 

The height of the bank (as ascertained from a formula, the 
amount of yards put in and the distance made being known) 
is 55 feet, thus making a fill of this height when the original 
section called for only 6 feet. Some idea may be formed of 
the amount of work required to complete the south end, 
from the following calculation based on actual measurement : 
"In the month of February 1500 yards were put in and only 
gained 30 feet. Had the swamp not settled, and with the 
original section, this amount of earth would have made 
something over three-fourths of a mile. The settling is 
very gradual, and when the bank once ceases to settle, it 
never varies afterward.* A portion made up to grade in 
185Y has not settled an inch, thus guaranteeing a good and 
safe bank, though a costly one. 

" Large night forces were put on this work. — 200 men, 20 
cars, and 18 horses worked day and night as faithfully as 
possible. It presented a lively appearance at night to see 
the fires and lanterns strung along the banks, and to hear 
the voices of the men, and the rumbling noise of the cars 
breaking the peaceful quietude." 

* Tliis treacliei'ous swamp occasioned difficulty after the cars com- 
menced running. 

26 



298 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

To those who had never before witnessed earth swallow 
earth, or suspected an old lake under cover, with its gravel 
bottom forty feet below, in their vicinity, it must have been 
a matter of very great surprise. 

Near Union a similar but smaller sink-hole was found; 
and at Hartstown, Crawford County, on the canal, one of 
twice the extent of the one at Waterford. 

Meadows in the West have broken through and sunk, 
while others have been so like a spring-floor that the weight 
of a cart was never hazarded upon them, but the harvest 
secured by long pitchforks. "All belong to a class of 
which there are myriads in the drift region of North America. 
The largest Superior, and others that scarcely hold a gallon, 
as to supply and position, are to be accounted for in exactly 
the same manner." 

The DeviVs Back-hone. — About three and a half miles 
southeast from the borough of Girard is a most remarkable 
place, which deserves a better name than " The Devil's Back- 
bone." The country is very romantic and extremely hilly, 
rising apparently to a very great height. Reaching the farm 
of Mr. Blair, one of the first settlers, the drive is along the 
edge of a fearful ravine, the road lying frightfully near, and 
but for the thick growth of trees on its border would be 
absolutely dangerous. Leaving the horses and carriage, a 
walk of a few moments opens to view a magnificent pros- 
pect. Beneath, appears a large hollow, the precipitous 
sides of which, as well as the bank beyond, are covered 
with magnificent forest trees. In the middle of this rises 
the "Back-bone," a ridge of sand and slate one hundred 
feet in height, with a base of but sixty feet. This is two 
hundred feet in length, one side being partly covered with 
trees, while the other is entirely bare. The top of the back, 
which is from one to twelve inches in width, is a narrow 
but rather dangerous walk, but affords a view truly grand. 
Elk Creek being around the point and on both sides, hav- 
ing worn its bed through the soil to a very great depth. 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 299 

The abrupt heiglit of the ridge, its narrow base, the deep 
bed of the stream, with the beauty of the surrounding 
scenery, compose the extraordinary landscape. 

Half a mile distant is another pyramidal ridge covered 
with grass, not so high or peculiar, called the " Nose." 
Here there are forks in the creek, and the whole is wild 
and picturesque. 

This description is miserably unjust, but none could be 
fully adequate — in the worn out words, "it must be seen to 
be truly appreciated." 

As to the flora of this region, we cannot do better than 
to quote a few words of Professor L. G. Olmstead: "We 
consider the county and immediate vicinity of Erie by far 
the best botanizing district with which we are acquainted 
throughout a large district of country. We have upon the 
peninsula a very great variety of plants, many of which are 
not found on the main land, but are common only to West- 
ern prairies. The marshes, ponds, bogs, etc. afford a great 
variety of marsh and aquatic plants. 

"Among the plants that some of our best florists would 
travel many miles to see, are the Saracenia purpurea; several 
varieties of Potamogeton, which are aquatic ; Batschia 
canescens, Enchococinea, found on the Western prairies; 
Hydopeltis purpurea, and several species of Utricularia." 

The sweet-brier, which has been much admired and par- 
ticularly adorns the green banks of the lake in the western 
part of the town, is not, like the wild rose, indigenous, the 
first plant having been brought from Carlisle, by General 
Kelso. 



300 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 



CHAPTER XIX. 

Miscellaneous Items, among whicli are: A Tradition — General Wayne — 
An Anecdote — Price of Provisions — Wm. W. Reed, Esq. — First National 
Celebration — Churches — -The Garrison — A Relic — Saturday Afternoon 
— Game — Mrs. P.'s Reminiscences — H. Russel's Journal — An early Set- 
tler in Fairview^ — La Fayette's Visit in Erie — Cholera — Perry Monu- 
ment — An Informal Meeting — Speculation — Fires — Sad Accidents — 
Ex-President Adams — Patriot War — Old Court-house Bell — Pioneers 
— Perry — Lieutenant Yarnall — ^Survivors of the Battle of Lake Erie — 
Perry Monument at Cleveland — Inventions— Moravian Lands — Omis- 
sions. 

A Tradition. — The Eries were alarmed when they heard 
of the confederation of the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, 
Cayugas, and Senecas residing in Central New York, and 
regarded them as natural enemies. To satisfy themselves, 
they sent a message to the Senecas, who resided nearest to 
them, inviting them to select one hundred of their most 
active, athletic men to play a game of ball against the same 
number selected from the Eries, for a wager worthy of the 
occasion and nation. 

The message was received in the most respectful manner, 
but the challenge declined. The next year the offer was 
renewed and again declined. At the third offer, the young 
Iroquois could be no longer restrained, the wise councils 
which had hitherto prevailed were set aside, and the chal- 
lenge accepted. After the selection, the party being the 
flower of the tribe, a most solemn charge was given them to 
acquit themselves as the worthy representatives of a great 
and powerful people, anxious to cultivate peace and friend- 
ship with neighboring tribes. The party then took up the 
line of march for Tu-shu-way, (Buffalo,) sent a messenger 
to notify the Eries of their approach, and the next day 
made a grand entree. They brought no weapon. The bat 
was a hickory stick, about five feet long, bent over at the 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 301 

end, and thong netting wove into a bow. Their wager, 
which was matched by the Eries, consisted of piles of ele- 
gant wampum, costly jewels, silver bands, and beautifully 
ornamented moccasins. The game began, and though con- 
tested with desperation and great skill by the Eries, the 
Iroquois bore off the prize in triumph. The Iroquois hav- 
ing accomplished the object of their visit were about to re- 
turn, when the Eries proposed a foot race between ten of 
their number, at "Kanswans" or Eighteen-mile Creek. 
The victor in the race was to dispatch his adversary with a 
tomahawk and bear off his scalp as a trophy. This the Iro- 
quois accepted, secretly intending to waive the bloody part 
of the proposition should their tribe be victors. The Eries 
were again vanquished, but the Iroquois declined to execute 
their victim. At this the chief of the Eries came forward, 
and, quick as thought, himself dispatched the vanquished 
warrior, who was dragged out of the way and another 
champion placed in his stead. This was three times re- 
peated, and the Iroquois seeing the great excitement that 
prevailed, made a signal to depart, and, gathering up their 
trophies, proceeded homeward. 

The Eries knew no mode of securing peace but by the 
extermination of their enemies; it being no part of their 
character to cultivate and strengthen friendship. They 
knew to contend with them collectively would be useless. 
Immediately they organized a powerful party of warriors — 
hoping to be an equal match to their powerful neighbors 
by surprising the Senecas, who resided on Seneca Lake. 
But a woman residing among them who had a stronger 
interest in the Iroquois, secretly gave them warning, and 
five thousand warriors were organized and marched out to 
meet them. The two parties met at Honeoye, where a 
bloody and desperate battle was fought. The Eries were 
driven seven times across the stream and as often regained 
their ground. But a few of the vanquished Eries escaped 
to convey the news of their terrible overthrow, and these 

26* 



302 HISTORY or ERIE COUNTY. 

were pursued, and all that fell into the enemies' hands put to 
death. For weeks the pursuit was continued, and it was five 
months before the victorious party of the five nations returned 
with their trophies, having subdued their last and most pow- 
erful enemies. Tradition adds that the descendants of the 
Eries returned from beyond the Mississippi and attacked the 
Senecas, then settled in the seat of their fathers, Tu-shu- 
way ; and that a great battle was fought, and the Eries 
slain to a man, near the site of the (Cattaragus) Indian 
Mission-house. 

General Wayne. — The following newspaper article, by 
E,ev. L. G. Olmstead, is copied partly for the purpose of 
adding a word of explanation in reference to the disinter- 
ment of General Wayne, at Erie, in 1809 : — 

"On arriving at Erie, he (Colonel Isaac Wayne) em- 
ployed 'Old Dr. Wallace,' so called to distinguish him from 
the present Dr. Wallace, to take up his father's remains, 
pack the boxes in as small a space as possible, and lash them 
on to the hinder part of his sulky. Dr. Wallace took up the 
remains and found them in a perfect state of preservation, 
except one foot. The body had been buried in full uniform, 
and the boot on the decayed foot was also decayed, while 
the other boot remained sound, and a man by the name of 
Duncan had a mate to it and wore them out. Duncan's 
foot, like the general's, was very large. Dr. Wallace cut 
and boiled the flesh off the bones, packed them in a box, 
lashed them to the carriage, and they were brought and 
deposited beside the rest of his family in the above-named 
church-yard. 

"I visited General Wayne's old residence in the summer 
of 185*1, and found everything much as he had left it. The 
house is an elegant, old two-story mansion, now occupied 
by his grandson. The parlors and sitting-rooms are as 
they were. There are portraits and engravings of men of 
the Revolution, hanging on the walls, as on the 3d of April, 
1792, when he was appointed to the command of the West- 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 303 

ern army. Around the house and over the farm, while the 
fences and buildings are in a good condition, yet they as- 
sured me it is about as he left it. Everything appeared as 
though it had belonged to a gentleman of the old school, a 
race now said to be extinct. The premises looked, and I 
felt, as though the old hero, whose very name was once a 
terror to the murderous red man, might be expected back 
in an hour or so, and a dreamy impression seemed to steal 
over me that if I waited a little I should see him. I should 
have liked much to have questioned him about Three Rivers, 
and Brandywine, and Germantown, and Monmouth, and 
Stony Point, and Yorktown, and the Indians, and how the 
city appeared when she was only a year old. And I seemed 
to hold my breath and listen as many an old Indian had 
done, for his footsteps and his fearful oaths ; yet he did not 
come, and I passed on some three miles to his final resting- 
place." 

G. Sanford, who came to Erie in 1810, and was well 
acquainted with Dr. J. C. Wallace, heard him more than 
once allude to this circumstance. Mr. Sanford's impres- 
sion is that Colonel Wayne put up at Buehler's hotel, and 
did not visit the grave of his father, but sent for Dr. Wal- 
lace and made known the object of his visit, requesting 
him to superintend the removal and place the remains in 
a suitable condition for the journey. Dr. Wallace was a 
skillful surgeon of the army and a man of the first standing, 
and Colonel Wayne could not have selected a more suitable 
person to carry out his design. Both must have supposed 
the body, thirteen years after death, to have returned to cor- 
ruption. That Dr. Wallace pursued the wisest course the 
nature of the case would admit of, none who knew him 
would for a moment doubt. As a military man he was 
accustomed to obey orders, but it was with his operations as 
with other surgeons, not always an agreeable subject to dis- 
cuss minutely. 

An Anecdote. — The details of the first year's residence of 



304 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

a wealthy citizen of the county who settled near Waterford, 
presents a model of patience and industry worthy of study 
and imitation. On lauding, one of the few settlers offered 
him employment in going to the woods to split puncheons, 
for which he was to have fifty cents a day. This occupation 
consists in splitting fair chestnut logs two or three times and 
smoothing them with an axe, to be used as a substitute for 
boards in making a floor. After a week of hard work at 
the puncheons, (with hoeing potatoes before breakfast added,) 
reckoning day came, and he found he was charged seventy- 
five cents per day for board ! Legal redress was not to 
be thought of, as there was no law this side of Pittsburg, 
which was then almost as difficult of access as Pike's Peak. 
He tied up his effects in his yellow cotton handkerchief, and 
was about starting, when his employer called out, " Where 
did you split the puncheons?" (He had been called "the 
green Yankee.") "You call me green, and I am; but not 
green enough to tell you that !" was the spirited reply. 

Many years after he saw the decayed puncheons on the 
spot where he left them, near the site of the court-house. 

The settler then walked six or eight miles to the location 
of a farmer, and, finding no warrant upon the tract adjoining 
him, he secured it, and immediately put in a crop of potatoes. 
These, when the size of birds' eggs, he used for food, for he 
had no other. In November the potatoes were gone, and 
after having scooped out a log for a canoe, he floated down 
the river, seeking employment. At Pittsburg no engage- 
ment offering, he put himself up at auction, at the market, 
proclaiming from a horse-block, that he " could do any work 
that any other man could do," and a Dutchman gave him a 
bid of three dollars a month and board. (This time he was 
careful to mention the board.) Here he remained three 
months, and was offered for the future three dollars and fifty 
cents per month, but he paid out his nine dollars for a bar- 
rel of flour and poled himself up to Waterford ; from this 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 305 

he carried his flour, thirty pounds at a time, to his farm 
three miles distant. 

Price of Provisions, etc. — Among Esquire Rees's papers 
we find a bill dated lt92, "for services in viewing the 
county, $193 43." Another, "To Indians for hunting, $50." 

Other accounts, dated 1791, show provisions at the follow- 
ing prices: Potatoes, 12 shillings per bushel; corn, 16 shil- 
lings; oats, 12 shillings; wheat, 20 shillings per bushel; 
pork, $30 per barrel; sugar, 83 cents; loaf sugar, 87 cents 
per pound, etc. 

In 1813-14 provisions commanded a still higher price; 
corn $4, and oats $3 per bushel. 

The first white man born in the " Triangle" was William 
W. Reed, son of John C. Reed, and grandson of Colonel 
S. Reed, in Erie, February 20th, 1797. He became a mer- 
chant in Ashtabula, Ohio, but had resided in Erie a few years 
previous to his decease, September 9th, 1851. 

The First Celebration of our National Independence 
recorded, was the 4th of July, 1797, near Colt's Station. 
Mr. Colt says: " Tuesday being the twenty-second anniver- 
sary of the Independence of America, at the expense of the 
Pennsylvania Population Company we gave an entertain- 
ment to about seventy-five people, settlers of the said com- 
pany. A bower was erected under two large maple-trees, 
and when the hearts of the people were cheered with good 
fare, sundry toasts were drank suitable to the occasion. 
After I had withdrawn, one Jas. Crawford offered the fol- 
lowing: 'May Judah Colt, agent of the Population Com- 
pany, drive the intruders before him as Samson did the 
Philistines ! Three cheers 1' and the woods rang with a roar 
of laughter for some time." 

First Court. — When the circuit court met for the first 
time in the county, several of the citizens rode out to escort 
Judge Yates into town, but were disappointed in not meet- 
ing him. The court met in a room rented by the commis- 
sioners, on French Street, between Second and Third Streets. 



306 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

As the first day was election day, business was postponed, 
and in the afternoon, in honor of the judge and strangers, 
a large sailing-party of ladies and gentlemen went over to 
the peninsula. 

Churche a^—Pvevions to 1811 there was seldom church to 
attend, but the few who could do so conveniently would ride 
to Pairview or Northeast, where were church organizations 
and settled pastors at an earlier day. Among the itinerants 
at a later day was Rev. Mr. Judd, who periodically, for sev- 
eral years, held meetings in Colonel Forster's vacant room, 
on the corner of French and Fifth Streets. He was esteemed 
a man of zeal and strong faith, but somewhat eccentric ; hav- 
ing been connected with the Presbyterian, Baptist, and Meth- 
odist churches, he was now free from all ecclesiastical rule. 
In the selection of elders, with him piety was of no account 
— influence was the indispensable qualification. Hence, his 
men in Erie were Captain Deacon, the commanding officer, 
Purser Carr, and Mr. Reed the wealthiest citizen. On one 
occasion, after reading the hymn, no one appeared "to raise 
the tune," and he remarked that he wished " Captain Deb. 
was there, and she could do it," meaning his wife. He then 
asked if there was not some lady who would undertake it, 
when one kindly volunteered, and in due time all went on in 
a becoming and reverential manner. 

An anecdote is related which shows the class of people 
our ministers had to deal with, even long after this. On 
one occasion the parson thought proper to exclude from the 
communion one of his members who had been guilty of in- 
temperance, by the name of Folwell. In consequence of 
this a near connection came to thrash the parson. After 
the matter had been discussed, and the irritated avenger 
(who, for the preacher's eye, had not been able to execute his 
threat) being somewhat restored to reason, he exclaimed, 
"Faith, sir, and when ye come till heaven ye'll find the 
Polwells theerP^ With this ultimatum of his rage he de- 
parted 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 3.0 1 

At an early day fhe garrison seemed to be the general 
resort for citizens and strangers, an officer of the army hav- 
ing command until about 1806. At the time General 
Wayne's remains were removed, in 1809, and previously, 
Captain D. Dobbins was residing in the large building, in 
the center of the ground, erected for the commanding officer ; 
one of the gates was down and the works were going to de- 
cay. General Wayne, when he was landed in an almost 
dying state, chose to be tenanted in the upper part of the 
east block-house. It seems the attics of the three were 
fitted up as dwellings. We have mentioned elsewhere that 
these block-houses were on the east side of the creek, and 
built in 1795 for the protection of the State commissioners, 
General William Irvine and Andrew Ellicot, who were lay- 
ing out the town. Captain John Grubb brought on a mi- 
litia force at the time.* The names of the officers who 
commanded at different times were Captain Russel Bissel, 
in 1797; Captain Cornelius Lyman, until 1801; Captain 
McCall, and General Callender Irvine. Captain Lyman is 
described as a perfect gentleman, notwithstanding which he 
was court-martialed in Erie, in 1798, for a want of hospi- 
tality, (in what particular instance is not recorded,) but was 
honorably acquitted. lu 1801, (Mr. Colt notes,) "Colonel 
Hamtramck arrived from Pittsburg, on his way to Detroit. 
On entering the garrison a salute from the fort, of sixteen 
guns, was fired, and also one from the United States armed 
vessel Wilkeson, in the harbor ; at the same time a large 
brig from Fort Erie, of two hundred tons, came in." In 
April, 1802, a ball was given at the garrison, which, Mr. Colt 
remarks, "was a very agreeable affair." 

A Relic. — In 1804 or 1805 an iron cannon, a three- 
pounder, was found by General Kelso, near the Cascade, 

* Captain Grubb was a worthy citizen. He received tlie appoint- 
ment of associate judge about 1813, and resided on his farm in Mill 
Creek until his death in June, 1845. 



308 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

partly imbedded in sand. The probability is that it be- 
longed to the French. At the time of their occupation, and 
previously, there was a road on the sand beach, and in 
transporting stores this might have been for some reason 
abandoned. General K. or his heirs disposed of it many 
years ago to a citizen of Black River, Ohio. 

In a number of the newspaper Mirror, of 1808, we find 
that the sum of forty-two dollars was paid William David- 
son for clearing the public square. 

It has been remarked of Mill Creek, that in 1810 it con- 
tained four times the quantity of water that it does at pres- 
ent, and about Third Street there was quite a pretty cascade. 
The gradual diminution of streams has been remarked in all 
new countries. It is supposed to be the result of increased 
evaporation occasioned by the removal of trees, and also by 
the plowed ground, which absorbs large quantities of water. 

Saturday Afternoon. — An early custom prevailed in Erie 
that must have been highly unpopular with some — that of 
calling out every man on Saturday afternoon to dig out 
stumps in the streets. This was before 1810. 

There was an ordinance also compelling citizens to dig 
three stumps fr-om the highways of the town as a punish- 
ment for every bacchanal revel they engaged in. This 
ordinance was repealed at an informal meeting held in front 
of the Reed House, in June, 1 846, the principal object being 
in congratulation of the public benefit received by the adorn- 
ment of the public square with trees, and when it received 
the appellation of Perry Square. 

As to game, the early settlers found an abundance of deer, 
rabbits, foxes, squirrels, opossums, etc. As late as 1804, Mr. 
H. Russel enters in his journal: "January 1st — Cloudy 
morning ; clears off; hunt bears, wolves, panthers, wild cats, 
etc." Panthers are not often spoken of in Erie County. 
In Buffalo we hear of one being shot, in 1821, one mile and 
a half from the present court-house. 

In 1808 are to be found, among county expenditures, |80 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 309 

paid for wolf-scalps. The bounty was probably $10 per 
head — afterward, for many years, it was $12. The few 
scalps presented for bounty at that early day indicate the 
sparseness of the population and their want of leisure for 
such pursuits. In 1813 Mr. Russel lost four sheep by 
wolves. In 1828 sheep could not be kept at Colt's Station 
on account of their frequent visits: J72 *74 were paid by 
the county for scalps in 1834, $85 90 in 1886. 

Probably the last of the wild-cat species in the county was 
shot by Mr. Abrara Knapp, at Lake Pleasant, in 1857. 

A copy of the Erie Gazette, dated August, 1820, has the 
following advertisement: — 

^'A Hunting we will go ! — A party of gentlemen intend 
going to the head of the peninsula, on Wednesday morning 
next, if fair — if not, the next fair morning — for the purpose 
of forming a line across it at the head and marching abreast 
down to the point, where boats will be stationed to follow 
game that may take to the water. A meeting will be held 
on Monday evening next at the court-house, for the purpose 
of making the necessary arrangements." 

Foxes are still abundant. J. W. Silverthorn shot twenty 
in the neighborhood of Girard, in the winter of 1861, and 
many other sportsmen were quite successful in the same way. 

Mrs. P.'s Reminiscences. — Mrs. P., who remembers Erie 
in 1803, says: The pickets were standing around parts of 
old Fort Presqu'ile at that time. A ruined, peculiar-look- 
ing house of stone and timber was also standing, and near by 
was a very deep well. Indian beads and other relics were 
found on the ground. 

When the fleet was building, a small party returned from 
the peninsula very greatly excited, maintaining that they 
had seen three British spies, in red coats, and made oath to 
the fact before a magistrate. As fears were entertained of 
the destruction of the vessels while building, the militia 
were called out until the square was filled. The Burgess 
thought advisable, before proceeding further, to send over 

2T 



310 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

and make a strict search, which was accordingly done, and 
nothing found to justify the story unless it might be that 
three red oxen were there quietly feeding. 

Soon after Buffalo was burned, an express came with the 
news that the British were eighteen miles west of Buffalo, 
on their way to destroy Erie and the fleet. Merchants 
removed their wares, and the greatest consternation pre- 
vailed. Families were called up at midnight, and, hastily 
packing their furniture and goods, fled from the lake, and 
many of them remained absent until spring. The most 
anxious fears were from the Indians, who had perpetrated 
such cruelties at Buffalo. Commodore Elliot was, through 
the whole, firm in the opinion that the town and fleet were 
sufficiently protected. The young people were very much 
amused, during such excitements, by the conduct of the 
militia, as well as by their uniforms, which were made up of 
every variety of borrowed and inherited garments and non- 
fits. Some went so far as to maintain that they protected 
the town after the manner of scarecrows, and that they were 
nuisances second only to the British themselves. 

In the Journal of Mr. Hamlin Bussel, of Mill Creek, is 
the following : — 

"June, 1812. — General Kelso ordered Captain Foot to 
call out his company of infantry for the defense of Erie. 
(Hamlin Russel volunteered.) 

"6th. — On duty. This day the general dismissed our 
company; so, for the present, myself and a number of my 
neighbors have volunteered to keep sentry at the head of 
the peninsula, three by rotation to stand a tour of twenty- 
four hours ; my tour will commence on the eighth instant. 

"August 25th — Expresses were sent through the county 
to call out the militia — a number of vessels being seen, ap- 
prehensions were entertained that a descent would be made 
at this place. I went to town, as did all the country ; there 
heard the disagreeable information that General Hull had 
surrendered himself and army prisoners to the British, to- 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 311 

gether with the post of Detroit. The general voice pro- 
nounces Hull a traitor. 

"May 15th, 1813. — Go to town; a great alarm; 600 or 
YOO British and Indians land on the peninsula under cover 
of a thick fog, and go off again without being seen by any 
one. 

"July 26th, P.M. — * * * * Our harbor closely blockaded 
by the British vessels; the militia of this county are ordered 
out en masse. 

"December 31st. — Thus ends the year 1813, in which the 
war has been carried on in a manner becoming Democracy; 
Wilkinson's army is defeated and driven out of Canada, and 
likely to starve this winter; Fort George is evacuated; the 
enemy have burned Lewistown and Schlosser, surprised and 
taken Fort Niagara without the loss of a man, and still 
retain possession of it. Hurrah for Democracy ! 

"January 1st, 1814. — Go to town; there learn that 
Thursday last the British crossed at Black Rock, drove the 
militia before them to the village of Buffalo, and then drove 
them out of the village, which they reduced to ashes. Re- 
port says that the enemy, 3000 strong, are eight miles in 
advance of Buffalo, on the march for this place ; the citi- 
zens of Erie are sending off their families and effects as fast 
as possible. Come home; make preparations to send off 
my wife and babes, should worst come to worst. 

"Sunday 2d.—* * * * Find that it is not true that the 
enemy are advancing to this, but in all probability they will 
be here, or attempt to come, before spring, (on the ice ;) ex- 
presses sent off in every direction to call in the militia. 

"3d. — Receive orders from Lieutenant-Colonel J. C. 
Wallace to appear immediately at Erie to perform the duties 
of my office in the regiment. 

"February Tth. — Receive my discharge from my tour, and 
come home, having been engaged thirty-four days, during 
.which I have been at home but seldom, and never but a few 



312 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

hours at a time, and expect now to be ordered out again 
shortly. 

"May 18th, 1815.— Went to Martin Strong's,* to the 
battalion review; 200 or 300 bludgeoniers met; hawed and 
geed about under as brave officers as ever raised potatoes. 
Hurrah for the militia of Pennsylvania!" [At this early day 
militiamen practiced with broomsticks, handspikes, etc., the 
proper weapons often not being obtainable.] 

Reminiscences of an Early Settler in Fairview Toivn- 
ship are as follow: "In 1810 my father bought a four-hun- 
dred acre tract of land in Fairview, ten miles west of Erie 
and one mile and a half south of the ridge road, of Jacob 
Ebersole, for five dollars per acre, on which were two cabins 
of round logs so near to each other that it was considered 
but one dwelling, the space between the two being the hall. 
There was also what was considered a large barn in those 
days. About fifty acres were partially cleared, much dead- 
ened timber yet standing in the fields, and some peach and 
apple trees. The nearest neighbors were of the names of 
Yance, Jas. Moorhead, John Long, John Stewart, and 
Jacob Wise, all within the bounds of three miles, which was 
then considered near neighbors. Many of their descendants 
reside on the same lands, which have become quite valuable. 

"It was seldom in those days that two improved lots 
joined each other ; generally, they were divided or separated 
by at least a strip of woodland. The dwellings were rude 
log cabins which, in many instances, were taken from the 
forest and erected into a dwelling in the space of two days, 
by the assistance of the neighbors. Some would be engaged 
cutting down trees, while others would be hauling together, 

* Captain Martin Strong was one of the earliest inhabitants. In 
a letter from him, (see page 84,) we find that he came to this county 
the last of July, 1795, when there was but one family in the Triangle. 
Captain Strong was not only one of our most prominent citizens, but 
a sensible and excellent man. He died in 1858, in the eighty-eighth 
year of his age. 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 313 

building, splitting clapboards for the roof or puncheons for 
the floor, and thus a tenement would be completed speedily, 
and with but few nails or boards. 

"Our crops were often injured by the depredations of 
bears, raccoons, deer, and wild turkeys, which were numerous. 

"Our house of worship was near the mouth of Walnut 
Creek — the Rev. Johnson Eaton, pastor." 

Memoranda of Mr. R. 5. — "August 26th, 1845.— Op- 
pressively hot and dry; the Beaverdam Run dry in many 
places, which was never known before by the oldest inhab- 
itants. [Beaverdam Run empties into Walnut Creek.] 

"January 5th, 1847. — A terrific storm of wind passed 
over Fairview, and leveled fences, roofs, sheds, etc., and a 
great many trees. 

" December 16th, 1850. — Steamboat May Flower beached 
above the mouth of Elk Creek. 

"December 31st, 1852. — A steamboat passed up the lake. 
January 10th, 1853, another passes up. March 21st, steam- 
boats commenced running; navigation open most of the 
winter." 

General La Fayette^s Visit to Erie. — On the 3d of June, 
1825, General La Fayette, on his way from New Orleans to 
New York, honored Erie with a stay of a few hours. A 
committee proceeded to Waterford and there received the 
committee from Pittsburg, with the illustrious guest. General 
La Fayette, G. W. La Fayette, and M. La Yasseur. Judah 
Colt, Esq., of the Erie committee, in behalf of the citizens, 
gave him a cordial welcome to the county, to which the 
General made a suitable reply. After an early breakfast, 
the company, with a number of citizens from Waterford, 
proceeded to Erie. When within a mile of the borough 
they were received by a battalion of volunteers in full uni- 
form, and a procession formed under the direction of Gen- 
eral B. Wallace, Chief Marshal. The procession passed 
down State Street to the public square ; then down French 
to Third; across Third to the foot of State Street, where 

2t* 



314 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

the General and suite alighted, and were received by Cap- 
tain Budd, commanding officer of the naval station, Captain 
Maurice, of the engineers, and a number of other naval and 
military officers, and proceeded to the bank. The party 
being in full view of our beautiful harbor, a national salute 
was fired from the navy yard, after which the procession 
passed to the house of Mr. Dobbins, where accommodations 
had been provided and where he was welcomed in the name 
of the citizens by Dr. J. C. Wallace, Chief Burgess. Gen- 
eral La Fayette made a very appropriate reply, and was 
introduced to a great number of persons of every age, and 
then proceeded to the house of Judah Colt, where a large 
number of ladies were assembled, to whom he was severally 
presented. Having returned to his quarters he was escorted 
at half-past one to the bridge on Second Street, between 
French and State, where a dinner had been prepared and 
set by Mr. Dickson. The table extended the length of the 
bridge, one hundred and seventy feet, in full view of the 
lake, and was covered by an awning of the sails of the Brit- 
ish vessels taken by Commodore Perry, and handsomely orna- 
mented with flowers and evergreens. Among the toasts 
drank standing, with three cheers, was "General La Fay- 
ette — In youth a hero, in maturity a sage, in advanced life 
an example to the present and future generations." After 
which, General La Fayette arose and gave the following : 
"Erie — A name which has a great share in American 
glory: may this town ever enjoy a proportionate share in 
American prosperity and happiness." The General and 
suite were then escorted from the table to their quarters, 
and, after an affectionate farewell of the citizens, at three 
o'clock stepped into the carriage and was accompanied by a 
number of citizens to Portland, where the steamboat Superior 
was in readiness to receive and convey the party to Buffalo. 
la 182T the young men of Erie celebrated the tenth of 
September on board of the Queen Charlotte, in Misery Bay. 
The revenue cutter Dallas carried the company out with one 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 315 

of the flags that was in the action floating from her mast. 
Between the hours of three and four o'clock a national 
salute was fired, being the hour the British surrendered. 
One of Commodore Perry's officers took dinner with them, 
and one of his seamen fired the cannon. 

Cholera. — During the prevalence of the Asiatic cholera 
throughout our country in 1832, a Mrs. Hunter was landed 
on the peninsula, in the last stages of the disease, and died 
thirteen hours after the attack. Her daughter who accom- 
panied her died in twenty-four hours. Great anxiety existed 
among all classes lest the contagion should prevail. A 
board of health was appointed, which made frequent reports 
to the public, and through their exhortations to rigid clean- 
liness, cheerfulness, and temperance in eating and drinking, 
no cases originated in the town. This case of Mrs. Hunter, 
who was an emigrant, was one of the first that originated in 
the country. It will be remembered as the season when the 
disease prevailed so fearfully and fatally in many of the lake 
towns, and on several of the steamboats. 

Perry Monunnent. — In November, 1835, a public meeting 
convened at the court-house, to take into consideration the 
propriety of erecting a monument to the memory of Com- 
modore Perry, Rufus S. Reed was chosen President ; 
George Moore and Giles Sanford, Vice-Presidents ; and 
William Kelley, Secretary, The meeting adopted several 
appropriate resolutions, and appointed eleven persons to 
collect funds, procure a site, etc., to fill vacancies in their 
own body, and to increase the number if necessary, and to 
attend to all business relating to the accomplishment of the 
object. 

The names of the executive committee were Colonel Thos, 
Forster, George Moore, R. S. Reed, P. S. V. Hamot, Giles 
Sanford, Thos. H. Sill, Wm. Kelley, Daniel Dobbins, Robert 
Brown, John H. Walker, and Samuel Hays. 

Buffalo made a move about the same time for the erection 



316 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

of a Perry monument in that city, but the depression in the 
money market, probably with both, prevented further action. 

At an informoJ meeting of citizens, in front of the Reed 
House, (probably an imaginary one, as the chairman was the 
"oldest citizen," and the secretary the man with the "Shaker 
hat,") held June 2d, 1846, in congratulation of the public 
benefit received by the "recent adornment of the Diamond, 
the chairman christened the Park 'Perry Square,' and ex- 
pressed the hope that he might see a cenotaph reared on 
this spot worthy of the fame of Perry. Let us formally 
consecrate this ground to the memory of the gallant dead ; 
let it bear the name of Perry, and, by-and-by, a patriotic 
people shall rear in the midst of the rich foliage that sur- 
rounds us, an obelisk to perpetuate his fame, and on which 
shall be inscribed the enduring record of his achievements. 
The remarks of the venerable chairman were greeted with 
enthusiastic applause, amid frequent cries of 'We'll build 
the monument ourselves.' " 

Order having been restored, the following resolutions were 
introduced and unanimously adopted : — 

"Resolved, That the public ground in Erie, heretofore 
known as the Diamond, be and the same is hereby named 
Perry Square, by which appellation it shall be known and 
designated for all time to come. 

"Resolved, That a monument to commemorate the brilliant 
naval victory achieved September 10th, 1813, by Commodore 
Perry and his associates, on Lake Erie, be erected in this 
square; and for that purpose P. S. Y. Hamot, Esq., Com- 
modore S. Champlin, U. S. N., and Captain William W. 
Dobbins are appointed a committee, and are charged with 
the execution of the work, with power to appoint sub-com- 
mittees everywhere to collect funds for this patriotic project." 

In 1851 a petition was circulated asking Congress to ap- 
propriate $20,000 for a monument to Commodore Perry, to 
be placed in Erie Cemetery. Provided this was successful, 
a further appropriation was to be solicited from the State. 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 311 

We trust the cause is not abandoned in the minds of our 
people, and that the example of a neighboring city may be 
an additional incentive. 

Speculation. — In the general stagnation of business, and 
the speculating mania which prevailed throughout our country 
about 1836, the inhabitants of Erie unfortunately participa- 
ted. The immediate completion of the canal; the improve- 
ment of the harbor, which would make it second to none; a 
great diagonal railroad from the West Branch Canal to 
Erie, the route being perfectly practicable, and one hundred 
miles nearer the seaboard than any other, and without an 
inclined plane, being the Northumberland or Sunbury and 
Erie Road; all contributed to the brilliant prospects of 
Erie, and increased the nominal value of real estate mar- 
velously. 

In February, 1836, the sales exceeded $1,000,000, the 
purchasers being mostly Eastern capitalists and speculators. 

Extracts from Erie newspapers, in 1830 and 1836, exhibit 
the position of matters in a business point of view, 

"January 12th, 1830. — The spirit of speculation which has 
wrought such wonders upon the line of the Erie Canal has 
never visited this borough. No extensive business is done 
on fictitious capital. The soil is owned by its occupants, 
and no part of it is covered by foreign mortgages. No 
branch of business is overdone, if we except, perhaps, one 
or two of the professions. The growth of Erie has at no 
time exceeded that of the surrounding country. Its increase 
has been commensurate only with the increase of business. 
It has, consequently, never felt those reverses which always 
attend villages of mushroom growth. Many men with small 
capital have become independent, and some opulent. Erie 
possesses advantages which must forever secure to it im- 
portant and lucrative business. Its harbor is decidedly the 
safest and best on the lake. Our water privileges are equal 
to our pi'esent wants, and an increase may be expected from 
the construction of the Pennsylvania Canal, 



318 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

" That Erie will be a successful rival of lier sister villages 
on the borders of the lake, we have not a shadow of doubt; 
but let not her growth be forced ; every doubtful or chimer- 
ical speculation should be discountenanced, and, above all, 
let not our village lots fall into the hands of those who cal- 
culate great speculations on their rise. This is the bane 
which is most to be dreaded in all our growing villages. 
We must construct a wharf out to Mr. C. M. Reed's pier, 
where there is deep water. 

" February 2Yth, 1836.— Erie Bank. We are informed that 
the entire stock of $200,000 has been subscribed, and, we 
believe, paid in. [News at the same time of probable 
passage of appropriation in Congress for improvement of 
harbor.] 

"February 2'7th, 1836. — The receipt of positive news of 
the final passage of the canal and (U. S.) bank bill at this 
place, on Monday evening, gave a new impetus to the rise 
of real estate. It advanced immediately about one hundred 
per cent., and has since continued rising at the rate of from 
ten to twenty per cent, a day. Sales have been made this 
week amounting to near half a million of dollars. The sales, 
too, are none of your sham sales got up for effect — they are 
bona fide, and liberal, almost invariably made by the pur- 
chasers, who are mostly men of heavy capital from the East 
— Bufi"alo, Rochester, and JSTew York — and persons able to 
sustain prices, so far as they buy for speculation, and to im- 
prove what they buy for use. There is no danger of retro- 
grade. The tide of prosperity has set in favor of Erie, and 
it must go ahead. The Fates cannot make it otherwise. 
Real estate will continue to rise, and we would sincerely 
recommend any friend of ours who wishes to purchase, to 
do so as soon as possible. 

"March 1st. — Real Estate. Sales increase in briskness, 
and prices still rising. The amount of sales on Saturday 
and yesterday (Monday) amounted to over $300,000. Good 
bargains are yet offered to any who have cash to invest 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 319 

for first payments, and at prices which cannot fail of advanc- 
ing in as great a ratio as they have done for several weeks 
back. 

" It is estimated that the sales in our borough, last week, 
amounted to a million and a half of dollars. They are still 
going on and daily advancing in prices. 

"A company has bought land at the mouth of Twenty-mile 
Creek, to construct a harbor there. 

"A lot of ground sold in Erie, in February, for $10,000 — 
was sold in March, in Buffalo, to a company, for $50,000. 

"April 2d, 1836. — For the sake of our numerous corre- 
spondents, who look with distrust on all excitement in the 
grave business of laying out bona fide capital, we will briefly 
and generally reply that there is no sham nor get-up to the 
land transactions hereaway; and that neither collapse nor 
the ordinary fever and ague need be apprehended for this 
place; it has grown steadily and slowly into public favor, 
and its present towering prospects have a foundation in the 
nature of things not only permanent and enduring, but 
natural and everlasting. Look at the position of Erie on 
the map ; read the reports of the United States Engineers 
as to the harbor; above all, at this crisis, observe the en- 
lightened legislation of the Commonwealth in anticipating 
the demand for commercial facilities at this favored spot. 

"June 11th. — Twelve water lots of thirty-two feet front 
sold, notwithstanding the severe pressure in the money 
market, at an aggregate price of over $40,000." 

In consequence of the failure of the United States Bank, 
and delay in prosecuting projected improvements, prices 
gradually declined, and the depression was so great in a few 
years that property could scarcely be disposed of at the 
lowest rates. These fluctuations have been succeeded by 
times of more reliable and permanent valuation. 

Fiy^es. — January 22d, 1839, Erie suffered from a destruct- 
ive fire, in which the "Mansion House" and several frame 
buildings were consumed. Also the barn of Messrs. Hart 



320 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

and Bird, stage proprietors, containing eleven horses and 
seven coaches. Loss estimated at $50,000. 

April 1st, 1851, the Eagle Hotel, and several other build- 
ings and stores, were consumed by fire. 

In 1851 a whole block was consumed on the west side of 
State Street and the public square. The buildings were prin- 
cipally wood, and much of the loss was covered by insurance. 
The printing-offices of the Dispatch and True American, 
and about twelve shops and stores, were destroyed. 

8ad Accidents. — The summer of 1841 was overshadowed 
by gloom in consequence of two very melancholy accidents. 
The first was the loss by drowning, under aggravated cir- 
cumstances, of two children of Mr. Josiah King, of Pitts- 
burg, with their nurse. Mr. K. and his family, which con- 
sisted of his wife, three children, and mother-in-law, were 
anticipating a visit to Mr. K.'s pai'ents in Erie. On Satur- 
day night they arrived at the public works in the steamboat 
New England, Captain Oliver, from Cleveland. The cap- 
tain insisted that he could not enter the harbor in safety. 
Mr. .K. requested then to be taken on to Buffalo; but being 
assured that the yawl was as safe as the steamboat, Mr. K., 
after consulting his family, acceded to the captain's wishes. 
Three other passengers and three deck hands, with Mr. K. 
and family, were then committed to the small boat, which, 
through unaccountable negligence, had the plug removed. 
With the utmost exertions the boat succeeded in reaching 
the pier, but not without imminent peril to the whole, and 
the loss of two lovely children and their nurse. The dead 
bodies were not recovered until the third or fourth day. 

The 9th of August, 1841, is noted for a most appalling 
calamity on Lake Erie, scarcely equaled in the number of 
sufferers by any similar event. This was the burning of the 
steamboat Erie, Captain Titus, being thirty-three miles from 
Buffalo, on her way up the lake. It was estimated that 
two hundred and forty-nine persons were, by this accident, 
launched into eternity in a few brief moments ; twenty-six 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 321 

of these were from Erie County, among whom were Lloyd 
Grilson, clerk, Leander Jolls, steward, six members of the 
brass band, wheelsman, deck hands, etc. 

The conduct of the wheelsman, Augustus Fuller, of Har- 
bor Creek, is far famed for its heroism. He was at the 
wheel when the alarm of fire was given ; immediately headed 
the boat for the shore, and continued at his post until the 
wheelhouse, wheel, and his own person were completely 
enveloped in flames. In the vicinity of the wreck, in the 
course of a week, between one hundred and twenty and one 
hundred and thirty of the dead bodies arose to the surface ; 
and mourning, burials, and funeral sermons sadly prevailed 
throughout the land. 

The Erie had a cargo worth $20,000; the immigrants had 
with them $180,000; the boat was valued at $75,000 ; mak- 
ing a loss of little less than $300,000. The Erie was built 
by a number of citizens of Erie, and launched in October, 
1837. At the time she was lost General C. M. Reed was 
the largest shareholder. Her tonnage was between six and 
seven hundred. 

The coroner's jury certified that the destruction was acci- 
dental — that the fire was occasioned by the bursting of one 
or more demijohns of spirits of turpentine standing on the 
boiler deck — the boat having been newly painted, and the 
wind being high, the flames were driven through the entire 
boat with astonishing velocity. 

Ex-President Adams. — In 1843 the town was honored 
by a call from Ex-President J. Q. Adams. The steamboat 
General Wayne, on which he was a passenger, remained 
from seven to nine p.m. at the dock. The Wayne Greys 
and the three fire companies escorted him to the Reed 
House. Hon. T. H. Sill made him welcome in a short 
speech. The citizens in large numbers took him by the 
hand, and he was introduced severally to a number of the 
ladies, whom he addressed in a brief and appropriate manner. 

28 



322 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

As Mr. Adams held no office, it was an expression of genuine, 
disinterested respect to a great and good man. 

During the Patriot War (as the rebellion in Canada has 
been called) the arm-house in Erie was entered, and a quan- 
tity of muskets taken therefrom. They were discovered in 
BufTalo, and identified by Captain Homans, TJ. S. N., then 
residing in Erie, by a peculiar kind of side-arm used by the 
company. The steamer Governor Marcy was chartered by 
the United States Government, and Lieutenant Homans 
placed in command. 

The Old Court-house Bell, which could be heard at a 
greater distance than some of the larger bells that our city 
is favored with at present, belonged to the ship Detroit when 
taken, September 10th, 1813. Commodore Sinclair had it 
afterward on the Niagara for a ship bell. In 1821 this brig 
was dismantled, and the bell, with other goods, placed in 
the navy storehouse at Erie. In 1825, when the station was 
broken up and the property disposed of by auction, the bell 
was bought by the county commissioners, and placed upon 
the court-house. After the new court-house bell arrived in 
1854, by a singular coincidence this old bell slipped from its 
hangings, and some mischievous persons purloined it. It 
was recovered after a few months, and bought for $105 by 
the city authorities. 

Among the Pioneers of Brie County we find the name of 
Jas. Tallmadge, who came in 1195, and died, in McKean 
Township, in 1855, aged eighty-two years. 

Mr. Jas. Blair, of Girard, also came to the county in 
1195, and died in 1855, at the age of eighty-one. He was 
an elder in the Presbyterian church, and a man of rare 
worth, respected and beloved. 

Captain Jas. Pollock died at Waterford, in May, 1857, 
having lived in Erie County sixty years. He was one of 
the members of the Convention to amend the Constitution 
of Pennsylvania in 1836. 

Mr. Giles Badger died at Lexington, a few miles south of 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. S23 

Girard, in 185T, aged eighty-nine years, having lived in 
Erie County sixty years. Upon the surrender of Hull he 
entered the army, and served under General Harrison. "He 
enjoyed the confidence and respect of his fellows, both as a 
member of the Methodist Episcopal church and a citizen ; 
and in peace and Christian hope passed away." 

Mr. Stephen Oliver, a revolutionary soldier, died in 
McKean, in February, 1857, aged ninety-seven years. He 
was one of the survivors of the massacre of Wyoming, his 
name being inscribed upon the monument. He voted for 
General Washington and Colonel Fremont, and at every 
intervening Presidential election. He lived and died a 
Christian. 

Mr. Thomas Dunn died in McKean, in 1854, aged eighty- 
two years. He came to Erie in 1797, and settled upon the 
farm where he died. 

Mr. Burrell Tracy died in 1853, having removed to Erie 
County in 1797. 

Perry's Squadron was but seventy days in building. The 
timber was mostly taken from the third section. Captain 
Daniel Dobbins claims to have cut the first stick of timber 
with his own hands. 

At a dinner given to Commodore Perry, before leaving 
Erie on his momentous, mission, he expressed his determina- 
tion to return a conqueror or in his shroud. 

Commodore Pei'ry had a propensity for fine horses. The 
one he rode in Erie was a superior but not showy animal, 
which he had purchased at Cattaragus. Mr. Judah Colt 
bought him when Commodore Perry left, and he always 
went by the name of the " Commodore." He died in 1829 
and was buried with due respect, with his shoes on, near the 
garrison ground. 

Peter H., a young gentleman of Meadville, came to Erie 
to volunteer with Commodore Perry, but when the decisive 
moment arrived and the squadron was to sail, altered his 
purpose and returned home. Wade, a law-student of the 



324 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

same place, made this conduct the occasiou for a practical 
joke, and in a week's time Peter H. received a communica- 
tion through the post-office, which he opened with due for- 
mality. Inclosed was a letter, a bank bill, and a tract or 
little book about three inches by four, such as the pious mis- 
sionary, Mr. Osgood, distributed among the people. The 
letter purported to be from Commodore Perry, stating that 
they had met the enemy and conquered — had killed Tecum- 
seh and taken his private library, and the little book was his 
apportionment, and the note (a counterfeit of the broken 
Gloucester bank) his share of the prize money. 
Extract from a letter dated — 

"Marion, 0., November 13, 1860. 

* * "The last few years of his life (Lieutenant Yar- 
nall's, of Commodore Perry's flag-ship Lawrence,) were spent 
in Norton, a small town of Delaware County, where he 
earned a small pittance by prescribing a few botanical medi- 
cines to the people of that vicinity, and telling fortunes or 
predicting the future of those who would reward him for 
the same, and pretending to be gifted with second sight, by 
which he could tell the person calling upon him where to 
find property that had strayed away or been stolen from 
them. By these means he procured a livelihood for a num- 
ber of years, and won for himself the name of old Pluto. 

"He died about twenty years ago, and was buried with 
the honors of war. Many of the old veterans of the war 
gathered around the grave of the poor old man, when he 
was lowered to his last home, where 'he sleeps his last sleep,' 
and where 'no sound can awake him to glory again.' They 
shed tears over his grave as they remembered the time when 
they fought with him on the battle-fields of their country. 

"ISTo monument, not even a slab, marks the last resting- 
place of the old veteran. But his name is remembered by a 
people that know how to appreciate the liberty for which he 
fought. J. N. S." 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 325 

The survivors of the battle of Lake Erie as far as known : 

Stephen Champlin, sailing-master and commander of the 
Scorpion ; now a post-captain, and residing in Buffalo. 

J. B. Montgomery, midshipman in the Niagara ; now a 
post-captain, and in command of the Pacific squadron. 

Hugh N. Page, midshipman in the Tigress; now a post- 
captain, and resides in Virginia. 

Thomas Brownell, sailing-master on board the Ariel, re- 
sides in Newport, and is lieutenant. 

Usher Parsons, acting surgeon of the flag ship, and of 
the squadron, resides in Providence, and is the last surviving 
commissioned officer of the squadron. 

Hosea Sargeant, a volunteer from General Harrison's 
army, was a gunner on the Lawrence ; lives in Boston. 

W. T. Taliaferro, a volunteer from Harrison's army, now 
resides, as a physician, in Cincinnati. 

Benjamin Talmon, gunner on the Caledonia. 

John Tucker, powder-boy of the Caledonia. 

Benjamin Fleming, a sailor on the Niagara, lives in Erie. 

Jonas Stone, carpenter on the Lawrence, resides near 
Milwaukie. 

Alexander McClaskey, a volunteer from Erie, resides in 
Illinois. 

Daniel Metzenburgh resides in Erie ; volunteered on board 
the Niagara ; is now about seventy years of age, and has 
his medal. 

J. Murray, a marine, resides in Girard. 

The following, who were mostly volunteers from Harrison's 
army, are believed to be still living, to wit : — 

Thomas H. Bradford, Nathan Holburt, John Norris, 
William Blair, James Artus, Rowland S. Parker, and 
James Lanman. 

Extract from the account of "The Inauguration of the 
Perry Statue, at Cleveland:" — 

"The cost of the Perry Monument was $8000, as agreed 
in the contract made with T. Jones & Sons. Nearly 



326 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

of this sum was obtained by voluntary subscriptions, and 
the City Council, on the receipt of a communication from 
the Chairman of the Perry Monument Committee, stating 
the balance due to the contractors, September 25, 1860, 
passed the resolution offered by Mr. Ballard : — 

"Resolved, That the sum of Three Thousand and Eight 
Dollars be appropriated from the city treasury to T. Jones 
& Sons, in full of the balance due them on their contract 
for the erection of the Perry Monument, the same to be 
paid one-third in six months and one-third in twelve months. 
Adopted. Ayes, 18; nays, 1." 

"October 30, 1860, the following action was had in the 
City Council, on the receipt of a communication from Har- 
vey Rice, Chairman of the Perry Monument Committee, 
stating that he has received from 0. H. Perry, only surviv- 
ing son of Commodore Perry, a portrait in oil of the Com- 
modore, copied by Mr. Lawson, of Lowell, from the original 
painting by Stuart. In compliance with the request of 
Mr. Perry, he presented the portrait to the City of Cleve- 
land. In the note by Mr. Perry accompanying the portrait, 
he expresses his belief that ' so patriotic a people as the citi- 
zens of Cleveland will value the portrait of one they have 
been pleased to honor.' 

"Received and filed. 

"Resolutions of Mr. Clark: — 

" That the portrait of Commodore Perry, presented this 
evening to the City of Cleveland, in the name, and at the 
request of 0. H. Perry, Esq., his only surviving son, be ac- 
cepted ; and that the City Clerk be directed to cause the same 
to be handsomely framed and suspended in Council Hall. 

"That the thanks of the City Council be, and the same 
are hereby tendered to 0. H. Perry, Esq., for so valuable 
and acceptable a gift, and that the Mayor of the City be 
requested to communicate to him a certified copy of the 
foregoing resolutions. 

"Adopted." 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 321 

Inventions. — October 4th, 1853, Ozias J. Davie and Thos. 
W. Stephens, of the City of Erie, obtained a patent for a 
punching and shearing machine. Improvements were after- 
ward made by them, and the machine exhibited at the Crys- 
tal Palace, where its operations attracted much attention. 
Munn & Co. make mention of it as one of the best inven- 
tions of the kind with which they are acquainted. Liddell, 
Kepler & Co., of Erie, are proprietors. 

A car-spring was afterward patented by Walter E. J. 
Liddel, which is considered a very great improvement. 

Captain Douglass Ottinger invented a life-boat whieh was 
exhibited at the Crystal Palace in 1853, and which is now 
in general use. From humane motives he refused to have it 
patented, but received, in 1858, a remuneration from Con- 
gress of $10,000. 

J. W. Wetmore, Esq., invented a band railroad chair; 
first patent, April 19, 1859; second patent, December 27, 
1859. Sub- wedge railroad chair, which was first patented 
August 23, 1859, and a second, May 15, 1860. 

A legislative voting register, the object of which is to 
prevent the delay in taking the ayes and noes, was patented 
by him April 3d, 1860. The gravimotometer was patented 
February 16, 1858, the object of the apparatus being to 
test or measure the eifect of motion on attraction or gravi- 
tation. It is constructed by having horseshoe magnets 
attached vertically flatwise unto a wooden globe. 

Also letters-patent were granted June 16, 1861, for im- 
proved means of propelling vessels in shoal water. The 
model was submitted by Mr. Wetmore to a committee in 
1858, which concluded their article as follows : — 

"On the whole, this method of propulsion seems to us to 
be practicable. In our opinion it is a valuable invention for 
the use proposed. The advantages consist principally of a 
great saving of power in the propulsion of boats and the 
extension of the use of steamboats to rivers where naviga- 
tion by paddle-wheel boats is now hardly practicable. The 



328 HISTORF OF ERIE COUNTY. 

large appropriations expended or proposed for the improve- 
ment of the navigation of the various rivers of the country, 
and the difficulty and expense of such improvements, show 
the utility and necessity of successful efforts to overcome the 
impediment in these channels of commerce. This plan 
seems to us to meet the necessity, and to be the best im- 
provement yet devised for shoal water navigation. 
"Douglass Ottinger, Chas, M. Reed, 

"m. courtriqht, joshua follensbeb, 

"John A. Tracy, Wm. A. Gtalbraith, 

"P. Metcalf, a. H. Caughey, 

"A. Scott." 
In the Buffalo Daihj Republic of March 20th, 1861, we 
find an article on the " Suspended Purchase," an invention 
of Mr. Wm. H. Brown, of Erie. The editor remarks: 
" To us it seemed to be rather moi'e than a purchase, it was 
really a combination of purchases. Every part sustains 
such a delicate and positive relation to every other part, 
that it seems as if human ingenuity could go no further in 
the development of the idea which has lived in the brain of 
the inventor for over eight years. To perfect machinery by 
which massive bodies, or large quantities, should be lifted 
and transported to any given distance, or deposited at points 
difficult to reach, has been the great object of the inventor. 
That he has accomplished his undertaking, no one who has 
seen the performance of his model will undertake to ques- 
tion. * * * Yov quarrying purposes, bridge building, 
and unloading of vessels, the ' Suspended Purchase ' is in- 
valuable; in fact, it would require too much space to specify 
the purposes for which it may be successfully and economi- 
cally used. In the work of construction, especially, it will 
be found by engineers to meet a necessity which nothing but 
rude muscle and great mental labor have heretofore met. 
In the unloading of vessels Mr. Brown guarantees to dis- 
charge 150 tons of iron ore or coal per hour, with the num- 
ber of hands necessary to keep up with the operations of 
his machinery." 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 329 

Also, in the New York Times, July 29ih, 1861, under 
the head "Improvised Army Bridges," after a statement by 
the editor of the difBculties of making passable, at short 
notice, the ordinary bridges of which the rebels have de- 
stroyed the superstructure, of rapidly transporting guns, 
stores, and horses over chasms which . cannot speedily be 
bridged, the time required to construct rafts, etc., he adds: 
"A recent apparatus, (Brown's Suspended Purchase,) which 
has been employed to some extent in carrying and deposit- 
ing the material of bridges, and in raising ore and coal from 
vessels and dumping it some hundreds of feet oflf — an appa- 
ratus indorsed by competent engineering authorities, seems 
to possess the features required in military purposes. * * * 
There is evidently the principle in this simple device for 
greatly aiding military operations by speedily repairing 
damaged bridges, improvising bridges, etc., and it is obvi- 
ous that something of this sort will be specially useful in 
this campaign." 

"The Society of the United Brethren for Propagating 
the Gospel among the Heathen," was incorporated by the 
Act of Assembly, 2Yth February, 1788. It is formed of 
members of the Episcopal church of the United Brethren 
or Unitas Fratrum — more generally known as the Moravian 
church, 

April 17th, 1791, an act was passed to grant this society 
5000 acres of land and allowance; 2500 acres to be located 
"on the River Conneought near the northwestern corner of 
the State," and 2500 acres "on the heads of French Creek." 

The inducement thereto is stated in the act to be the fact 
that the United Brethren had sent and supported mission- 
aries and teachers among the Indians since 1740, and in fur- 
therance of which the aforesaid society was incorporated in 
1788. The society asked for public aid because the missions 
had become both numerous and expensive, and hitherto had 
been maintained solely by the charitable contributions of the 
members of the Moravian church. The request was granted 

29 



330 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 

on the ground that the Commonwealth was "disposed to 
encourage all pious and charitable institutions, and the prop- 
agation of the Grospel, and the erecting and supporting 
schools among the Indian nations of America being of the 
first importance to this and other of the United States, and 
by the blessing of God conducive to the peace and security 
of the inhabitants and settlers of our frontiers by turning 
the minds of the savages to the Christian religion, industry, 
and social life with the citizens of the United States." 

The patents are dated April 14th, 1195. 

The French Creek tract, called " Good Luck," contained 
2875 acres and allowance. Thirty-four pounds, eleven shill- 
ings and nine pence was paid for the excess above the 2500 
acres. 

The Conneaut tract, called "Hospitality," contained 
219*7jo'i) acres and allowance, the payment being nineteen 
pounds, twenty-three shillings and ten pence for the excess. 

Both tracts were subdivided and leased on "Improvement 
Leases," by the late William Miles, Esq., who for many 
years was the society's efficient agent in the improvement 
of these lands. Mr. Miles's health failing, his son. Judge 
James Miles, succeeded him in the agency of the "Hospi- 
tality" tract, and John Wood, Esq., in the "Good Luck" 
tract. 

The lands were finally sold, in 1849, to I^. Blickensdefer, 
Esq. 

To the efficient care and superintendence of these gentle- 
men, particularly the Messrs. Miles, who were pioneers in 
the improvements, the society and the county are indebted 
for reclaiming from a wilderness a large portion of the best 
lands in Erie County — some 100 acres of "Good Luck" and 
1200 of "Hospitality" having been brought into a good 
state of cultivation up to the year 1850. 

The terms of the leases were, in general, the use of the 
land by the tenant for a series of years, usually seven, in 
consideration of clearing and fencing a small portion annu- 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 331 

ally. Subsequently leases included agreements to build 
houses and barns. 

The society were induced to sell principally from the con- 
sideration that the annual interest of the proceeds of sale 
would be a more effectual and available aid to their work 
than any system of farming by tenants. After its purchase 
by Mr. Blickensdefer it was again subdivided and resold to 
actual settlers, a few of the best tenants becoming purchasers. 
Both tracts are now well improved in suitable-sized farms, 
and will compare favorably with any lands in Erie County. 

In Chapter IX. mention of an act to open a road from 
near the Bald Eagle's Nest, in Mifflin County, to Le Boeuf, 
in the County of Allegheny, was omitted. This act passed 
10th of April, 1199, and appropriated $5000 for the pur- 
pose. 

The following on the subject of railroads, from Poor's 
History, should be added : "In addition to the subscriptions 
made to the Philadelphia and Erie Road was $500,000 to 
the share capital by the Cleveland and Erie Railroad, at 
the time the Legislature of Pennsylvania confirmed the 
rights of this and the Erie and Northeast to the chartered 
privileges claimed by them. 

"T/ie Erie and Pittsburg Railroad was chartered as the 
successor of the Pittsburg and Erie Railroad, on the 15th 
of April, 1858. In addition to the $400,000 subscribed to 
this by the Erie and Northeast Road as one of the condi- 
tions by which it enjoys quiet right of way through the 
State, it has a floating debt of $250,000, (advances by the 
Buffalo and State Line Company,) and $30,000 from indi- 
vidual stockholders. 

"In 1851 an act was obtained from the Legislature of 
New York, authorizing the Buffalo and State Line Road to 
lease or purchase, by exchange of stock or lands, the Erie 
and Northeast Railroad. Under this act nearly all the share 
capital of the Erie and Northeast has been exchanged for 
that of the Buffalo and State Line Road. Bonds have also 



332 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

been exchanged to the amount of $149,000. The funded 
debt of the Erie and Northeast Road is $100,000, in details 
as follows: First mortgage, seven per cent, coupon bonds 
$400,000, dated 1st June, 1857, and payable, principal 1st 
June, 1810, and interest semi-annually, 1st June and 1st 
December, at New York. Of these bonds $149,000 have 
been exchanged for bonds of the Buffalo and State Line 
Railroad as a part of its own line ; its earnings and expenses 
are embraced in those for that road. The same dividends 
have been paid by the two companies." 

At Junction, in Concord Township, where the Atlantic 
and Great Western Railroad intersects the Philadelphia and 
Erie, quite a cluster of buildings has ai'isen in the woods 
within the last three months. The Atlantic and Great 
Western connects with the New York and Erie at Little 
Yalley, in Cattaragus County, having the same gauge. A 
large quantity of petroleum passed over this road on the 
ninth of September, 1861; twenty-three car-loads were 
shipped at Junction for New York City. 

March 1st, 1181, the State of New York made a deed of 
cession to the United States of lands lying between the 
northern boundary of Pennsylvania and Lake Erie, or rather 
judged it expedient to limit and restrict the boundaries of 
this State. April 19th, 1185, the Commonwealth of Mas- 
sachusetts made a similar deed of cession. 

At the Assembly of Internal Commerce, in Philadelphia, 
September 15th, 1183, a resolution was carried to "examine 
the navigation of the Susquehanna to the source of the same, 
and ascertain, as near as conveniently may be, where the 
northern boundary of this State will fall, particularly whether 
any part of Lake Erie is within the State of Pennsylvania, 
taking particular notes of the nature and geography of the 
country as to the practicability of roads, water carriage, air, 
soil, natural productions, etc." 

September twentieth, William Maclay, James Wilkinson, 
and William Montgomery, Esqs., were duly elected to per- 



HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 333 

form the duties prescribed in the resolution. These com- 
missioners arrived at Erie, October 8th, 1781, and determined 
by scientific observations that there was no lake harbor inside 
the State, and also that the land was of a fair quality. On 
motion of General Irvine, in Congress, February 25th, 1T88, 
the Geographer of the United States was directed to pro- 
ceed to run a line and ascertain the western limits of the 
States of New York and Massachusetts, conformable to 
their acts of cession. 

June 16th, 1788, Tho. Hutchins, Geographer of the 
United States of America, addressed Lord Dorchester, 
Governor- General of Canada, for permission to survey the 
most westerly bent or inclination of Lake Ontario, and to 
extend a meridian line from thence south to Lake Erie, etc. 

September 4th, 1788, by act of Congress the United 
States relinquished and transferred to the State of Pennsyl- 
vania "the land contained in the interval betwixt a meridian 
line run between Lake Erie and the State of Pennsylvania, 
and the boundaries of the States of New York and Massa- 
chusetts, at the rate of three-quarters of a dollar per acre," 
bearing interest, when the quantity should be ascertained by 
actual survey. An estimate of other expenditures that 
might be incurred in the purchase from the Six Nations, 
amounting to £950, is in details as follows : Yarious suita- 
ble articles, £375; provisions, £100; wagonage, boat hire, 
etc., £150; pay of commissioners, hire of interpreters, run- 
ners, etc., £250; presents to great men, £75. 

September 8th, 1788, P. Muhlenberg, Yice-President of 
the Board of Treasury, transmitted to Hon. Thos. Mifflin, 
Speaker of the General Assembly, an act of Congress passed 
the 4th of the same month, by which the United States relin- 
quished and transferred to the State of Pennsylvania all their 
right and title to the tract of land on Lake Erie. September 
18th, 1788, the State of Pennsylvania in General Assembly 
heard the report of the committee and resolved to accept, on 
the part of the Commonwealth, the contract made with the 



334 HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 

Board of Treasury of the United States, and recommended- 
to the succeeding House of Assembly fully to pay and dis- 
charge the consideration moneys due, at three-fourths of a 
dollar per acre, as soon as it should be surveyed. Some 
estimated the number of acres (which proved to be 202,187) 
at 800,000, and others at 1,000,000. Provision was made 
immediately for the payment of £950 for contingent ex- 
penses. 

October 1st, 1788, General Richard Butler and General 
John Gibson were appointed by the Council of Philadelphia 
commissioners to negotiate and complete the purchase of 
the Lake Erie tract, and William Maclay and John Smilie 
to prepare and report to the board a draft of instructions to 
said commissioners. These instructions were in effect to 
make the purchase when they should find the Indians in a 
proper temper — at that time they were attending a conven- 
tion at Muskingum. 

The 9th of January, 1789, in open and public council, 
twenty-four chiefs and warriors representing the Senecas, 
Cayugas, Tuscaroras, Onondagas, and Oneidas, of the tribes 
of the Six Nations, for themselves, tribes, heirs, and succes-? 
sors, and Richard Butler and John Gibson, Esquires, com- 
missioners for and in behalf of the State of Pennsylvania 
(Onas) on the other part, made and concluded seven articles 
by which the Indians renounced their claims, and the title 
of the Presqu'ile lands vested in the State of Pennsylvania. 

March 24th, 1789, it was resolved by the General Assem- 
bly of Pennsylvania, that not exceeding 3000 acres be sur- 
veyed for the use of the Commonwealth at each of the fol- 
lowing points : Presqu'ile, Le Boeuf, at the mouth of Cone- 
wango, and at the fort of Venango. And also in the 
country of Lake Erie, 1500 acres for Captain O'Biel or 
Cornplanter, whose Indian name was Gyantwachia. 

Bankers and Exchange Brokers in the City and County 
of Erie, with amount of capital invested by each firm and 
individual respectively, as reported to the Auditor-General 



HISTORY OP ERIE COUNTY. 335 

of Pennsylvania, agreeably to Act of Assembly passed A.D. 
1861:— 

Capital, 

M. Sanford & Co., bankers, Erie City $50,000 

W. C. Curry, broker and private banker, Erie City.. 100,000 

Yincent, Bailey & Co., Erie City 25,000 

Neiler & Warren, " " 5,000 

Clark & Metcalf, " " 12,000 

Benson & West, Waterford 500 



INDEX. 



Abolishing capital punishments 
discussed, 151. 

Academies — Erie, 163,219; Wat- 
erford, 162; Springfield, 165; 
West Springfield, 165 ; Girard, 
165. 

Adams, John ; alludes to the re- 
tention of the American forts, 
54. 

Adams, J. Q., 321. 

Adelphic Literary Society, 154. 

Addison, Judge, 100. 

Allegheny River ; rise of from 
Pittsburg to Franldin, 286. 

Albion, 204 ; Albion Lodge, 147. 

Algonquin, 10, 11. 

Agricultural and mechanical so- 
cieties, 145 ; the State Agricul- 
tural Society from Hon. Jas. 
Miles, 146. 

Amity Township ; its churches, 
etc., 187. 

Andastes or Conastagues, 10. 

Anecdote of an early settler, 304; 
one of the war of 1812, 323. 

Anti-abolition meeting, 150. 

Appropriation to open and im- 
prove navigable waters and for 
roads, etc., 62; for a road from 
Bald Eagle's Nest, 331 ; to the 
Erie extension of the Pennsyl- 
vania Canal, 118; for the Sun- 
bury and Erie Ptailroad, 121 ; 
for a geological survey, 284. 

Arion Musical Society, 155. 

Arrangements to settle the Tri- 
angle, 62, 333. 

Assembly of internal commerce, 
332. 

Associate Judges, a list of, 100. 

30 



Austin, J. A., 163, 165. 
Avicula speciosa, found near 
Northeast, 290. 

Babber's expedition, 29. 

Bancroft's opinion as to the lo- 
cality of the Griffin's ship-yard, 
20; his account of the destruc- 
tion of Presqu'ile, 48 ; his his- 
torical address at Cleveland, 
143. 

Banks, Hon. John, 101. 

Bankers and Exchange Brokers 
from the Auditor-General's ac- 
count, 334; the number in Erie, 
108. 

Badger, Giles, 322. 

Bank of the United States, 139; 
Erie City Bank, 140; Bank of 
Commerce, 140; 

Babbitt, Elijah, 101, 102, 148, 155. 

Baptist church of Erie organized, 
184. 

Ball, G. J., 103, 140, 141. 

Barclay, Com., 256, 271, 264, 
131. 

Beaverdam; its churches, etc., 
207. 

Beebe, Tabor, 109, 184. 

Bernard, Gen., and Major Totten's 
survey of Presqu'ile harbor, 
278. 

Beuhler,George,130,142, 303, 109. 

Beverly, Colonel Wm., 27. 

Blaine, A. W., 103, 140. 

Blockhouses ; three built at Erie 
in 1795, 84; one on the same 
location, and on the point of 
the Peninsula in 1814, 273; one 
at the Cascade, 276. 

(337) 



338 



INDEX. 



Board of Treasury contract for 

the sale of the Triangle, 61, 

333. 
Bounds of the borough enlarged, 

106. 
Bite, Mods., at Ganagarahare, 30. 
Bienville, Celeron de, sent out by 

the GoTernor-General of Can- 
ada, 25. 
Bird, Rankin, and Davis executed 

for desertion, 276. 
Bible Society ; its organization 

and first oiEcers, 149. 
Blair, Jas., 322. 
Blickensdefer, N., 330, 331. 
Bradstreet, Col., makes a treaty 

at Presqu'ile, 53. 
Bradford, Attorney-General, 66. 
Brandt, Joseph, 71, 73, 75. 
Brawley, John, 100, 110, 140, 148, 

149, 150. 
Braddock, Mount, 34. 
Breton, Cape, 25. 
Brewster, A. W., 104, 109, 110, 

125, 128, 148, 163, 165. 
Breaking ground for the Erie 

Canal, 118. 
Brevoort, Captain, 249, 131, 248. 
Brown, Noah, 245, 255. 
Brown, Wm. H., 328. 
Brown, Wm. A., 148, 140. 
British vessels on the lake at an 

early day, 130. 
Buffalo Creek, treaties at, 74, 75. 
Burr, Aaron, 62. 
Butler County, 39. 
Butler, General Richard, 76, 334. 
Bull, Thomas, a spy at Presqu'ile, 

43. 
Burinol, 43. 
Buildings, county, 104, 105. 

Camp Irvin, 128, 151, 163. 

Canal basin, an act to construct, 
106. 

Cadets of Temperance, 152. 

Cadwell, H., 104, 125, 184. 

Carmarthan, Lord; his corre- 
spondence with John Adams, 
54. 

Carrier, Rev. A. H.; an extract 
from his historical sermon, 176. 



Carson league, 152. 

Carrying the mail at an early day, 

116. 
Capital punishment, the only in- 
stance of in Erie County, 104. 
Calcareous marl, 293. 
Cass, General Lewis ; his opinion 

of the locality of the Griffin 

ship-yard, 19, 260. 
Car Spring, 327. 
Cattaragus, Com. Perry at, 241. 
Cataraqui, Fort, 29. 
Cats or Chats, an account of the 

tribe, 9. 
Caughey, M. W., 128, 104. 
Caughey, A. H., 163, 328, 152, 

147. 
Cayuga Creek, the Griffin built at, 

20. 
Casenove, Theophilus, 62, 
Celeron de Bienville places medals 

along the Ohio, 25, 27. 
Cemeteries at Erie, 148 ; Girard, 

149 ; at Northeast, 149. 
Cession of the Triangle, 60. 
Charlevoix, 9. 
Chadakoin Lake, 30. 
Champlin, Captain Stephen, 325. 
Chaumount, 14. 
Chauviquerie's testimony, 41. 
Champlain, Sieur de, 9, 25. 
Chapin, General, 71 ; letter to the 

Secretary of War, 72; addressed 

by O'Beil, 73. 
Chautauqua Lake, a detachment 

of Indians and English embark 

upon, 54. 
" Chronicle," Erie, 157. 
Christie, Ensign, commandant at 

Presqu'ile, 50. 
Cholera, 315. 

Cherry Hill, the village of, 205. 
Churches at an early day, 306. 
City Tract Society formed at Erie, 

151. 
"City Dispatch," Erie, 159. 
City Hall Association, 155. 
Clark, D. S., 140. 
Clearing the public square, 308. 
Coal, 294 ; quantity received at 

Erie, 119. 
Colt, T. G., 101, 118, 110, 307. 



INDEX. 



339 



Colt, Judah, extracts from his 
manuscript, etc., 88, 89, 109, 
203, 1.52, 112, 313, 328 ; a bio- 
graphical sketch of, 210. 

Courtright, M., 128, 125, 328. 

Compromises eifected with the 
actual settlers, 80. 

" Commercial Advertiser," Erie, 
158. 

Conneautte Library Company,153. 

Cornplanter or O'Beil, 60, 65, 67, 
68, 69, 73, 74, 76. 

Constellation Lodge, 147. 

Constitution of Pennsylvania 
formed and adopted, 61. 

CoiEn, Stephen, makes a depo- 
sition, 28. 

Cone-in-Cone, specimens of, 289. 

Conneaut, signification of name, 
197. 

"Conneaut Reporter," an article 
from, 282. 

Concord Township, 202; Concerd 
station, 207; churches, 187. 

" Contractor" built at Black Rock, 
130. 

Congress, list of members of, 101. 

Congressional districts, 101. 

Collectors of the Customs for the 
Port of Presqu'ile, 110. 

Colonization Societies, 150. 

Coroners, list of for county, 104. 

Clinton, General, 27, 26, 29. 

Cleveland, 90, 91. 

Cleveland and Erie Railroad, earn- 
ings of, 127. 

Courts and judicial districts, 100. 

Colson, Rev. Charles, organizes 
churches in Erie County, 183. 

Cranesville, 205, 294. 

Cranberry, an act concerning, 
107. 

Croghan, George, 27. 

Crevecceur Fort built, 21. 

Custos Moram, 154. 

Cutler, G. R., 201, 165. 

Curtis, R. J., his editorial expe- 
rience, 156. 

Curry, Wm. C, 128, 185, 149. 

D'Allton, 14. 
Dallas, A. J., 65. 



Derrickson, Hon. David, 100. 

Denny, Captain Ebenezer, corre- 
spondence of, 64, 65, 68, 69, 74, 
79. 

Dearborn, Fort, (Chicago,) 229. 

Detroit, a colony planted at, 21. 

De La Salle, 19, 25, 36; character 
of, by Parkman, 21, 

Devil's Back-bone, an account of, 
298. 

Distributing office at Erie, 99. 

Disposition made of government 
vessels, 276. 

Dinwiddie, Governor, 35, 40. 

Dobbins, Captain Daniel, a his- 
torical sketch of, 222, 241, 245, 
52, 118, 132, 255, 162, 262, 307; 
letter to Lieutenant. J. D. Elliot, 
242 ; to Paul Hamilton, Secre- 
tary of the Navy, 244. 

Douglass, Major, 117. 

Dorchester, Lord, 66. 

Doolittle, Rev. Giles, 181. 

Du Quesne, Fort, 24, 45. 

Du Quesne, Governor, 29, 40. 

Dunkard's Creek, Mason and 
Dixon's line sui'veyed to, 57. 

Dunlap, J. D., 154, 285, 102, 103, 
110, 145, 150. 

Duel, 274. 

Eaton, Rev. .Johnson, a short bio- 
graphical sketch of, 75, 149, 
177, 178, 183, 313. 

Eckford, Henry, 245, 246, 247. 

Edinboro, a sketch of, 196; Edia- 
boro "Gem," 159; Museum, 
159; Express, 159; Normal 
School, 166. 

Eddy, David, discovers relics of 
the Grifiin, 22. 

Education Society, (county,) 155. 

Ellicot, Andrew, commissioner to 
settle northern boundary of 
Pennsylvania, 59, 88 ; with 
General Irvine authorized to 
lay out Erie, 64, 189 ; to Gov- 
ernor Miijfiin, 69 ; attends a 
treaty at Buffalo Creek, 74. 

Elliot, Com. J. D., commanding 
at Erie, 274, 275; letter to 
Captain Dobbins, 242. 



340 



INDEX. 



Elliot, G. A., 109, 168, 140, 148, 
150, 184, 227. 

Elk Creek, 117, 290, 291. 

England, claim of, 27. 

Erie, Lake, British vessels upon, 
24; thirty Frenchmen made a 
.tour of, 25; height of water at 
different periods, 280; periodi- 
cal rise and fall of, not sus- 
tained, 281 ; singular pheno- 
menon, 281; Erie County, apart 
of Westmoreland, 93; of Al- 
legheny, 94 ; temporarily of 
Crawford, 94 ; Erie County or- 
ganized, 94; its extent, streams, 
lakes, soil, etc., 95; original 
townships, 95 ; population de- 
cennially, 97; census items, 97; 
vote of county, 97 ; taxes, re- 
ceipts, and expenditures, 98. 

Erie, an act to lay out, 77 ; 
borough erected, 104; law al- 
tered, 106; government changed 
to that of a city, 108; list of 
burgesses and mayors. 109. 

Erie and Waterford Turnpike 
Company, first election of offi- 
cers, 112. 

Erie Railroad Company, 120. 

Erie and Northeast Railroad, 124, 
331. 

Erie City Railroad, 128; Erie and 
Pittsburg Railroad, 128; Erie 
and Waterford Plank road, 128 ; 
Erie and Wattsburg Plank 
Road, 128. 

Erie Canal incorporated, 118 ; 
first officers, 118; passage of 
the first boat, 118. 

Erigas, Eries, Erie-honons, an 
account of their location and 
numbers, 10; their wars and 
extermination, 11, 12, 13; tra- 
dition of them recorded by David 
Eddy; Cusic's account, 11; 
symbols of, 16 ; tradition, 300. 

Exodus Lodge, 147. 

"Express," Erie, 159. 

Fairview, its churches, 186; 

Fairview village, 206. 
Falls of Ohio, (Louisville,) 112. 



Fa,rrelly, Patrick, 101. 

Female Tract Society, 150, 

Female Seminary, (Erie,) 164. 

First settlers of Erie County, 90; 
first settled pastor, 174; first 
court, 305; "first church of 
Erie," being the United Pres- 
byterian, 182; First Presby- 
terian Church" of Erie, 183; 
first brick house erected in the 
county, 198. 

Field, John, 62. 

Finnis, Captain, 131. 

Fleming, Wm., 139, 104, 140. 

Fires, 319. 

Fire companies, 141. 

Forster, Colonel Thomas, 143, 315, 
112, 109, 110, 153, 117, 183, 
142. 

Foster, A. E., 169, 164. 

Franklin, Venango County, Indian 
symbols, 17; leaden plate found 
at, 26 ; an act to lay out, 77. 

Franklin, Fort, 68. 

Franklin Canal Company, 125 ; 
charter annulled, 127; disposed 
of, 127. 

Franklin Literary Society, Erie, 
155. 

Franklin paper mill. Northeast, 
198. 

Frazier, John, driven ofi" by the 
French, 36 ; is located at Tur- 
tle Creek, 39. 

French claims, 25, 36. 

French Creek, a description of, 
192; an appropriation at an 
early day for, 192 ; rise from its 
mouth to Meadville, 287. 

"Free Press," Girard, 157. 

" Frei Presse," Eine, 158. 

Frontenac, Fort, 21. 

Frontenac, Count, 11, 19. 

Furs, valuable cargoes of, 132 ; 
their route to Montreal, 132. 

Game, 308. 
Garrison, 307. 

Galissoniere, Marquis of, 26. 
Gas Company, 140. 
"Gazette," Erie, 157. 
Gaines, Colonel, 260. 



INDEX. 



341 



Galbraith, Hon. John, 100, 101, 
126, 128, 148, 151, 155 ; a his- 
torical sketch of, 229. 

Galbraith, Wm. A., 828. 

Geological survey of the State of 
Pennsylvania, 284 ; Geological 
Society, 154. 

German Methodists erect a build- 
ing, 185. 

German Evangelical, 185. 

George, battle of Fort, 249. 

German Beneficial Society, 147. 

Girard Township, its churches, 
186 ; a sketch of the borough 
of. 200. 

Gist, Christopher, is sent out by 
the Ohio company, 34; accom- 
panies Washington, 34, 89. 

Gravimotometer, 827. 

Graham, Colonel, reviewed the 
Mason and Dixon line, 57. 

Griffin, a description of, 23, 20 ; 
probable relics found near Buf- 
falo, 22. 

Green Bay, 21. 

Green Township, its churches, 
187. 

Greenfield Township, its churches, 
187. 

Greeks, contributions to, 153. 

Grubb, John, 348, 84. 

Gunnison. E. D., 139, 164, 103, 
184, 149, 141. 

Haekison, General Wm. H., 
urges the co-operation of Com- 
modore Perry, 257 ; concerts a 
plan with, 260; repairs to Fort 
George after the battle of Lake 
Erie, 271. 

Hambleton, Purser Samuel, 263, 
265. 

Hamilton, Governor, 33. 

Hamot, P. S. v., a biographical 
sketch of, 221, 149, 315, 316, 
120, 183. 

Harvey, H. L., researches of, 50, 
157. 

"Harlequin," built at Erie by E. 
Beebe, 130. 

Harp and Shamrock Society, 152. 

Half King, or Tanacharison, 35. 

30 



Hays, S., 102, 109,140, 162. 

Harmer, Fort, Triangle purchased 
at treaty of, 60, 76. 

Hawley, Rev. Gideon, 169. 

Harbor Creek Township, its 
churches, 187. 

Hai^ts Town, a quicksand at, 298. 

Heron, Jas. E., 142, 112, 103. 

"Herald," a temperance paper, 
158. 

Henry, Mr., an English traveler 
among the Indians, 47. 

Himrod, Aaron, 162. 

Himrod, Wm., 148. 

Hononchiendi, 10. 

Hurons, 14. 

Hutchinson, Hon. M., 100. 

Hudson's Bay Company incor- 
porated, 24. 

Huron, Lake, 9. 

Hunting, 309. 

Indian County, 53. 

Insurance companies, 141. 

Industrial Reform School, 231. 

Improvements in the mode of con- 
veyance, 116. 

Improvised army bridges, 329. 

Inauguration of the Perry statue 
at Cleveland, 825. 

Inventions, 326. 

Irvine, General Wm. , discovers that 
Pennsylvania has no harbor on 
the lake, 59, 307, 333. 

Irvine, General Callender, 103, 
307. 

Jackson, Smith, 110, 140, 125, 

128, 141, 151. 
Jail, religious instruction in, 169, 
Jean, Cceur, 27, 28, 32, 36, 37. 
Jeskakake, 35. 
Jesuit missionaries, 22, 13. 
Jefferson, 13. 
Jolliet, 25. 
Johnson, George, 15. 
Johns, Dr. Wm., 154. 
Johnson, Sir Wm., 28, 44, 41 ; his 

influence prevents outrages in 

New York, 53. 
Johnson, Colonel, 306. 
Johnson, J. B., 102, 155, 158. 



342 



INDEX. 



Judd, Rev., 306. 
Judson, Amos, 162, 195, 149. 
Junction, or Correy in Concord 
Township, 832. 

Kansas sufferers, 153. 
Kaskaskie, 43. 
Kelso, General, 807, 348. 
Kelso, C. W., 109, 110. 
Kellogg, J., 185, 140, 110, 183. 
Keel-boats, 194. 
Keystone Mills, 206. 
Kentucky militia, 260. 
Kelly, Wm., 103, 140, 108, 109, 
118, 128, 148, 141, 185, 125, 184. 
King, Thomas, 198. 
King, Wilson, 195, 110. 
King, Alfred, 103, 154. 

La Force, 38. 

Laird, W., 109. 

La Prairie village founded, 13. 

Lancaster, treaty of, 27. 

Ladies' Benevolent Society, 151. 

La Belle Riviere, 26, 80. 

La Fayette tarries at Erie, 813. 

Le Boeuf Township, its churches, 
187. 

Le Boeuf River, 24. 

Le Boeuf, Indian remains at, 17. 

Le Boeuf, Fort, built by the French, 
30 ; visited by General Wash- 
ington, 85 ; described by spies 
afterward, 44, 78, 41, 42 ; fired 
and destroyed, 82 ; relics, 191 ; 
its rank, 189. 

Le Boeuf, Fort of, 1795, an act 
relating to, 190. 

Le Sambrow, 44. 

Le Moyne's mission, 10. 

Lee, Colonel Thomas, 27. 

Lee, Captain Wm., 129; built the 
"Good Intent," 130; "Erie 
Packet," 130. 

Lexington, 206. 

Lockport, village of, 205. 

Long Point, 252, 256, 257. 

Lindsay, Captain, 28. 

Life boat, the invention of Cap- 
tain Douglass Ottinger, 327. 

Lighthouse, the first on the great 
lakes, 134. 



Liddell, 108, 122, 827. 

Logstown, 27. 

Loos, 31. 

Lowry, M. B., 118, 126. 

Loss of property on the lake, 

186. 
Lutheran church, Erie, 184. 
Lyceum, Erie, 153 ; Girard, 155. 
Lyon, G. A., 183, 150. 
Lytle, James, 110, 147. 

Mad spirits, 9. 

Machault, Fort, 41. 

Marshall, J. C, 128, 119, 103. 

"Mary," built by Thomas Wil- 
son, 130. 

Marquette, 25. 

Marlin, Ralph, 102, 112. 

Masonic Lodges, 147. 

Manchester, village of, 206. 

McAllaster, David, 103, 119, 128. 

McSparren, Clark, 108, 110, 128, 
155, 139. 

Mackinaw, a trading-house first 
established at, 21. 

Mason and Dixon employed, 56. 

Maryland and Virginia dispute 
the boundary, 55 ; cost of sur- 
vey, 58 ; death of surveyors, 58. 

McLane, J. W., 104, 141, 143, 
144. 

McClocklan, 38. 

McCord, John, 104, 173, 174, 181. 

McCurdy, Rev. Elisha, 173, 176, 
177. 

McMillan, Rev. John, 176. 

McNair, Colonel Dunning, 112. 

McKinney, Rev. David, 183, 150. 

McKean Corners, 207; McKean 
Township, 187. 

Mead, General David, 74, 246, 
241, 252, 255, 274. 

Meade, Captain George G., 282. 

Metcalf, Prescott, 141, 119, 125, 
128, 328, 110. 

Memoranda of Mr. R. B., 818. 

Methodist Episcopal church erect- 
ed in Erie, 184. 

Mercie, Mons., 29. 

Medical Society, 154. 

Memorial of an actual settler, 81. 

Mingoes, 48. 



INDEX. 



343 



Mineral Springs, 259. 

Mississaques, 19, 12. 

"Michigan,'' U. S. steamer, 137; 
advantages or disadvantages of 
using steam expansively tested 
upon, 138. 

" Mirror," (newspaper,) 156. 

Miles, Wm., anecdote of, 61, 145, 
208, 203, 112, 330. 

Miles, Judge Jas., 100, 146, 165, 
330. 

Mifflin, Governor, appoints com- 
missioners to examine Western 
rivers, 62, 64, 65, 66. 

Military companies, 142. 

Middlebrook church, 171. 

Militia at Erie in 1813, 275. 

Misery bay, 278. 

Mineral waters, 295. 

Morang's expedition, 29. 

Montour, Andrew, 33. 

Moore, George, 184, 109. 

Moorhead, Jas., 150. 

Moravian lands, 229; mission, 170. 

Moravian quarry near Waterford, 
292. 

Moral and Benevolent Society, 
149. 

Mrs. P.'s Keminiscences, 309. 

Murdering town, 39. 

Naval station at Erie broken up, 
277. 

National Independence, first cele- 
bration of, 305. 

•' Native American," Edinboro, 
159. 

Neutral nation, 9. 

Newspapers, 156. 

Niagara, Fort, 9, 42. 

Nicholson, John, 62, 65, 107. 

Nicholson, Court of Pleas, 107. 

" Niagara," built by Porter, Bar- 
ton & Co., 130. 

"Northern Sentinel," (newspa- 
per,) 156. 

"Northeast Guard," (newspaper,) 
159. 

Northeast, historical sketch of, 
198. 

Northeast Township, its churches, 
187. 



Northeast High School, 166. 
Normal school, 166, 188. 

"Obsekver," (Erie,) 157. 
O'Hara, General Jas., 114. 
Ohio company formed, 33. 
Ohio and Redstone Presbyteries, 

171. 
Ohio River, 44. 
Odd Fellows, 147. 
Oil, or petroleum, receipt of at 

Erie, 122; oil found in Erie 

County, 294 ; refineries, 108, 

203 ; quantities shipped at 

junction, 322. 
Old court house bell, 322. 
Oliver, Stephen, 323. 
Olin, Edgar, 147. 
Oildwilder, a burning spring at, 

295. 
Ottinger, Captain Douglass, 327, 

328, 139. 
Olmstead, Rev. L. G., on the flora, 

299 ; visits General Wayne's 

old residence, 302, 154, 164. 
Ontario, Lake, 59, 36, 249, 258, 

252, 253. 
Onondaga, a conference at, 33. 
Opposition commenced against 

the Population Company, 80. 
Orton, Rev. Samuel G., 188, 182. 
Oswego, 24. 

Paine, General, 112. 

Pageville, 205. 

Parkman, his account of the de- 
struction of Presqu'ile, 48. 

Patents on lands issued under 
conditions in Erie, 77. 

Patterson, Rev. R., first settled 
pastor, 174, 177. 

Park Presbyterian church organ- 
ized, 185. 

"Patriot," (newspaper,) 156. 

Parsons, Dr. U., a description of 
the battle of Lake Erie, by, 266, 
265, 263, 261, 253, 269, 325. 

Penn, William, the charter of, 54. 

Pennsylvania, western boundary 
of settled, 58; northern, 58; be- 
came a member of the Union, 62. 

Peters, Jas. W., 22. 



)U 



INDEX. 



Perry, Commodore Oliver, 236 ; 
arrives at Erie, 241 ; leaves for 
Pittsburg, 246; for Lake Onta- 
rio to assist Commodore Chaun- 
cey, 247 ; his letters to Gen. Har- 
rison and Commodore Chaun- 
cey, 250; urged by the Secre- 
tary to the importance of 
destroying the enemy's squad- 
ron, 251 ; vrrites to the Secretary 
of the Navy and Commodore 
Chauncey of the concentration 
of troops at Long Point, 252; 
a letter by express from General 
Holmes ; letter to Commodore 
Chauncey, 253 ; is reinforced, 
253 ; his squadron sails, 257, 
258 ; Perry's order of sailing, 
259; receives two letters from 
the Secretary of the Navy, 261 ; 
remodels his line, 264; is pro- 
moted, 270; enthusiastic demon- 
strations on his journey East, 
271 ; receives the thanks of Con- 
gress, 272 ; a gold medal from 
the President of the United 
States, 272, 131, 315, 326,323. 

Perry square, 808, 316. 

Perry monument, 315. 

Perry statue, (Cleveland,) 325. 

Petuns, 9. 

Peon, Mons., 32. 

Peninsula, two acts concerning. 
86, 106. 

Peace, treaty of concluded at 
Ghent, 276. 

Philippe, Louis, sojourns in Erie, 
85. 

Phelps, Oliver, 211, 213. 

Phelps and Gorham, a proposition 
to purchase the Triangle made 
to, 59; a tract of land west of 
their reserve for the Indians, 
76, 86. 

"Phoenix and Reflector," (news- 
paper,) 156. 

Philallelia Lodge, 147. 

Pittsburg and Erie Railroad, 128. 

Pittsburg, prisoners removed to, 
270. 

Pickering, Timothy, establishes a 
permanent peace, 76, 213. 



Post, Frederick, extract from the 

journal of, 42. 
Poor's Historj'- of Railroads, ex- 
tract from, 331. 
Polhemus, Lieutenant, 73. 
Poor-house, 108. 
Pollock, Captain Jas., 322. 
Patriot war, 322. 
Postmasters, a list of in Erie, 110. 
Post-offices in the county in 1830 

and 1861, 99. 
Pontiac, former conduct of, 46 ; 

plan for restoring the Indian 

homes and hunting grounds, 47. 
Porter, Augustus, describes a 

journey to Presqu'ile, 86, 213. 
Presqu'ile, Governor Delancy's 

opinion of, 24. 
Presqu'ile, Triangle jDurchased, 

60, 333. 
Presqu'ile, Fort, built by the 

French, 29 ; described by spies, 

43 ; stores sent away from, 45 ; 

tradition of buried treasures, 

45, 309. 
Presqu'ile, district of, 110 ; port 

of, 136 ; tonnage of shipping 

owned at, 137 ; bar at, 284. 
Presqu'ile hospital, 154. 
Presqu'ile Lodge, (Odd Fellows,) 

147 ; Masons, 146. 
Pressly, Rev. Jos., 151, 183. 
President Judges, 100. 
Prothonotary, and register, and 

recorder, list of, 103. 
Propelling vessels in shoal water, 

327. 
Prideaux, General, besieges Fort 

Niagara, 44. 
Presbytery of Erie organized, 173. 
Prices of provisions at different 

periods, 305. 
Provincial marine, 248, 128. 
Providence, a disposition to re- 
cognize a, in the war of 1812, 

253. 
Protestant Episcopal church of 

Erie organized, 183. 
Prize money, 273. 
Put-in-Bay, 263. 
Public square planted with trees, 

155. 



INDEX. 



345 



Public landing secured, 105. 
Punching and shearing machine 
invented, 326. 

Railroad wai*, 126. 

Railroad Convention at Fredonia, 
120. 

Ramsey, Mayor, 29. 

Ransom, deposition of, 67. 

Raquatha, (Buffalo,) 12. 

Reparti, 37, 38. 

Rees, Thos., Esq., makes a deposi- 
tion, 85, 142, 87, 78, 142. 

Reed, Colonel Seth, a biographi- 
cal sketch of, 208, 84, 87, 129. 

Reed, R. S., a biographical sketch 
of, 209, 109, 132, 130, 244, 213, 
163, 168, 141, 315, 118. 

Reed, General C. M., 101, 140. 
153, 210, 118, 119, 125, 128, 
184, 321, 328, 148. 

Reed, Wm. M., 223, 132. 

Representatives, list of, 102. 

Receipts and expenditures from 
the canal, 120. 

"Republican," Girard, 157. 

Reading Room Association, 155. 

Reid, Rev. Robert, a historical 
sketch of, 216, 163, 164, 149, 
182, 150. 

Reid, Jas. C, 103, 163, 164. 

Revivals of religion, 188. 

Revenue cutters, 139. 

Relics, 307. 

Reminiscences of an early settler 
in Fairview, 312. 

Ripple marks, 288 

Rittenhouse, David, 58. 

Route of Erie Canal, 117. 

Robinson, secretary, a plan pro- 
posed to, 23. 

Robinson, Lyman, 103, 200. 

Robertson murders a friendly 
Indian, 65. 

Rogers, Professor H. D., 288. 

Roman Catholic church, the iirst 
erected in Erie, 185. 

Russel, H., extract from journal 
' of, 310, 308. 

Russel, B., 104, 92. 

Rutledge and son murdered, 86. 

Ryswick, treaty of, 26. 



Sabbath Convention, 151 ; Sab- 
bath schools, 167 ; Sabbath ex- 
ercises, the first in the county, 
170. 

Sacred Music Society, 155. 

Sacramental occasion, the iirst in 
the county, 172. 

Salt trade in Erie County, 294; 
some particulars of, 112, 113, 
193. 

Sanford, G., a biographical sketch 
of, 229,. 163, 154, 303, 315,125, 

'^■150. 

Sandusky Bay, Perry's squadron 
arrives at, 259. 

Sayard, 14. 

Savage, L. W., 160, 165. 

Saxton, Frederick, surveys lines, 
59. 

Sad accidents, 320. 

School Society, 153. 

Schlosser, Fort, 36. 

Seouler's woods, Indian graves 
at, 18. 

Scott, A., 104, 110, 119. 

Schoolcraft, H. R., 13, 16, 19, 

School law, 159. 

Schools, according to the seventh 
and eighth census, 160. 

School superintendent, 160. 

School-houses, 161 ; schools, Ro- 
man Catholic, 162. 

Septaria, 289. 

Selden, George, 149, 150, 164, 152, 
183. 

Senecas, 12. 

Senators, list of, 101. 

Shirley, Governor, 23. 

Shaonons or Satanas, 9. 

Shea, 9. 

Shippen, Hon. H., 100. 

Siiannopin's town, 38. 

Shingowauk interprets symbols, 
15. 

Sink-hole, 293. 

Sheriffs, list of, 103. 

Sill, T. H., a biographical sketch 
of, 224, 101, 102, 109, 120, 140, 
163, 168, 164, 31.5, 321. 

Sioux ordered the surveys of 
Mason and Dixon to cease, 57. 

Sinclair, Com. A., 322. 



346 



INDEX. 



Skinner, Stephen, 141, 103. 

Smith, Wilson, 102, 193, 194. 

Soil, cliaracter of, 292. 

Speculation, 317. 

Spencer, J. C, 128, 148, 154, 185, 
145. 

Skinner, James, 103, 110, 102, 128. 

Springfield, 207, 18; its churches, 
186; West Springfield, 207, 165. 

Sterrett, Jos. M., 18, 100, 102, 
109, 157, 110. 

Strong, Captain Martin, reminis- 
cences, 118, 84, 145, 312, 149. 

Stanwix, Fort, treaty to extin- 
guish Indian title to lands in 
northwestern Pennsylvania, 59. 

Sturgeonville, village of, 206. 

Sturgeon, Wm., 206. 

St. Mary's church erected, 185. 

St. Pierre, Legardeur de, 37, 40. 

Steamboat, the first on Lake Erie, 
133; particulars of its first voy- 
age, 133; its fate, 134; the first 
steamboat launched at Erie, 
135 ; the first that visited Chi- 
cago, 135; the number on Lake 
Erie at several periods, 136. 

Suspended purchase, 328. 

Sulphate of iron, 294; of alu- 
mina, 294. 

Survey of the lakes, 282. 

Survivors of the battle of Lake 
Erie, 325. 

Summit of Erie Extension Canal, 
287. 

Summit Township, its churches, 
186. 

Sunbury and Erie Kailroad Com- 
pany, 121 ; name changed, 122. 

Survey of lands in northwestern 
Pennsylvania, 334. 

Sweetbrier, 299. 

Tate, Rev., 177. 
Temple of Honor, 147. 
Temperance societies, 151, 152. 
Tiontates, 9. 
Tibbals, C. M., 104, 110. 
Thompson, Hon. Jas., 100, 121. 
Toradakoin, (French Creek,) 26. 
Topography of Presqu'ile Bay, 277. 
Troops to protect surveyors, 78. 



Tribe's Plill, 41. 

Triangle, sum of purchase, etc., 

60, 333. 
Tracy, John A., 118, 119, 128, 

139, 328, 141. 
Travel between Erie and Buffalo, 

115. 
" True American," (newspaper,) 

158. 
Trotter, John, 38. 
Tradition of Fries, 300. 
Tuscarora, 11. 

Utrecht, 26. 

"Unsere Welt," (newspaper,) 158. 

Universalist church in Erie or- 
ganized, 184. 

Union Township, itschurches, 188. 

Union Mills, a sketch of, 202. 

Ungulina suboi'bicularia, 290. 

United States Bank bill passed, 
318. 

Van Buaam, 36. 

Venango, Fort, plan of, 35. 

Venango to Niagara, a road from, 

24. 
Venango, Moravian mission in, 

170; Indian remains, 17. 
Venango Township, its churches, 

187. 
Vergent flags, 287, 285. 
Vergent shales, 288, 285. ^ 
Vincent, Judge John, 105, 112, 

145, 193, 191, 162, 145. 
Vincent, B. B., 118, 128, 195, 141, 

155, 109. 
Vosburg, Dr. Jacob, 154. 
Voting register, 327. 

Watekfobd, Indian remains at, 
17. 

Waterford laid out, 77, 189; 
erected into a borough, and first 
officers, 194. 

Waterford turnpike, 112 ; plank- 
road, 128, 195; churches, 194; 
schools, 196 ; factories, 196 ; 
building stone near, 291. * 

Waterford Township, its churches. 

"Waterford Museum," (news- 
paper,) 159. 



INDEX. 



34 T 



"Waterford Despatch," (news- 
paper,) 159. 

Water, to supply Erie with, 106. 

Water lots, an act to sell, 107. 

Waterspout, 282. 

Wattsburg, a sketch of, 199 ; 
plank-road, 128, 200. 

Wattsburg Tract Society, 151. 

Walnut Creek, 17. 

Walker, J. H., 315, 118, 128, 102, 
103. 

Wayne, General Anthony, 131 ; 
death of, at Presqu'ile, 91 ; re- 
moval of remains, 92 ; other- 
wise referred to, 215, 307, 302. 

Wayne, Colonel Isaac, 93. 

Wayne Guards in Cleveland, 148. 

Wayne Township, its churches, 
187. 

Washington, George and Augus- 
tus, 33. 

Washington's journal, 35, 39, 193; 
his visit to Le Boeuf, 35. 

"Washington" the first vessel 
built on the south shore of Lake 
Erie, 129. 

Washington Township, its 
churches, 187. 

Wallace, Dr. J. C, a biographical 
sketch, 215 ; otherwise referred 
to, in 104, 108, 112, 146, 153, 
302, 303, 811, 314. 



Wallace, Wm., 109, 153, 156. 

War of 1812, 235. 

Warren, an act to lay out, 77. 

Warrior's Road, 28. 

Watts, Wm. M., 103, 118j 

Walter, Thos. H., 105. 

Wesleyan Methodists, 186. 

Wesleyville, 207. 

Wellsburg, 205. 

Western New York, Indian forti- 
fications in, 15. 

Weiser, Conrad, and Lancaster 
treaty, 27. 

Wetmore, J. W., 155; inventions 
of, 327. 

White inhabitants west of Gene- 
see Elver, 90. 

Wheat, 293, 95. 

Whallon, M., 109, 110. 

Williams, J. H., 128. 

Williams, Jas., 125, 141, 1G5. 

Wilson, Thomas, a biographical 
sketch of, 220, 101, 108, 109, 
163, 103. 

Wilkins, General, substance of a 
letter from, 64 ; erects block- 
houses, 66. 

Wright, C. B., 140. 

Yarnall, Lieutenant, death of, 

324. 
Yates, Judge Jasper, 100. 



THE END 



6 



ERRAT.* . 

Page 93, seyenth line, read, " Major-General Anthony Wayne," 
etc. 

Page 100, read, '■'■Associate Judges. — John Bell, John Kelso, John 
Cochran, Wilson Smith, John Vincent, John Grubb, Myron Hutchin- 
son," etc. 



